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Waveren IM.Pdf GEOLOGICA ULTRAIECTINA Medelingen van de Faculteit Aardwetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht No. 104 PLANKTONIC ORGANIC MATTER IN SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS OF THE BANDA SEA (INDONESIA) - A PALYNOLOGICAL APPROACH CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLlJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Waveren, Isabel Maria van Planktonic organic matter in surficial sediments of the Banda Sea (Indonesia) ­ A palynological approach/ Isabel Maria van Waveren. ­ Utrecht: Faculteit Biologie Universiteit Utrecht.- (Geologica Ultraiectina, ISSN 0072-1026; no. 104) Proefschrift Universiteit Utrecht. -Met lit. opg.- Met samenvatting in het Nederlands. ISBN 90-71577-58-9 Trefw.: Bandazee; palynologie. druk: OMI Offset Utrecht PLANKTONIC ORGANIC MATTER IN SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS OF THE BANDA SEA (INDONESIA) - A PALYNOLOGICAL APPROACH PLANKTONISCH ORGANISCH MATERIAAL UIT SUB-RECENTE SEDIMENTEN VAN DE BANDA ZEE (INDONESIE)- EEN PALYNOLOGISCHE BENADERING (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR AAN DE UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS PROF. DR. J. A. VAN GINKEL INGEVOLGE HEr BESLUIT VAN HEr COLLEGE VAN DEKANEN IN HEr OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP MAANDAG 25 OKTOBER 1993 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 12.45 UUR DOOR ISABEL MARIA VAN WAVER EN GEBOREN 21 JANUARI 1957 TE HAARLEM Promotor: Prof. Dr. H. Visscher Laboratory for Palaeobotany and Palynology State University of Utrecht Heidelberglaan 2 3584 CS Utrecht The Netherlands CONTENT Acknowlegments 7 Samenvatting (Summary in Dutch) 9 Synopsis 13 Chapter 1 Palynological analysis of the composition and selective preservation of organic matter in surficial deep-sea sediments from a high productivity area (Banda Sea, Indonesia) 17 Chapter 2 Chitinous palynomorphs and palynodebris representing crustacean exoskeleton remains from sediments of the Banda Sea (Indonesia) 51 Chapter 3 Morphology of probable planktonic crustacean eggs from the Holocene of the Banda Sea (Indonesia) 77 Chapter 4 Morphology of copepod egg-envelopes from Turkey Point (Gulf of Mexico) and their implications for acritarch affinity 123 Chapter 5 Distribution of copepod egg-envelopes in sub-recent sediments from the Banda Sea (Indonesia) 143 Chapter 6 Tintinnomorphs from deep-sea sediments of the Banda Sea (Indonesia) 159 Chapter 7 Protoperidinioid dinoflagellate cysts in sediments from the eastern Banda Sea (Indonesia) 185 References 201 Appendix I Debris composition of the Banda Sea sediment samples 213 Appendix II Palynomorph composition of the Banda Sea sediment samples 231 Curriculum Vitae 237 5 This dissertation is based on the following publications: Chapter 1 Van Waveren, I. M. and Visscher, H. To be submitted to Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology. Chapter 2 Van Waveren, I. M. (in press) Scripta Geologica Chapter 3 Van Waveren, I. M. (1992). Neogene and Quaternary Dinoflagellates and Acritarchs: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, Dallas: 89-120. Chapter 4 Van Waveren, I. M. and Marcus, N. H. (in press). Special Papers in Paleontology. Chapter 5 Van Waveren, I. M. (in press) Scripta Geologica Chapter 6 Van Waveren, I. M. (in press) Scripta Geologica Chapter 7 Van Waveren, I. M. and Visscher H. To be submitted to Marine Micropaleontology 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was carried out as a part of the Snellius II expedition, organized by the Indonesian Institute of Science (L1PI) and the Netherlands Council of Oceanic Research (NRZ). It is the product of the effort of many different people whom I wish to thank. I first want to acknowledge my gratitude to Prof. Dr. H. Visscher for giving me the opportunity to carry out the present study. Secondly I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. J. E. van Hinte and collaborators (Geomarine Centre, Free University, Amsterdam) for making available box-core samples from the eastern Banda Sea. I am also very grateful to Prof. N. H. Marcus (Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee) who gave me the possibility to study copepod egg-envelope morphology at her department. I am pleased to thank Dr. C. Caratini and Dr. C. Tissot (Centre de Geographie Tropicale, University of Bordeaux), who shared some of their knowledge of palynofacies and tropical palynology with me . The investigations were supported by the Netherlands Foundation for Advancement of tropical research (WOTRO ), listed under number W-57-258, the Netherlands Fulbright Foundation, the United States National Science Foundation, grant OCE88-22922 to Prof. Dr. N. H. Marcus, the Educational Division of the French Embassy in The Hague, the 'Vrij Vrouwe van Renswoude' and the 'Van Tussenbroek' foundations', the 'Stichting Bevordering Nederlandse Oceanografie' and the Foundation of the Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology. I am grateful to Dr. W. Punt for teaching me precision and accuracy in morphological description, and for making his photography-microscope available to me at all times. My sincere gratitude also is for Dr. W. Klein Breteler who helped me on many occasions to samples from the North Sea, and who also was very skilled at preparing slides from them. I thank Prof. Dr. P. Hogeweg (Theoretical Biology Group, State University of Utrecht) for making possible the clustering analysis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of Prof. Dr. J. H. Stock, Dr. J. C. Von Vaupel Klein, Dr. R. Vonk and Drs. M. Kouwelaar with respect to their help in identifying the crustacean remains. Valuable comments were given by Dr. M. A. Baars, Dr. J. Bauer, Dr. H. Brinkhuis, Dr. J. Chanton , Dr. R. Harland, Dr. M. Head, Prof. Dr. P. Hogeweg, Dr. W. Klein Breteler, Prof. Dr. N. H. Marcus, Dr. J. Van Ooyen, Dr. J. Powell, Dr. W.Punt, Dr. P. C. Reid, Dr. A.J. T. Romein, Dr.P. H. Schalk, Dr. P. Van Der Knaap, Prof. Dr. H. Visscher and Dr. M. F. Whitaker. I sincerely appreciate their help. I wish to thank Dr. W. A. Brugman, Prof. Dr. J. H. F.Kerp, Dr. M. Poulicek and Dr. J. Van Den Burgh for their stimulating discussions, and I gratefully acknowledge my fellow students for their collegial and constructive attitude. I am grateful to Drs. P. Hoen who often helped me witb the Scanning Electron Microscope at the State University of Utrecht, and Sandra Silver and Kim Riddle who assisted me at the Electronic Microscope Center of the Florida State 7 University. I wish to thank Herman Elsendorn and Michiel Von Eugen for having printed so many of my pictures in so many shades of grey. I am grateful to Dr. W. Landing and Dr. A. Van Der Kaars for providing material for my sieves, and Jim Winne for making them. Most of all, my gratitude is due to my parents, Judith and Jan Van Waveren, who stood by me all the way, and who believed in me far beyond a point I did myself. 8 PLANKTONISCH ORGANISCH MATERIAAL UIT OPPERVLAKTE MONSTERS VAN DE BANDA ZEE (INDONESIE) - EEN PALYNOLOGISCHE BENADERING SYNOPSIS Het microscopische organische materiaal dat in zuren onoplosbaar is en in mariene sedimenten bewaard blijft (de palynofacies), vertegenwoordigt maar een kleine fractie van de mariene en terrestrische biomassa, die aan de snelle afbraak en de terugvoer naar de koolwaterstof reservoirs van de atmosfeer en de hydrosfeer ontsnapt is. Een palynofacies bestaat uit: (1) organische microfossielen (de palynomorfen); (2) de fragmenten van de grotere organische structuren (het palynodebris) en (3) de afbraak produkten van zowel het debris als de palynomorfen (de diffuse organische aggregaten). De samenstelling van een palynofacies wordt biologisch, chemisch en fysisch bepaald door de seleclieve werking van (1) de kwalitatieve en kwantitatieve samenstelling van de oorspronkelijke biomassa; (2) het chemisch preservatie potentieel bij sedimentatie en diagenese van de individuele biomacromoleculaire structure van de organische resten; en (3) een grote verscheidenheid aan externe chemische en fysische factoren zoals waterstroming, sedimentatie snelheid, zuurstofgehalte en temperatuur. In aanvulling op de biochemische analyse, kan de palynologische analyse van de organische bestandelen van de (sub) recente sedimentmonsters, een inzicht geven in (1) de biologische affiniteil van de individuele palynofacies kategorien, en (2) de invloed van de differentiele selectie en de differentiele degradatie op de palynofacies samenstelling. Op wereldschaal wordt het meeste organische materiaal (80%) in deltai"sche­ shelf sedimenten begraven (Berner, 1989). Uit palynologisch onderzoek blijkt dat in deze sedimentaire milieus, de organische resten voornamelijk van een landvegetatie afkomslig zijn (Caratini et al. 1975; Combaz en Matharel, 1978; lorente, 1986; Van Waveren, 1989a). In diep mariene mileus vindt een relatief hoge opslag plaats (8%) in gebieden van seizoensgebonden opstroming (Berner, 1989). In dergelijke gebieden wordt de accumulalie van organisch materiaal overwegend in verband gebracht met een hoge planktonische produktivileit. In de afzettingen van opstromingsgebieden wordt de overweldigende hoeveelheid aan 'amorfogen' (struktuurloos organisch materiaal van vermoede planktonische oorsprong) beschouwd als de palynologische reflectie van een hoge produktiviteit (Powell et aI., 1990, 1992). Nietemin, moet men er zich van bewusl zijn, dat de meesle van oorsprong planktonische biomacromoleculen, zeer labiel zijn en jUist niet in aanmerking komen om in sedimenten selectief gepreserveerd te worden (Emerson and Hedges, 1989). Hier uit voigt dat elke significante accumufatie van planktonisch organisch materiaal afhankelijk is van externe faktoren die het organisch preservatie potentieel bevorderen. In het mariene
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