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Download PDF Van Tekst De zwembadmentaliteit Andreas Burnier bron Andreas Burnier, De zwembadmentaliteit. Em. Querido's Uitgeverij, Amsterdam 1979 (tweede druk) Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/burn001zwem01_01/colofon.htm © 2008 dbnl / erven Andreas Burnier 7 Verantwoording In de afgelopen jaren heb ik, op uitnodiging, een aantal lezingen gehouden en artikelen gepubliceerd die, achteraf bezien, een centraal thema bleken te hebben. Kennelijk beschikte ik nog steeds over de scholierenvaardigheid gewoon je eigen opstel te schrijven onder een van de titels die de leraar toevallig opgaf. Natuurlijk moest ik, net zoals vroeger met de leraar, ook nu wel enigszins rekening houden met mijn opdrachtgevers en toehoorders. Daarom gaan de hier gebundelde lezingen en artikelen soms over litteratuur, soms over dieptepsychologie, soms over cultuurfilosofie en soms over female liberation. In werkelijkheid cirkelen zij echter rond één kernthema dat mij kennelijk de afgelopen jaren bezighield: de menselijke bewustzijnsontwikkeling zoals die zich spiegelt in de cultuur, en vice versa. Bij herlezing van mijn beschouwingen vroeg ik mij af, of datgene wat ik in de ene context (bij voorbeeld) dominante cultuur versus tegencultuur noemde, in een andere context rationalisme versus irrationalisme, in nog een andere context bewustzijn versus onderbewuste, of masculinisme versus feminisme, wel of niet synoniemen zijn. Gaat het, eigenlijk, steeds over hetzelfde, of behandel ik verschillende aspecten van een centraal probleem? In het laatste geval: hoe zou dat centrale probleem dan moeten worden benoemd? Over deze vraag gaat ‘Van masculinistische naar humane wetenschap’. Andreas Burnier, De zwembadmentaliteit 8 Ik ben mij ervan bewust dat de polariteiten die in dit boek ter sprake komen in feite zo oud zijn als de cultuurgeschiedenis. In het bijzonder is in de filosofie de polariteit Platonisme-Aristotelisme een basisgegeven dat een goede illustratie zou vormen van de hier steed weer opduikende thematiek. Ook aan latere ‘grote denkers’ zou de polariteit kunnen worden geïllustreerd: Cusanus versus Thomas, Giordano Bruno versus Galilei, Goethe versus Kant, Schelling versus Hegel. Voor de twintigste eeuw zou daar aan kunnen worden toegevoegd: Jung versus Freud, want ‘het’ gebeurt eerder in de psychologie dan in de filosofie in onze tijd, lijkt mij. Echt filosofische essays, althans een pure proeve van history of ideas wil ik echter voor een andere, meer academische publikatie reserveren. De hier gebundelde essays kunnen nog net tot de bellettrie worden gerekend en dat verheugt mij vanwege het adagium practice what you preach. Een van de opgaven van de huidige en komende mensheid zal immers zijn, in mijn visie, te komen tot een geleidelijke herintegratie van de sinds 600 voor Christus steeds meer uiteengevallen activiteiten van wetenschap, kunst, religie. De desintegratie daarvan was ongetwijfeld (zoals alles, achteraf bezien) ‘cultuurhistorisch noodzakelijk’ en in elk geval goed voor het menselijke bewustzijn, dat nu eenmaal groeit aan onderscheid. Bij een groeiproces horen echter ook ‘knopen’, opdat de ogenschijnlijk zelfde ontwikkeling spiraalsgewijs (oppervlakkig bezien eender, maar in feite op een hoger niveau) verder kan gaan. Ontbreken de momenten van ogenschijnlijke regressie of stagnatie, van samenballing, van ‘knoopvorming’ in een groeiproces, dan ontstaan er vaak decadentieverschijnselen. In een biologisch groeiproces krijg je dan te maken met woekering, met bleke scheuten, met het uitblijven van bloemen en vruchten. Op het psychische niveau kunnen dan rariteiten ontstaan zoals het Andreas Burnier, De zwembadmentaliteit 9 ons nu omringende masculinisme en sommige bizarre ‘feministische’ reacties daarop. Ook op het culturele niveau kun je, naar analogie, spreken van ontwikkeling en groei. Gaat het fout, dan raakt de wetenschap in een ellendige toestand. De natuurwetenschappen worden tot vernietigingswetenschappen, de biologie en de sociale wetenschappen bovenal tot controlewetenschappen en je krijgt walgelijke cultussen zoals rond de aasgieren en lijkenpikkers van de linguïstisch-analytische filosofie. De kunst wordt, als de ontwikkeling fout loopt, in plaats van bevrijdend van de alledaagse ellende, een helse gruwel erbij. Moderne muziek, zowel pop- als serieuze, met haar lawaai- en dissonantenexplosies is daarvan het akeligste voorbeeld. Met pogingen tot een begin van, voorlopige, herintegratie van wetenschap en kunst (de religio komt dan vanzelf, zoals Goethe al opmerkte) loopt men natuurlijk ook gevaar. Zwemmerige wetenschap noch ‘geleerde’ kunst kan de bedoeling zijn. Hoe het wel moet, weet voorlopig niemand precies. Wij doen ons best. Wat de titel van deze bundel betreft: de zwembadmentaliteit, dat is het holle geschreeuw uit duizend kelen dat je kunt horen in ieder betegeld, overdekt zwembad. Het zwembad schijnt een omgeving te zijn die op sommige mensen, of misschien wel alle, massificerend en dus bewustzijnsverlagend werkt. Dit soort geschreeuw klinkt ons dagelijks tegemoet uit de mannenmedia: de kranten, de mannenonderonsjes van televisie en radio, de politieke mannenfora en in het algemeen op bijeenkomsten waar meer dan twee mannen in vergadering bijeen zijn. Het voorlopige antwoord daarop was een analoog geschreeuw uit het damesbad. Zelfs als de ene zwembadmentaliteit relatief minder kwalijk is dan de andere: voor beide dient men alert te blijven. Andreas Burnier, De zwembadmentaliteit 11 Technocultuur en tegencultuur 1. De natuurwetenschappen, en hun talloze toepassingen in de techniek, hebben de wereld van de westerse mensheid, sinds de vijftiende eeuw ongeveer, ingrijpend veranderd. De materiële en sociale veranderingen begonnen in wezen al met de bevindingen en visies van Copernicus (1473-1543) en Galilei (1564-1642). Deze werden daarna voortdurend theoretisch sterker gefundeerd en praktisch op grotere schaal toegepast. Een technologische stroomversnelling ontstond in de eerste helft van de negentiende eeuw, toen alle fundamentele ideeën van de elektriciteitsleer werden ontwikkeld. Daardoor kon de negentiende eeuw de eeuw worden van de definitieve mechanisering van de arbeid. In onze tijd zien wij nogmaals een technologische acceleratie, ten gevolge van de ontwikkeling van de elektronika. Hierdoor is, in principe, de volledige automatisering van de arbeid mogelijk geworden. Meet- en regelsystemen en computers nemen de bediening van machines over. Zonder enige overdrijving kunnen wij de moderne cultuur een technocultuur noemen, in onderscheid met, bij voorbeeld, mystiek-religieuze en magisch-religieuze culturen die eraan voorafgingen. Voor de culturele achtergronden, dat wil zeggen de bewustzijnsvormen, de ideeën, de normen en waarden die aan verschillende cultuurtypen ten grondslag liggen, zie hieronder. Eerst een globaal Andreas Burnier, De zwembadmentaliteit 12 schema hoe de arbeid en de sociale interactie van mensen van cultuurtijdperk tot cultuurtijdperk zijn veranderd. Cultuurtijdperk Arbeid Sociale interactie 1. Archaïsch pluriform groepsautarkie 2. Oudheid slaven stadsautarkie 3. Middeleeuwen ambachtelijk gebiedsautarkie 4. Renaissance* ambacht/handel staatsautarkie 5. Industriële tijdperk mechanisatie internationale, onderling afhankelijke staatsbonden 6. Post-industriële tijdperk automatisering wereldwijde interdependentie Dit noodzakelijkerwijs sterk simplificerende schema laat zien, dat naarmate de technologie voortschreed en de arbeid lichter werd, slaven overbodig werden en dat bovendien de wereld openging. De mens ontwikkelt zich van clan-lid tot kosmopoliet, min of meer parallel met de evolutie van de arbeid onder invloed van de veranderde technologie en techniek. Zo bezien, betekent de technocultuur waarin wij nu leven een vooruitgang ten opzichte van vroegere cultuurstadia. Niet alleen zijn er heel concrete winstpunten, zoals meer comfort, meer hygiëne, verlossing van de kwellendste, smerigste en gevaarlijkste arbeid, en door dit alles veel betere levenskansen, maar er zijn ook ethische winstpunten. Ten eerste: de elektronen zijn onze moderne slaven en wat er aan resten van openlijke of verkapte slavernij in * Het centrale punt in deze cultuurhistorische beschouwing. Tijdperk ‘5’ spiegelt ‘3’, in zekere zin. Tijdperk ‘6’ is de moderne keerzijde van ‘2’. Misschien zijn wij op weg naar de, hedendaagse, geëvolutioneerde transformatie van ‘1’. Andreas Burnier, De zwembadmentaliteit 13 onze wereld nog moge bestaan, in principe is slavernij totaal overbodig geworden. Ten tweede maken de moderne verkeers- en communicatiemiddelen ons allen, wederom in principe, tot wereldburgers. Van beperkte clan-leden, van benepen, chauvinistische nationalisten, zijn wij op weg mensheidsleden te worden. De sociale en economische interdependentie van de huidige mensheid is wereldwijd, en door het oneindig vereenvoudigde reizen en de overvloed aan informatie via de communicatiemedia, kunnen wij dat volop tot ons bewustzijn laten doordringen. Ondanks deze nuttige materiële en sociale effecten en zelfs ethische voordelen van de technocultuur, hebben de meesten van ons toch ambivalente gevoelens daar tegenover. Aan de ene kant zien wij de praktische, sociale en zelfs ethische winstpunten die hier zojuist zijn geschetst. Bovendien voelen wij respect voor de ongelooflijke hoeveelheid kennis en vernuft die is geïnvesteerd in de natuurwetenschappen. Onze hele technische wereld is eigenlijk een wereld van gestold intellect: van de hijskraan tot de blikopener, van het vliegtuig tot de stofzuiger, van microfoon en antenne tot wasmachine. Wie op school,
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