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The Report of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest

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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 083 899 HE 004 749 TITLE The Report of the President's Commission on-Campus Unrest. INSTITUTION President's Commission on Campus Unrest, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE [70) NOTE 419p.; Section deleted, actual page count is 537p. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 ($2.50) EDRS PRICE ?1F -$0.65 HC-$16.45 DESCRIPTORS *Activism; Campuses; *Civil Disobedience; Colleges; College Students; *Demonstrations (Civil); *Higher Education; La_ Enforcement; Police Action; Research Projects; Student Attitudes; *Student College Relationship; Universities IDENTIFIERS Jackson State College; *Kent State University ABSTRACT This report examines campus unrest. Emphasis is placed on the student protest in the 1960's, the black student movement, university response to campus disorder, the law enforcement response, university reform, government and campus unrest, and Kent State and Jackson State. Recommendations are suggested for the President, the government, the law enforcement agencies, the university, and the students. Appendices include a 191-item bibliography, commission hearings and investigations, and official documents. Photographs of the Kent State incident may be copyrighted and have been omitted from the text (p. 291-409). (MJM) THE REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION ON CAMPUS UNREST U.S. DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS !DOCUMENT HAS.-BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED'FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONORIGIN ATING IT. POINTSOF VIEW OR STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYOPINIONS REPRE, SENT OFFICIAL NATIONALINSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY ..11m.. am=1, SWIM WWWD ASIMIMIW1 ..1 1.......111.0.... mi-.I, ......,Am.. a.mew .11.i..-vm. il ... nmis airIlmiffra II MIR MIL MN 1111'111 MI 11111, OM MN _.MIL Amr Imam mu ma NE ma 11111 INI1611.111 MONIIINW MN MIR MI RN OM NM MIMMW NMINEW Isv ... um' rm. mom =ma Namar gialr ..=. SNOMD 1. = amm ummew 1r ,.... .. ,.. .. .,M.I. MEM MOM Me AMMUNII ................. IIIIMMIEL ...MIL MO IMPRIMMI AIIIIPMES RI MS IIIMN la MS III 1111orMI .,.. III S1 111 ONVII iliainliNI=I IIIMA MO NIL la MN 1111Y111 IMMI IMO MIN MO IIIIIkilr IMO lowillMO NM NM Ma IMINEIREF ME ...... em um mini mom 1 SWIM ill --- FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY The Report of THE PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION ON CAMPUS UNREST Official editions of publications of the President's Commission onCampus Unrest may be freely used, duplicated or published, in whole or IN part, except to the extent that, where expressly noted In the publications,they contain copyrighted materials reprinted by permission of the copyright holders. Photographs may have been copyrighted by .the owners,and permission to reproduce may be required. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CARD No. 74.608779 For Bale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20102 - Price $2.50 PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION ON CAMPUS UNREST PITH STAKES, N.W. WASHINGTON. D.C. TWOS WILLIAM W SCRANTON, Ma lenewr September 26.1970 IMI.MATTHEW BYRNE. JR JAMES ISHERN Esentmoy Mom/ E RWIN D. GASMAN JOHN J. KIRBY. JR AWES E. CHECK [Amy Ornool B ENJAMIN 0. DAVIS MARTHA A. DE RTHICK B AYLESS MANNING REVIUS o.cunoua. JR. JOSEPH RHODES, JR. The President The White House Washington, D.C. Dear Mr. President: With this letter, I in nsmir i:Se ',sport of your Commission on Campus Unrest. The report is based on three months of work by the Commission and its staff. It explores the history and causes of campus unrest. It also contains recommends. lions to you, the Congress and state legislatures. university administrators and faculty members, students, the police, and the public at large. Campus unrest is a fact of life. It is not peculiar to America. h is not new and it will go on. Exaggerations of its scope and seriousness and hysterical reactions I o it will not make it disappear. They will only aggravate it. When campus unrest takes the form of violent and disruptive protest, it must be Met with fins and just responses. We make recommendations on what those responses should be. Much campus unrest Is neither violent nor disruptive. It is Montt on any lively college or university campus. It is an expression of intellectual restlessness, and intellectual restlessness prompts the search for truth. We should resist the efforts of some young people to achieve their goals through force and violence, but we should encourage all young people to seek the truth and participate responsibly in the democratic process. Our colleges and universities cannot survive as combat zones, but they cannot thrive unless they are receptive to new ideas. They must be prepared to institute needed reforms in their administrative procedures and instructional programs. Still, the essence of a college or university is not the details of this or that program; itis the school's commitment to teaching, learning, and scholarship. Eveninthistroubled and confusing time, and precisely because we need knowledge and wisdom in such a time, our colleges and universities must sustain their commitment to the life of the mind. Respectfully, /\.//44 etC47%.()e_C caeze.L. William W. Scranton Chairman THE PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION ON CAMPUS UNREST William W. Scranton CHAIRMAN Former Governor of Pennsylvania James F. Ahern Chief of Police New Haven, Connecticut Erwin D. Canham Editor-In-Chief Christian Science Monitor James E. Cheek President Howard University Lt. Gen. Benjamin 0. Davis, USAF (Ret.) Director, Civil Aviation Security U. S. Department of Transportation Martha M Derthick Associate Professor Boston College Bayless Manning Dean, School of Law Stanford University Revius 0. Ortique, Jr. Attorney-at-Law New Orleans, Louisiana Joseph Rhodes, Jr. Junior Fellow Harvard University STAFF OF THE PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION. ON CAMPUS UNREST Wm. Matthew Byrne, Jr. Executive Oh or John J. Kirby, Jr. Paul H. Weaver Deputy Director Editor Paul A. Brest Erwin A. Glikes James D. Arthur Administrative Officer John R. Labovitz Associate Editors Christopher Cross, Director Peter W. Blackman Abby L. Chapkis, Deputy Special Assistant to the Executive Director Office of Public Affairs Richard McCormack Special Assistant to the W. Samuel Pickens Chairman Production Manager FIELD OPERATIONS Kent State General Investigations Jackson State Kenneth G. McIntyre James O'Toole Charles Quaintance, Jr. Coordinator Coordinator Coordinator James Strazzella Morey M. Myers Peter J. Nickles Chief Counsel Coordinator Chief Counsel Terry W. Baker Wick Allison Douglas Dalton Urbane Bass Gerald A. Fill Director of Investigations Steven L. Friedman Leslie I. Gaines, Jr. Richard T. Andrews Jacquelyn M. Howard Michael S. Garet Jack Bass Charles Stine John P. Gaventa Tyrone Brown George V. Warren Gerald P. Grant Mary K. Doar Walter Grebe M. Lee Winfrey Dale G. Higer Lloyd R. Ziff John R. Loch Gene G. Livingston D. Robert Owen Roland D. Patzer Advisor Edward Sanders-bey Samuel J. Wallace Steven M. Woodside WRITING AND EDITORIAL STAFF Robert G. Abernethy Marta W. Erdman Owen Fiss Timothy S. Healy Nathan Glazer William Kies ling William N. Greenbaum John G. Konstanturas Kenneth Keniston Neal Kozodoy Martin Kilson Terry M. Krieger Contributing Editors Michael Lerner William J. Massie, Jr. Alan F. Balch A. James Reichiey, Jr. C. Michael Curtis Robert Rice RESEARCH Senior Researchers Karl W. Carter Gregory D. Keeney Richard G. Braungart Roberta G. Dawson Catherine C. Martinez Richard Cass Evan S. Dobelle Catherine H. Milton Mary Ann C. Ellery Edward A. Doughtery Elaine J. Plittman James G. Fisk Kenneth C. Fischer Joseph Sahid Martin K. Gordon Mark H. Furstenburg Elmer A. Schiller Richard J. Jensen Karen Hartman Katherine Q. See lye Nicholas J. McGrath Daniel J. Hurson Arthur M. Sohcot Isabelle K. Trams Howard Johnson Marsha E. Swiss Daniel J. Beller George V. Kannar Nancy E. Tate John J. Buckley David H. Kaye Myra L. Washington ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORT John K. Van de Kamp Vernell J. Clanton Alvidean Ramseur Special Assistant for Suone C. Cotner Joyce C. Reed Administration Beverly W. Cutler Jeffery Rodamar John W. Gooding, Jr. Melvin W. Rose Administrative Assistant John A. Evans Stanley R. Anderson Roberta L. Garner Linda K. Roseman Anthony E. Bell Anita L. Green Donna M. Seip Verna A. Bird Josephine Haley Barbara T. Smith Dorothy M. Caldwell Hizzie Harris Levi T. Smith, Jr. Carol A. Camelio Linda A. Haynes James L. Tucker Charles T. Carroll, Jr. Shirley Ivey Ruth M. Whitby Jean E. Caufield Juanita S. Jones William V. White II Mary E. Caufield Nancy L. Morrison Dorothy T. Young vii PERSONAL ASSISTANTS Phyllis Bonanno (William W. Scranton) Ann Hope (Wm. Matthew Byrne, Jr.) Ann Wyatt (John J. Kirby, Jr.) PRODUCTION Ronald D. Beidler Lloyd P. Boucree Yvonne Erikkson Mary E. Kay Ruth J. Novick Letitia Walker CONSULTANTS AND CONTRIBUTORS William Beall (.,hn Heaphy Robert Rice E. Howard Brooks Lewis B. Kaden . Leonard Ross Charles J. Creasy, Jr. William Keisling Joseph Sahid Jack D. Douglas Martin Ki lson Ralph Salerno James Fisk Neal Kozodoy Elmer Schiller Owen Fiss Joseph Laitin John R. Searle Harley Frankel Seymour M. Upset Irwin Jay Talbot Raymond Galvin Norman J. McKenzie Martin Trow Nathan Glazer Thomas Milstein Fred M. Vinson, Jr. Erwin A. Glikes George J. NolfI, Jr. Paul H. Weaver Charles V. Hamilton John R. Powell James Q. Wilson A. James Reich ley, Jr. The Commission expresses Its appreciation to the Federal Bureau of Investigation and to Robert Haynes of FBI liaison. viii Preface The President established this Commission on June 13, 1970, in the wake of the great tragedies at Kent State University in Ohio and Jackson State College Mississippi. The Commission held its first meeting on June 25, 1970. During the next three months it conducted 13 days of public hearingsin Washington, D.C.; Los Angeles,California; Jackson, Mississippi; and Kent, Ohio; and met 15 times in executive session. The Commission staff conducted intensive investigations in Jackson, Kent, and Lawrence, Kansas, and visited for Shorter periods many other colleges and 'universities throughout the country.
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