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Colonial Tunicates: Species Guide
SPECIES IN DEPTH Colonial Tunicates Colonial Tunicates Tunicates are small marine filter feeder animals that have an inhalant siphon, which takes in water, and an exhalant siphon that expels water once it has trapped food particles. Tunicates get their name from the tough, nonliving tunic formed from a cellulose-like material of carbohydrates and proteins that surrounds their bodies. Their other name, sea squirts, comes from the fact that many species will shoot LambertGretchen water out of their bodies when disturbed. Massively lobate colony of Didemnum sp. A growing on a rope in Sausalito, in San Francisco Bay. A colony of tunicates is comprised of many tiny sea squirts called zooids. These INVASIVE SEA SQUIRTS individuals are arranged in groups called systems, which form interconnected Star sea squirts (Botryllus schlosseri) are so named because colonies. Systems of these filter feeders the systems arrange themselves in a star. Zooids are shaped share a common area for expelling water like ovals or teardrops and then group together in small instead of having individual excurrent circles of about 20 individuals. This species occurs in a wide siphons. Individuals and systems are all variety of colors: orange, yellow, red, white, purple, grayish encased in a matrix that is often clear and green, or black. The larvae each have eight papillae, or fleshy full of blood vessels. All ascidian tunicates projections that help them attach to a substrate. have a tadpole-like larva that swims for Chain sea squirts (Botryloides violaceus) have elongated, less than a day before attaching itself to circular systems. Each system can have dozens of zooids. -
Sea Squirt Symbionts! Or What I Did on My Summer Vacation… Leah Blasiak 2011 Microbial Diversity Course
Sea Squirt Symbionts! Or what I did on my summer vacation… Leah Blasiak 2011 Microbial Diversity Course Abstract Microbial symbionts of tunicates (sea squirts) have been recognized for their capacity to produce novel bioactive compounds. However, little is known about most tunicate-associated microbial communities, even in the embryology model organism Ciona intestinalis. In this project I explored 3 local tunicate species (Ciona intestinalis, Molgula manhattensis, and Didemnum vexillum) to identify potential symbiotic bacteria. Tunicate-specific bacterial communities were observed for all three species and their tissue specific location was determined by CARD-FISH. Introduction Tunicates and other marine invertebrates are prolific sources of novel natural products for drug discovery (reviewed in Blunt, 2010). Many of these compounds are biosynthesized by a microbial symbiont of the animal, rather than produced by the animal itself (Schmidt, 2010). For example, the anti-cancer drug patellamide, originally isolated from the colonial ascidian Lissoclinum patella, is now known to be produced by an obligate cyanobacterial symbiont, Prochloron didemni (Schmidt, 2005). Research on such microbial symbionts has focused on their potential for overcoming the “supply problem.” Chemical synthesis of natural products is often challenging and expensive, and isolation of sufficient quantities of drug for clinical trials from wild sources may be impossible or environmentally costly. Culture of the microbial symbiont or heterologous expression of the biosynthetic genes offers a relatively economical solution. Although the microbial origin of many tunicate compounds is now well established, relatively little is known about the extent of such symbiotic associations in tunicates and their biological function. Tunicates (or sea squirts) present an interesting system in which to study bacterial/eukaryotic symbiosis as they are deep-branching members of the Phylum Chordata (Passamaneck, 2005 and Buchsbaum, 1948). -
Examples of Sea Sponges
Examples Of Sea Sponges Startling Amadeus burlesques her snobbishness so fully that Vaughan structured very cognisably. Freddy is ectypal and stenciling unsocially while epithelial Zippy forces and inflict. Monopolistic Porter sailplanes her honeymooners so incorruptibly that Sutton recirculates very thereon. True only on water leaves, sea of these are animals Yellow like Sponge Oceana. Deeper dives into different aspects of these glassy skeletons are ongoing according to. Sponges theoutershores. Cell types epidermal cells form outer covering amoeboid cells wander around make spicules. Check how These Beautiful Pictures of Different Types of. To be optimal for bathing, increasing with examples of brooding forms tan ct et al ratios derived from other microscopic plants from synthetic sponges belong to the university. What is those natural marine sponge? Different types of sponges come under different price points and loss different uses in. Global Diversity of Sponges Porifera NCBI NIH. Sponges EnchantedLearningcom. They publish the outer shape of rubber sponge 1 Some examples of sponges are Sea SpongeTube SpongeVase Sponge or Sponge Painted. Learn facts about the Porifera or Sea Sponges with our this Easy mountain for Kids. What claim a course Sponge Acme Sponge Company. BG Silicon isotopes of this sea sponges new insights into. Sponges come across an incredible summary of colors and an amazing array of shapes. 5 Fascinating Types of what Sponge Leisure Pro. Sea sponges often a tube-like bodies with his tiny pores. Sponges The World's Simplest Multi-Cellular Creatures. Sponges are food of various nudbranchs sea stars and fish. Examples of sponges Answers Answerscom. Sponges info and games Sheppard Software. -
The Origins of Chordate Larvae Donald I Williamson* Marine Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
lopmen ve ta e l B Williamson, Cell Dev Biol 2012, 1:1 D io & l l o l g DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000101 e y C Cell & Developmental Biology ISSN: 2168-9296 Research Article Open Access The Origins of Chordate Larvae Donald I Williamson* Marine Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom Abstract The larval transfer hypothesis states that larvae originated as adults in other taxa and their genomes were transferred by hybridization. It contests the view that larvae and corresponding adults evolved from common ancestors. The present paper reviews the life histories of chordates, and it interprets them in terms of the larval transfer hypothesis. It is the first paper to apply the hypothesis to craniates. I claim that the larvae of tunicates were acquired from adult larvaceans, the larvae of lampreys from adult cephalochordates, the larvae of lungfishes from adult craniate tadpoles, and the larvae of ray-finned fishes from other ray-finned fishes in different families. The occurrence of larvae in some fishes and their absence in others is correlated with reproductive behavior. Adult amphibians evolved from adult fishes, but larval amphibians did not evolve from either adult or larval fishes. I submit that [1] early amphibians had no larvae and that several families of urodeles and one subfamily of anurans have retained direct development, [2] the tadpole larvae of anurans and urodeles were acquired separately from different Mesozoic adult tadpoles, and [3] the post-tadpole larvae of salamanders were acquired from adults of other urodeles. Reptiles, birds and mammals probably evolved from amphibians that never acquired larvae. -
Ascidiacea (Chordata: Tunicata) of Greece: an Updated Checklist
Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e9273 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.4.e9273 Taxonomic Paper Ascidiacea (Chordata: Tunicata) of Greece: an updated checklist Chryssanthi Antoniadou‡, Vasilis Gerovasileiou§§, Nicolas Bailly ‡ Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece § Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece Corresponding author: Chryssanthi Antoniadou ([email protected]) Academic editor: Christos Arvanitidis Received: 18 May 2016 | Accepted: 17 Jul 2016 | Published: 01 Nov 2016 Citation: Antoniadou C, Gerovasileiou V, Bailly N (2016) Ascidiacea (Chordata: Tunicata) of Greece: an updated checklist. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e9273. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e9273 Abstract Background The checklist of the ascidian fauna (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) of Greece was compiled within the framework of the Greek Taxon Information System (GTIS), an application of the LifeWatchGreece Research Infrastructure (ESFRI) aiming to produce a complete checklist of species recorded from Greece. This checklist was constructed by updating an existing one with the inclusion of recently published records. All the reported species from Greek waters were taxonomically revised and cross-checked with the Ascidiacea World Database. New information The updated checklist of the class Ascidiacea of Greece comprises 75 species, classified in 33 genera, 12 families, and 3 orders. In total, 8 species have been added to the previous species list (4 Aplousobranchia, 2 Phlebobranchia, and 2 Stolidobranchia). Aplousobranchia was the most speciose order, followed by Stolidobranchia. Most species belonged to the families Didemnidae, Polyclinidae, Pyuridae, Ascidiidae, and Styelidae; these 4 families comprise 76% of the Greek ascidian species richness. The present effort revealed the limited taxonomic research effort devoted to the ascidian fauna of Greece, © Antoniadou C et al. -
Effect of Colonial Tunicate Presence on Ciona Intestinalis Recruitment Within a Mussel Farming Environment
Management of Biological Invasions (2012) Volume 3, Issue 1: 15–23 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2012.3.1.02 Open Access © 2012 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2012 REABIC Research Article Effect of colonial tunicate presence on Ciona intestinalis recruitment within a mussel farming environment S. Christine Paetzold1, Donna J. Giberson2, Jonathan Hill1, John D.P. Davidson1 and Jeff Davidson1 1 Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada 2 Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada E-mail: [email protected] (SCP), [email protected] (DJG), [email protected] (JH), [email protected] (JDPD), [email protected] (JD) *Corresponding author Received: 4 November 2011 / Accepted: 7 August 2012 / Published online: 15 December 2012 Handling editor: Elias Dana, University of Almeria, Spain Abstract Aquatic invasive species decrease yields and increase costs in aquaculture operations worldwide. Anecdotal evidence from Prince Edward Island (PEI, Canada) estuaries suggested that recruitment of the non-indigenous solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis may be lower on aquaculture gear where colonial tunicates (Botryllus schlosseri and Botrylloides violaceus) are already present. We tested this interspecific competition hypothesis by comparing C. intestinalis recruitment on un-fouled settlement plates to those pre-settled with Botryllus schlosseri or Botrylloides violaceus. C. intestinalis occurred on all plates after 2 month, but it was much more abundant (~80% coverage) on unfouled plates than on pre-settled plates (<10% coverage). However, C. intestinalis showed higher individual growth on pre-settled plates than on unfouled plates. -
Biology of Chordates Video Guide
Branches on the Tree of Life DVD – CHORDATES Written and photographed by David Denning and Bruce Russell ©2005, BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES (THUMBNAIL IMAGES IN THIS GUIDE ARE FROM THE DVD PROGRAM) .. .. To many students, the phylum Chordata doesn’t seem to make much sense. It contains such apparently disparate animals as tunicates (sea squirts), lancelets, fish and humans. This program explores the evolution, structure and classification of chordates with the main goal to clarify the unity of Phylum Chordata. All chordates possess four characteristics that define the phylum, although in most species, these characteristics can only be seen during a relatively small portion of the life cycle (and this is often an embryonic or larval stage, when the animal is difficult to observe). These defining characteristics are: the notochord (dorsal stiffening rod), a hollow dorsal nerve cord; pharyngeal gills; and a post anal tail that includes the notochord and nerve cord. Subphylum Urochordata The most primitive chordates are the tunicates or sea squirts, and closely related groups such as the larvaceans (Appendicularians). In tunicates, the chordate characteristics can be observed only by examining the entire life cycle. The adult feeds using a ‘pharyngeal basket’, a type of pharyngeal gill formed into a mesh-like basket. Cilia on the gill draw water into the mouth, through the basket mesh and out the excurrent siphon. Tunicates have an unusual heart which pumps by ‘wringing out’. It also reverses direction periodically. Tunicates are usually hermaphroditic, often casting eggs and sperm directly into the sea. After fertilization, the zygote develops into a ‘tadpole larva’. This swimming larva shows the remaining three chordate characters - notochord, dorsal nerve cord and post-anal tail. -
Styela Clava (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) – a New Threat to the Mediterranean Shellfish Industry?
Aquatic Invasions (2009) Volume 4, Issue 1: 283-289 This is an Open Access article; doi: 10.3391/ai.2009.4.1.29 © 2009 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2009 REABIC Special issue “Proceedings of the 2nd International Invasive Sea Squirt Conference” (October 2-4, 2007, Prince Edward Island, Canada) Andrea Locke and Mary Carman (Guest Editors) Short communication Styela clava (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) – a new threat to the Mediterranean shellfish industry? Martin H. Davis* and Mary E. Davis Fawley Biofouling Services, 45, Megson Drive, Lee-on-the-Solent, Hampshire, PO13 8BA, UK * Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Received 29 January 2008; accepted for special issue 17 April 2008; accepted in revised form 17 December 2008; published online 16 January 2009 Abstract The solitary ascidian Styela clava Herdman, 1882 has recently been found in the Bassin de Thau, France, an area of intensive oyster and mussel farming. The shellfish are grown on ropes suspended in the water column, similar to the technique employed in Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada. S. clava is considered a major threat to the mussel industry in PEI but, at present, it is not considered a threat to oyster production in the Bassin de Thau. Anoxia or the combined effect of high water temperature and high salinity may be constraining the growth of the S. clava population in the Bassin de Thau. Identification of the factors restricting the population growth may provide clues to potential control methods. Key words: Styela clava, shellfish farming, Bassin de Thau Introduction Subsequent examination confirmed that the specimens were Styela clava Herdman, 1882 The solitary ascidian Styela clava is native to the (Davis and Davis 2008). -
OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES an Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals
OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES An Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals By Paul Rudy, Jr. Lynn Hay Rudy Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston, Oregon 97420 Contract No. 79-111 Project Officer Jay F. Watson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 500 N.E. Multnomah Street Portland, Oregon 97232 Performed for National Coastal Ecosystems Team Office of Biological Services Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 Table of Contents Introduction CNIDARIA Hydrozoa Aequorea aequorea ................................................................ 6 Obelia longissima .................................................................. 8 Polyorchis penicillatus 10 Tubularia crocea ................................................................. 12 Anthozoa Anthopleura artemisia ................................. 14 Anthopleura elegantissima .................................................. 16 Haliplanella luciae .................................................................. 18 Nematostella vectensis ......................................................... 20 Metridium senile .................................................................... 22 NEMERTEA Amphiporus imparispinosus ................................................ 24 Carinoma mutabilis ................................................................ 26 Cerebratulus californiensis .................................................. 28 Lineus ruber ......................................................................... -
Ascidian News #87 June 2021
ASCIDIAN NEWS* Gretchen Lambert 12001 11th Ave. NW, Seattle, WA 98177 206-365-3734 [email protected] home page: http://depts.washington.edu/ascidian/ Number 87 June 2021 Well, here we are still in this pandemic! I asked how you all are and again received many responses. A number are included in the next two sections. Nearly everyone still expresses confidence at having met the challenges and a great feeling of accomplishment even though tired of the whole thing; congratulations to you all! There are 117 new publications since December! Thanks to so many for the contributions and for letting me know how important AN continues to be. Please keep in touch and continue to send me contributions for the next issue. Keep safe, keep working, and good luck to everyone. *Ascidian News is not part of the scientific literature and should not be cited as such. NEWS AND VIEWS 1. From Hiroki Nishida ([email protected]) : In Japan, we are very slow to be vaccinated, but the labs are ordinarily opened and we can continue working. Number of patients are gradually increasing though and we are waiting for vaccines. I have to stay in my home and the lab. Postponement of 11th ITM (International Tunicate Meeting) This is an announcement about 11th ITM that had been planned to be held in July 2021 in Kobe, Japan. It is postponed by a year because of the global spread of COVID-19. We had an 11th ITM board meeting, and came to the conclusion that we had to reschedule it for July 2022 at the same venue (Konan University, Kobe, Japan) and similar dates (July 11 to 16). -
The First Tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China
The first tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China Jun-Yuan Chen*, Di-Ying Huang, Qing-Qing Peng, Hui-Mei Chi, Xiu-Qiang Wang, and Man Feng Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Nanjing 210008, China Edited by Michael S. Levine, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved May 19, 2003 (received for review February 27, 2003) Here we report the discovery of eight specimens of an Early bilaterally symmetrical and club-shaped, and it is divided into Cambrian fossil tunicate Shankouclava near Kunming (South a barrel-shaped anterior part and an elongated, triangular, China). The tunicate identity of this organism is supported by the posterior part, which is called the ‘‘abdomen’’ (8–10). The presence of a large and perforated branchial basket, a sac-like anterior part, which occupies more than half the length of the peri-pharyngeal atrium, an oral siphon with apparent oral tenta- body, is dominated by a large pharyngeal basket, whose walls cles at the basal end of the siphonal chamber, perhaps a dorsal are formed by numerous transversely oriented rods interpreted atrial pore, and an elongated endostyle on the mid-ventral floor of as branchial bars. These bars are not quite straight, as the the pharynx. As in most modern tunicates, the gut is simple and anterior ones are weakly ϾϾϾ-shaped and the posterior ones U-shaped, and is connected with posterior end of the pharynx at slightly ϽϽϽ-shaped (Figs. 1 A, B, F, and H, and 2). The total one end and with an atrial siphon at the other, anal end. -
Portland Harbour Authority Aquatic Invasive Non-Native Species Plan
Portland Harbour Authority Aquatic Invasive Non-Native Species Plan PORTLAND HARBOUR AUTHORITY AQUATIC INVASIVE NON-NATIVE SPECIES PLAN version 16th June 2019 CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. What are invasive non-native (alien) species and where do they come from? 3. GB Non-Native Species Strategy 4. Classification of aquatic non-native (alien) species in the UK according to their level of impact? 5. Considerations relating to user interests ➢ Designated nature conservation sites & invasive species considerations ➢ Ports and Shipping and Biosecurity ➢ Recreational Boating and Biosecurity ➢ Fisheries and Biosecurity 6. What are Portland Harbour Authority doing? 7. Review by Portland Harbour Authority of Invasive Non-native Species 8. Reporting Non-Native Species, Updates and How to find out more? FIGURES 1. Portland Port Group Landownership and Jurisdiction TABLES 1. Invasive non-native species (UKTAG Classification) - Animal Species 2. Invasive non-native species (UKTAG Classification) - Plant Species 3. Non-native species - Animal Species 4. Non-native species - Plant Species Appendices A. Indicative distribution of biotopes in Portland Harbour taken from Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 8 Inlets in the Western English Channel: area summaries 1 Version 16th June 2019 Portland Harbour Authority Aquatic Invasive Non-Native Species Plan 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 This is the first version of Portland Harbour Authority’s (part of Portland Port Group) Aquatic Invasive Non-Native (Alien) Species Plan, that documents its understanding of invasive non-native species (and other harmful organisms such as diseases) in its jurisdiction and surroundings, considerations relating user interests, and potential measures going forward to improve understanding and reduce the overall risk.