Nasjonalisme Eller Dialog I Den Serbisk-Ortodokse Kirke?

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Nasjonalisme Eller Dialog I Den Serbisk-Ortodokse Kirke? Nasjonalisme eller dialog i den serbisk-ortodokse kirke? Religion og politikk i Serbia Marie Kyed Engeseth Mastergradsoppgave i Religion og Samfunn, Det teologiske fakultet UNIVERSITETET I OSLO høsten 2008 Veileder: Professor Dag Thorkildsen 1 Forord Jeg har valgt å skrive om den serbisk-ortodokse kirken og nasjonalisme fordi jeg lenge har interessert meg for Serbia og Eks-Jugoslavia generelt. Det skyldes først og fremst at jeg har en venninne som er halvt serbisk, og at jeg har reist til Serbia noen ganger; i 2000, 2007 og 2008. Foreløpig har jeg ikke vært i noen av de andre eks-jugoslaviske landene. Jeg er veldig fascinert av kulturen på Vest-Balkan, og har stor sans for både mat, musikk og film fra området. I mange land i Europa har eks-jugoslavisk kultur blitt introdusert via innvandrerne, og særlig musikken fra området har gjort seg bemerket. I Oslo og andre storbyer har for eksempel ”Balkan-musikk” nærmest blitt et nytt utelivsfenomen. Fra høsten 2006 har ”Balkan Beat Party” blitt et populært månedlig konsept på Parkteatret Scene på Grünerløkka, og har det siste året også turnert i Norge og Sverige. Flere artister og band fra Balkan har holdt konserter i Norge, blant annet under Oslo World Music Festival, og musikere over hele verden har latt seg inspirere av denne typen musikk. Derfor har dette ”globaliseringsfenomenet” blitt kalt en ”Balkan-bølge”, til stor glede for alle de som elsker denne musikksjangeren. Siden 1998 har Den norske sigøynerfestivalen ”Iagori” blitt avholdt i Oslo, de siste årene i kulturkirken Jakob. Dit blir sigøynere eller ”rom-folk” invitert fra hele verden til til å spille sin egenartede og flotte musikk. Jeg mener slike tiltak er en berikelse for norsk kulturliv, og håper flere vil oppdage og verdsette innslag som dette. Jeg er veldig glad for at jeg har kunnet kombinere min store interesse for Balkan med masteroppgaveskrivingen. Serbia har i løpet av det siste året (2008) også blitt reaktualisert i media, med Kosovos selvstendighetserklæring i februar og pågripelsen av Radovan Karadzić i sommer. Derfor kan oppgavetemaet mitt sies å være mer aktuelt nå enn da jeg bestemte meg for å skrive om det. I mars var jeg så heldig å få mulighet til å reise til Serbia igjen sammen med min venninne og hennes medelever på Balkan-studier ved Humanistisk Fakultet. Vi fikk møte interessante mennesker som politikeren og forfatteren (og tidligere utenriksminister) Vuk Drasković, Sonja Biserko i Helsinki-komiteen for menneskerettigheter i Serbia, Emil Jeremić fra Norsk Folkehjelp i Serbia, den norske ambassadøren i Serbia, Haakon Blankenborg, og lederen for skandinaviske studier ved universitetet i Beograd; Ljubisa Rajić. Disse møtene bidro til å gi meg inspirasjon til masteroppgaven, i tillegg til rundreisene som gjorde at vi blant annet fikk besøke en del ortodokse kirker og landemerker. 17. og 18. april 2 var jeg på en todagers forelesningsrekke i Trondheim med den serbiske sosiologiprofessoren Milan Vukomanović, i regi av NTNUs Program on East European Cultures and Societies (PEECS). Han snakket om ”The Serbian Orthodox Church as a Political Actor in the Aftermath of 5 October 2000” (som er med i tidsskriftet ”Politics and Religion”, og temaet ”The Serbian Orthodox Church Between Traditionalism, Conservatism and Fundamentalism” – altså midt i blinken for min oppgave (sistnevnte er også tittelen på hans artikkel som skal utgis som del av et bokprosjekt i 2009.) 30. og 31. mai, hadde jeg gleden av å være med på et todagers seminar i regi av Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) på PRIO (Peace Research Institute, Oslo). Temaet var Civic & Uncivic Values in Serbia. The post-Milošević era, og dette blir også tittelen på en bok som skal utgis i 2009 av forfatterne som deltok på seminaret. Deltakerne var akademikere fra hele Europa, som studerer den post-jugoslaviske regionen. Det var veldig spennende å være med på dette seminaret, som i utgangspunktet ikke var åpent for andre enn spesielt inviterte. Noe av grunnen til at jeg fikk være med, var nok at jeg fra januar til juni var studentpraktikant ved Oslosenteret for fred og menneskerettigheter – en potensiell samarbeidspartner for PRIO. Under dette oppholdet fikk jeg også viktige impulser og kontakter til masteroppgaven. Jeg var spesielt tilknyttet deres prosjekt om interreligiøs dialog, noe som førte til at jeg fikk lyst til å inkludere dette aspektet i oppgaven min. Senteret hadde blant annet et møte med Religions for Peace – European Council of Religious Leaders (ECRL). Ingrid Vik (fra Nansens Dialogue Network) ble ansatt som ny spesialrådgiver ved Oslosenteret etter at min praktikantperiode var over, og hun har også gitt meg nyttige tips når det gjelder dialog og den serbisk-ortodokse kirken. Berit Thorbjørnsrud ved IKOS på Humanistisk Fakultet har også vært behjelpelig med informasjon og litteraturtips om religionen i Serbia. Jeg vil også takke CSCW-PRIO og Oslo Dokumentarkino for at de viste BBCs ”The death of Yugoslavia” i sin helhet på Parkteatret 24. September. Det var veldig interessant å få en systematisk gjennomgang av de politiske hendelsene under krigen, selv om det gjorde det desto vanskeligere å fatte seg i korthet om dette i oppgaven. Det har hele tiden dukket opp nye og spennende aspekter ved temaet, som har gjort det utfordrende å begrense seg. Takket være Dag Thorkildsen, som med tålmodighet og oppmuntring har veiledet meg gjennom skriveprosessen, ble jeg imidlertid ferdig med oppgaven til slutt. Oslo, 5. januar 2009 3 Innholdsfortegnelse Forord .................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Innledning ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Tema og problemstilling .......................................................................................... 6 1.2 Metode ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Forskningslitteratur ................................................................................................ 10 2. Religion og nasjonalisme ............................................................................................ 12 2.1 Introduksjon ........................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Religion .................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Religion og modernitet ....................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Identitet, individ og fellesskap ........................................................................... 16 2.3 Nasjonalisme .......................................................................................................... 17 2.3.1 Essensialisme og konstruktivisme ...................................................................... 18 2.3.2 Nasjonalisme og etnisitet ................................................................................... 18 2.4 Religion og nasjonalisme i samspill ...................................................................... 20 2.5 Avslutning .............................................................................................................. 21 3. Serbisk historie og religion ......................................................................................... 23 3.1 Innledning: Ortodoks kristendom .......................................................................... 23 3.2 Serbere i Bysants og middelalder........................................................................... 24 3.3 Det ottomanske imperiet ........................................................................................ 25 3.3.1 Utvandring .......................................................................................................... 27 3.3.2 Frigjøring og nasjonal oppblomstring ................................................................ 29 3.4 Ekspansjon og krigføring ....................................................................................... 32 3.5 1. verdenskrig ......................................................................................................... 33 3.6 Mellomkrigstid ....................................................................................................... 35 3.7 2. verdenskrig ......................................................................................................... 37 3.8 Titos nye Jugoslavia ............................................................................................... 41 3.9 Serbisk nasjonalisme og Milošević ........................................................................ 46 3.9.1 Krigen i Kroatia .................................................................................................. 49 3.9.2 Bosnia-krigen ..................................................................................................... 53 3.9.3 Krigen i Kosovo ................................................................................................. 55 3.10 Avslutning .......................................................................................................... 57 4 4. Religion og samfunn etter Milošević .......................................................................... 58 4.1 Introduksjon ........................................................................................................... 58
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