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AND ASCIDIANS (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) UNDER MULTISTRESSOR SCENARIOS ENVIRONMENTAL ECOLOGY OF MARINE BRYOZOANS (Phylum Bryozoa) AND ASCIDIANS (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) UNDER MULTISTRESSOR SCENARIOS VANESSA YEPES-NARVÁEZ PhD 2020 ENVIRONMENTAL ECOLOGY OF MARINE BRYOZOANS (Phylum Bryozoa) AND ASCIDIANS (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) UNDER MULTISTRESSOR SCENARIOS VANESSA YEPES-NARVÁEZ A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING THE MANCHESTER METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY PhD 2020 To Ana Luz and Juan Andrés for their unconditional love, To my beautiful ocean blue, for constantly inspiring my days, To Colombia To all those with lophophores and branchial sacs that represent a reason in my life “I will never do enough, but I will always let the world know about you” Lokah Samastah Sukhino Bhavantu CERTIFICATE To certify that this thesis is an authentic record of the research work carried out by VANESSA YEPES NARVÁEZ, under our scientific supervision and guidance in the school of Natural Sciences of The Manchester Metropolitan University, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and no parts has been presented before the award of any other degree, diploma or associateship in any university. ____________________________ Prof. Richard Preziosi, FRES FRSB FHEA Director, Ecology and Environment Research Centre Department of Natural Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University _____________________________ Dr. Hannah Mossman Senior Lecturer in Ecology Department of Natural Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University DECLARATION I VANESSA YEPES NARVÁEZ, do hereby declare that this thesis entitled “ENVIRONMENTAL ECOLOGY OF MARINE BRYOZOANS (Phylum Bryozoa) AND ASCIDIANS (Class: Ascidiacea) UNDER MULTISTRESSOR SCENARIOS” is a genuine record of the research work done by me under the supervision of Professor Richard Preziosi and Doctor Hannah Mossman from the Department of Natural Sciences, and has not previously formed the basis of the award of any degree, diploma or associateship in any university. ___________________________ Vanessa Yepes-Narváez PhD Researcher TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL ABSTRACT .......................................................................................... 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1: General Introduction .......................................................................... 16 Natural and anthropogenic multi-stressor scenarios on marine ecosystems ....... 17 Study groups ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Thesis aims and chapters............................................................................................................... 23 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 2: Systematics and diversity of deep-sea bryozoans (Phylum Bryozoa) from the Colombian Caribbean ........................................................... 31 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 31 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 32 METHODS .............................................................................................................................................. 33 Study area ................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 Collection methods .............................................................................................................................................................. 36 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................ 38 Systematic account ............................................................................................................................................................. 38 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................... 66 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 69 Supplementary material I: New species register for the Great Caribbean ............... 79 Supplementary material II: New species register for the Colombian Caribbean ... 83 Chapter 3: Bryozoan distribution and its relationship with environmental conditions in the Colombian Caribbean ............................................................. 94 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 94 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 95 METHODS .............................................................................................................................................. 96 Study area ................................................................................................................................................................................. 96 Material examined ................................................................................................................................................................ 97 Taxonomic identification ................................................................................................................................................... 98 Carbonate mineralogy of bryozoan species .......................................................................................................... 99 Environmental variables ................................................................................................................................................ 101 Map developing................................................................................................................................................................... 101 Statistical analyses ........................................................................................................................................................... 101 RESULTS ..............................................................................................................................................102 Bryozoan richness and growth forms ..................................................................................................................... 102 Comparison to environmental conditions............................................................................................................. 107 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................................119 Bathymetric and geographical distribution of bryozoans ............................................................................ 119 Significance of environmental variables ............................................................................................................... 124 Bryozoan mineralogy significance and relationship distribution ............................................................. 124 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................125 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................125 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................126 Supplementary material I: List of collection sites and associated information ...134 Supplementary material II: Environmental data collected per station .....................136 Supplementary material III: Relative abundance of Adeonellopsis subsulcata in a temperature gradient in the Colombian Caribbean. .........................................................138 Supplementary material IV: Relative abundance of Steginoporella magnilabris in a temperature gradient in the Colombian Caribbean. ......................................................139 Supplementary material V: Relative abundance of Margaretta cereoides in a temperature gradient in the Colombian Caribbean. .........................................................140 Supplementary material VI: Relative abundance of Halophila antillaea in a temperature gradient in the Colombian Caribbean. .........................................................141 Supplementary material VII. Deep-Sea bryozoan species found in COL10 that require further taxonomic identification. ...............................................................................142 Chapter 4: Relationship between environmental factors and the reproductive strategy of Bugula neritina (Phylum: Bryozoa) ............................................... 143 ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................................143
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