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Changes in Chitinozoan Assemblages Through Ordovician and Devonian Stable Carbon Isotope Excursions

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Changes in Chitinozoan Assemblages Through Ordovician and Devonian Stable Carbon Isotope Excursions Biology Department Geology Department Research Group Paleontology _____________________________________________________________________________________ CHANGES IN CHITINOZOAN ASSEMBLAGES THROUGH ORDOVICIAN AND DEVONIAN STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE EXCURSIONS. Jana Bas Student number: 01000022 Supervisor(s): Prof. Dr. Thijs Vandenbroucke and Poul Embso (U.S. Geological Survey) Scientific tutor: Julie De Weirdt Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Master of Science in Biology Academic year: 2016 - 2017 I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisors, Prof. Dr. Thijs Vandenbroucke and Dr. Poul Emsbo, and scientific tutor, Julie De Weirdt, for granting me the opportunity to do my dissertation in the Paleontology department and for their guidance and patience during the practical work and writing of the dissertation itself. Dr. Patrick McLaughlin for his data on the chemostratigraphy of the Langer Core and his litholog. Prof. Dr. Jed Day for his litholog of the Burbank Hills section. Prof. Dr. Jacques Verniers for his interest on the progress and for his advice. Sabine Van Cauwenberghe for the work and time she put in preparing the samples and Renaat Dasseville of the Biology department for coating the stubs. Prof. Dr. Ir. Henk Vrielinck of the Solid State Sciences department for letting us coate our stubs at their department and Ann-Eline Debeer for all of her help with the SEM. All staff members from the Palaeontology department, especially Daan van der Velden and Thomas Steeman, for the comfortable and fun workspace and being there to help me along every step of the way. Dominick Verschelde and his whole family for letting me stay at their place while writing this dissertation and helping me in every way they could. I would specially like to thank my parents for all their support and for giving me the chance to study. My friends for all their emotional support and finally Jef Wittevrongel for everything. II III ABSTRACT During the last decades, increasing evidence suggest a link between δ13C excursions, oceanic anoxic events and biotic extinctions. Examining how organisms react throughout such δ13C events can provide a framework to study relationships between environmental and ecological changes of the earth. This study evaluates how chitinozoan assemblages react throughout such large-scale geochemical events by studying two similar and postulated anoxic δ13C events, the Guttenberg Isotopic Carbon Excursion (GICE) from the Upper Ordovician and The Hangenberg Event from the Upper Devonian. Thirty rock samples from two parallel Upper Devonian sections in Utah were dissolved and analyzed for chitinozoans. The stratigraphic interval includes, in stratigraphic order, the Pilot Shale and Joanna Limestone. This study however didn’t result in the recovery of any chitinozoan specimens. In addition, twenty rock samples, corresponding to a stratigraphic interval ranging from the upper Sandbian to the lower Katian, were dissolved and analyzed for chitinozoans. This stratigraphic interval includes, in stratigraphic order, the Decorah and Galena formations. Chitinozoan assemblages from the Langer Core (Wisconsin, USA) are described and related to stable carbon isotope stratigraphy which resulted in an abundant, well preserved recovery of chitinozoans from the Langer Core. Although more research is needed, this study suggests that a faunal turnover of chitinozoan assemblages takes place during and after the GICE. IV V DUTCH ABSTRACT De geschiedenis van de aarde kent verschillende periodes, gekenmerkt door dramatische klimaatsveranderingen die meestal gepaard gaan met ernstige biodiversiteitscrisissen. De laatste jaren zijn er meer en meer studies die aantonen dat er een link bestaat tussen bepaalde extinctie-events, anoxia in de oceanen en positieve koolstof isotopen (δ13C). Vooral met de opwarming van het klimaat kan het belangrijk zijn om te weten hoe mariene organismen reageren op lange perioden van anoxia in de oceanen. Chitinozoa zijn microfossielen die vaak worden gebruikt om biostratigrafische studies uit te voeren. Ze zijn hier de ideale kandidaat voor dankzij hun snelle evolutie, grote vormvariatie en hun wereldwijde voorkomen. Deze MSc thesis onderzoekt hoe assemblages van microfossielen, chitinozoa, reageren op een positieve carbon isotoop excursie. Twee veronderstelde anoxische δ13C events worden geëvalueerd: het eerste event is een positieve carbon isotoop excursie in het bovenste Ordovicium, genaamd de Guttenberg Carbon Positive Isotope Excursion (GICE). Het tweede event is gelegen op het einde van het Devoon en wordt het Hangenberg Event genoemd. Dit event is een massa-extinctie op het einde van het Devoon en is gelinkt met een positieve carbon isotoop excursie en het afzetten van zwarte shales. Verder wordt het Event gecorreleerd met het uitsterven van de chitinozoa en andere groepen. In het totaal werden dertig stalen van het Bovenste Devoon opgelost en geanalyseerd op chitinozoans. Deze stalen zijn afkomstig van twee parallelle secties in Utah, USA. De secties bevatten de Pilot Shale Formatie en de Joanna Limestone. Twintig stalen van het Bovenste Ordovicium werden opgelost en geanalyseerd op chitinozoa. De stalen komen van de Langer Core, gelegen in Wisconsin, USA en bevatten de Decorah en Galena Formaties van het bovenste Sandbian en onderste Katian. De core werd zodanig gesampled dat de meeste stalen zich in het GICE interval bevonden en zowel en paar oudere als jongere strata werden gesampled om te kijken hoe deze chitinozoa assemblages zich verhouden tegenover de assemblages tijdens de GICE. De dertig stalen van het Devoon bevatten, buiten veel organisch materiaal en hoogstens een paar slecht bewaarde scolecodonten, geen chitinozoa. Aangezien de microfossielen op het einde van het Devoon uitsterven, is er een mogelijkheid dat ze reeds (lokaal) uitgestorven waren op de geanalyseerde secties. De stalen van de Langer Core daarentegen bevatte zeer veel, goed bewaarde chitinozoa. In het totaal werden 6761 ‘organismen’ uitgepikt, waarvan er 6398 op soortsniveau konden worden gedetermineerd. Dit resulteerde in de identificatie van 20 soorten die allemaal werden beschreven in deze studie. VI De gevonden assemblages van de Langer Core werden geclassifieerd in drie groepen: Pre- GICE assemblages, GICE-assemblages en de post-GICE assemblages. De similariteit van de stalen werd onderzocht met behulp van een Multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot. Ook werden de chitinozoa species per staal uitgezet tegenover de koolstofcurve van de Langer Core en werd er gekeken naar de totale abundantie van de chitinozoa, de absolute en relatieve species-abundantie per staal en ook naar de absolute en relatieve abundantie van de aanwezige genera in de assemblages. Uit deze studie kan worden geconcludeerd dat er tijdens het GICE interval een turnover plaatsvindt van de chitinozoa assemblages. Deze turnover gebeurt niet meteen, maar lijkt in twee stappen te gebeuren. Eerst zien we een vermindering inde abundanties van de chitinozoa assemblages , waarna de Pre-GICE assemblage quasi volledig wordt vervangen door andere soorten. VII TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................ II ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................... IV DUTCH ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................................... IX FIGURENLIJST ..................................................................................................................................................... XI TABELLENLIJST ................................................................................................................................................... XII 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.1 OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.2 THE ORDOVICIAN PERIOD (488.3 TO 443.7 MILLION YEARS AGO) ......................................................................... 14 1.2.1 Chronostratigraphy............................................................................................................................. 14 1.2.2 Palaeogeography and climate ............................................................................................................ 15 1.2.3 The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event ................................................................................... 15 1.2.4 The GICE interval ................................................................................................................................ 17 1.3 THE DEVONIAN PERIOD ( 416 TO 358 MILLION YEARS AGO) ................................................................................. 19 1.3.1 Chronostratigraphy............................................................................................................................. 19 1.3.2 Palaeogeography and climate ...........................................................................................................
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  • Integrated Graptolite and Chitinozoan Biostratigraphy of the Upper Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) of the Ventspils D-3 Core, Latvia
    Geol. Mag. 142 (4), 2005, pp. 369–376. c 2005 Cambridge University Press 369 doi:10.1017/S0016756805000531 Printed in the United Kingdom Integrated graptolite and chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the upper Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) of the Ventspils D-3 core, Latvia D. K. LOYDELL* & V. NESTOR† *School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK †Institute of Geology at Tallinn University of Technology, 7 Estonia Avenue, 10143 Tallinn, Estonia (Received 13 July 2004; accepted 14 February 2005) Abstract – Integrated graptolite and chitinozoan biostratigraphical data are presented from the upper Telychian (Oktavites spiralis and Cyrtograptus lapworthi graptolite biozones) of the VentspilsD-3 core, Latvia. The base of the Angochitina longicollis chitinozoan Biozone is approximately coincident with that of the spiralis graptolite Biozone, as it is elsewhere in the East Baltic, although in Wales it lies within the upper spiralis graptolite Biozone. Conochitina proboscifera appears in the upper spiralis graptolite Biozone in the Ventspils D-3 core, but at lower and higher horizons elsewhere, presumably reflecting its patchy distribution during the lower part of its stratigraphical range. Ramochitina ruhnuensis appears to be a stratigraphically useful, although geographically restricted, species, appearing at a level close to the base of the lapworthi graptolite Biozone. The most remarkable feature of the Ventspils D-3 chitinozoan record is the very early occurrence, in the upper spiralis graptolite Biozone, of two chitinozoan biozonal index species: Margachitina banwyensis and M. margaritana. Previously, these two taxa were considered unequivocal indicators of the uppermost Telychian to Sheinwoodian or Homerian, respectively. Keywords: graptolites, Chitinozoa, Llandovery, Silurian, biostratigraphy.
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