Operation Odyssey Dawn and U.S. Military Operations in Libya
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The Crisis in Libya
APRIL 2011 ISSUE BRIEF # 28 THE CRISIS IN LIBYA Ajish P Joy Introduction Libya, in the throes of a civil war, now represents the ugly facet of the much-hyped Arab Spring. The country, located in North Africa, shares its borders with the two leading Arab-Spring states, Egypt and Tunisia, along with Sudan, Tunisia, Chad, Niger and Algeria. It is also not too far from Europe. Italy lies to its north just across the Mediterranean. With an area of 1.8 million sq km, Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, yet its population is only about 6.4 million, one of the lowest in the continent. Libya has nearly 42 billion barrels of oil in proven reserves, the ninth largest in the world. With a reasonably good per capita income of $14000, Libya also has the highest HDI (Human Development Index) in the African continent. However, Libya’s unemployment rate is high at 30 percent, taking some sheen off its economic credentials. Libya, a Roman colony for several centuries, was conquered by the Arab forces in AD 647 during the Caliphate of Utman bin Affan. Following this, Libya was ruled by the Abbasids and the Shite Fatimids till the Ottoman Empire asserted its control in 1551. Ottoman rule lasted for nearly four centuries ending with the Ottoman defeat in the Italian-Ottoman war. Consequently, Italy assumed control of Libya under the Treaty of 1 Lausanne (1912). The Italians ruled till their defeat in the Second World War. The Libyan constitution was enacted in 1949 and two years later under Mohammed Idris (who declared himself as Libya’s first King), Libya became an independent state. -
“Seams” During Operations Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector
Logistics Support “Seams” U.S. Air Force (Marc I. Lane) (Marc U.S. Air Force During Operations Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector By W.A. BROWN and BRENT CORYELL Here’s the complexity of this operation—you have kinetic effects in one Geographic Combatant Command (GCC), generated out of another GCC, partnered with a coalition, with resources from a third GCC, then NATO reinforced by interna- tional partners [that are] not a part of NATO. —USEUCOM Chief of Staff, April 12, 2011 Rear Admiral W.A. Brown, SC, USN, served as the Director of the Logistics Directorate (J4), U.S. European Command (USEUCOM), during U.S. and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Libya operations. U.S. Airmen prepare B-1B Lancer in Lieutenant Colonel Brent Coryell, LG, USA, served as the Executive Officer of the Logistics Directorate (J4), support of Operation Odyssey Dawn USEUCOM, during U.S. and NATO Libya operations. ndupress.ndu.edu issue 68, 1 st quarter 2013 / JFQ 73 COMMENTARY | Logistics Support “Seams” he collective and collabora- and USAFRICOM operation centers carefully implications, leverage information-sharing tive efforts of U.S. European monitored events as international pressure technology with a broad array of organiza- Command (USEUCOM), U.S. mounted for action in support of the Libyan tions, and facilitate collaboration and full T Africa Command (USAF- insurgency. The decision to engage kinetically situational awareness of the activities of RICOM), and the North Atlantic Treaty took a relatively short time in political terms, logistics planners. One simple but key tool Organization (NATO) to support Operations particularly considering the complex political for efficient coordination among support Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector from equities involved as well as the daunting oper- organizations was the use of Defense Connect March to October 2011 represented a remark- ational considerations. -
Moral Authority to Change Governments?
Moral Authority to Change Governments? O. Shawn Cupp, Ph.D., Kansas State University Professor William L. Knight, Jr., MBA, Baker University Assistant Professor US Army Command and General Staff College ATTN: Department of Logistics and Resource Operations (DLRO) Room 2173B 100 Stimson Avenue Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027 Voice: 913.684.2983 Fax: 913.684.2927 [email protected] [email protected] Authors’ Financial Disclosure – We have no conflict of interest, including direct or indirect financial interest that is included in the materials contained or related to the subject matter of this manuscript. Disclaimer: The views and conclusions expressed in the context of this document are those of the author developed in the freedom of expression, academic environment of the US Army Command and General Staff College. They do not reflect the official position of the US Government, Department of Defense, United States Department of the Army, or the US Army Command and General Staff College. ABSTRACT Moral Authority to Change Governments? by O. Shawn Cupp, Ph.D., (LTC, retired, US Army) and William L. Knight, Jr. (LTC, retired, US Army) There are numerous reasons in past conflicts for nations to engage in combat operations. Some reasons are tied to treaty responsibilities while others result in allied forces actions without formal written obligations. Some past conflicts were based upon unprovoked attacks like Pearl Harbor between Japan and the United States while conflicts that are more recent resulted in an intergovernmental organization stepping in such as the United Nations through the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). -
Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy
Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy Christopher M. Blanchard Acting Section Research Manager June 6, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33142 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy Summary Over 40 years ago, Muammar al Qadhafi led a revolt against the Libyan monarchy in the name of nationalism, self-determination, and popular sovereignty. Opposition groups citing the same principles are now revolting against Qadhafi to bring an end to the authoritarian political system he has controlled in Libya for the last four decades. The Libyan government’s use of force against civilians and opposition forces seeking Qadhafi’s overthrow sparked an international outcry and led the United Nations Security Council to adopt Resolution 1973, which authorizes “all necessary measures” to protect Libyan civilians. The United States military is participating in Operation Unified Protector, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military operation to enforce the resolution. Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan and other partner governments also are participating. Qadhafi and his supporters have described the uprising as a foreign and Islamist conspiracy and are attempting to outlast their opponents. Qadhafi remains defiant amid coalition air strikes and defections. His forces continue to attack opposition-held areas. Some opposition figures have formed an Interim Transitional National Council (TNC), which claims to represent all areas of the country. They seek foreign political recognition and material support. Resolution 1973 calls for an immediate cease-fire and dialogue, declares a no-fly zone in Libyan airspace, and authorizes robust enforcement measures for the arms embargo on Libya established by Resolution 1970 of February 26. -
Command and Control in Africa: Three Case Studies Before and After
Views Command and Control in Africa Three Case Studies before and after Tactical C2 Maj Damon Matlock, USAF Maj Jonathan Gaustad, USAF Maj Jason Scott, Georgia ANG Capt Danielle J. Bales, USAF frica provides a unique context to study the role of the United States in coalition command and control (C2) systems. The Air Force’s tactical C2 is not well understood outside the platforms Athat supply the capability despite its importance to mission success. This article highlights modern-day tactical C2 of airpower by using three recent examples in US Africa Command (AFRICOM). The Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS) was the common tactical C2 thread throughout the operations and thus offers a good lens through which to study AFRICOM’s C2 writ large. In particular, these operations in Africa have gone largely undocu- mented since 2011, and properly employed C2 is often treated as an af- terthought or a given. The study of examples from Africa is ideal for demonstrating the value of C2 in a wide spectrum of operations. Libya provides conventional C2 battle employment. Additional examples em- phasize flexibility and utility of C2 in nontraditional means. These case studies prove the critical nature of tactical C2. Libya Operations: Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector Arguably the most decisive factor in modern airpower is the ability to move rapidly and efficiently to any locale in the world and conduct effective operations. When we do so, we use portable C2 platforms as Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed or implied in the Journal are those of the authors and should not be construed as carry- ing the official sanction of the Department of Defense, Air Force, Air Education and Training Command, Air University, or other agencies or departments of the US government. -
The Italian Approach to Libya
Études de l’Ifri "PLAYING WITH MOLECULES" The Italian Approach to Libya Aldo LIGA April 2018 Turkey/Middle East Program The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental, non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. ISBN: 978-2-36567-861-2 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2018 Cover: “A scratched map of Libya hanging on the walls inside a reception centre for unaccompanied and separated migrant and refugee minors in Western Sicily”. © Aldo Liga. How to quote this document: Aldo Liga, “‘Playing with Molecules’: The Italian Approach to Libya”, Études de l’Ifri, Ifri, April 2018. Ifri 27 rue de la Procession 75740 Paris Cedex 15 – FRANCE Tel.: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 – Fax: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Email: [email protected] Website: Ifri.org Author Aldo Liga is a freelance analyst on Middle East and North Africa issues and energy. He works for a Swiss-NGO which implements assessment, monitoring & evaluation and organisational capacity-building programmes. He holds a MA in International Security from Sciences Po Paris and a BA in Political Science from the “Cesare Alfieri” School of Political Sciences of Florence. -
Operation Odyssey Dawn (Libya): Background and Issues for Congress
Operation Odyssey Dawn (Libya): Background and Issues for Congress Jeremiah Gertler, Coordinator Specialist in Military Aviation March 30, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41725 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Operation Odyssey Dawn (Libya): Background and Issues for Congress Summary This report provides an overview of military operations in Libya under U.S. command from March 19 to March 29, 2011, and the most recent developments with respect to the transfer of command of military operations from the United States to NATO on March 30. The ongoing uprising in Libya against the government of Muammar al Qadhafi has been the subject of evolving domestic and international debate about potential international military intervention, including the proposed establishment of a no-fly zone over Libya. On March 17, 2011, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1973, establishing a no-fly zone in Libyan airspace, authorizing robust enforcement measures for the arms embargo established by Resolution 1970, and authorizing member states “to take all necessary measures … to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, including Benghazi, while excluding a foreign occupation force of any form on any part of Libyan territory.” In response, the United States established Operation Odyssey Dawn, the U.S. contribution to a multilateral military effort to enforce a no-fly zone and protect civilians in Libya. Military operations under Odyssey Dawn commenced on March 19, 2011. U.S. and coalition forces quickly established command of the air over Libya’s major cities, destroying portions of the Libyan air defense network and attacking pro-Qadhafi forces deemed to pose a threat to civilian populations. -
Strike Sorties, Including 463 Conducted by US Aircraft
The Air Force, technically in a supporting role, has been front and center. The Libya Mission By Amy McCullough, Senior Editor hen US Air Forces Af- of the continent, and the command’s to prepare for a potential contingency rica stood up in Octo- role began to change. After the leaders operation there. ber 2008, the original of Tunisia and Egypt were overthrown Planning lasted until March 17 when vision for the com- in popular revolutions, Libyan dicta- the United Nations Security Council mand centered around tor Muammar Qaddafi essentially approved a resolution authorizing the low intensity conflict scenarios, hu- declared war on his civilian population use of force to protect civilians in Wmanitarian relief missions, and training in a bid to stay in power. Officials at Libya, including a no-fly zone over and advising African partner militaries. Ramstein Air Base in Germany, where the restive North African state. The But by mid-February 2011, conflicts AFAFRICA is based, began working measure, which came five days after had erupted across much of the north closely with US and coalition countries the Arab League called on the Security 28 AIR FORCE Magazine / August 2011 Council to establish a no-fly zone, called for an “immediate cease-fire and a complete end to violence and all attacks against, and abuses of, civil- ians” targeted by Qaddafi and forces loyal to him. USAF photo by SSgt. Marc LaneI. Opening Days Two days later, US and British warships based in the Mediterranean launched more than 100 long-range Tomahawk cruise missiles against Libyan air defenses—kick-starting Operation Odyssey Dawn. -
Student Naval Aviator Soars High Targeting Your Social ATLANTIC OCEAN — Lt
/MISSION BRIEF /OCTOBER IN NAVAL AVIATION HISTORY To safely train the world’s finest combat quality aviation Oct. 3, 1962: Sigma 7 (Mercury 8) is launched. The mission is professionals, delivering them at the right time, in the piloted by Cmdr. Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and lasts 9 hours and 13 minutes. Schirra makes six orbits at an altitude up to 175.8 statute right numbers, and at the right cost to a naval force miles at 17,558 mph. Recovery is conducted by USS Kearsarge that is where it matters, when it matters. (CVS 33). /WE ARE TEAM CNATRA Oct. 4, 1943: TBF and F4F aircraft from VC-9 based onboard USS • We are “all in” for the mission Card (CVE 11) attack four German submarines -- U-460, U-264, • We are professionals dedicated to improving ourselves, U-422, and U-455 -- north of the Azores. Also on this date, PV 1 aircraft from VB-128 sink German submarine U-336 southwest of our team, and the naval services Iceland. • We lead with integrity, moral courage, and discipline • We are accountable to the nation, our service, each Oct. 5, 1942: PBY aircraft from Commander Aircraft South Pacific other, and our families sink Japanese submarine 1-22 near Indispensable Strait, Solomon • Integrity is our foundation Islands. Also on this date, PBY aircraft from VP-73 sink German submarine U-582 south of Iceland. /ADMIRAL’S SUGGESTION BOX Oct.6, 1997: NASA astronaut Cmdr. Wendy B. Lawrence returns Got a suggestion? There are several ways to submit from mission STS-86 Atlantis, the seventh mission to rendezvous your suggestions to Rear Adm. -
NAVMC 2922 Unit Awards Manual (PDF)
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS 2008 ELLIOT ROAD QUANTICO, VIRGINIA 22134-5030 IH REPLY REFER TO: NAVMC 2 922 MMMA JAN 1 C IB# FOREWORD 1. Purpose. To publish a listing of all unit awards that have been presented to Marine Corps units since the beginning of World War II. 2. Cancellation. NAVMC 2922 of 17 October 2011. 3. Information. This NAVMC provides a ready reference for commanders in determining awards to which their units are entitled for specific periods of time, facilitating the updating of individual records, and accommodating requests by Marines regarding their eligibility to wear appropriate unit award ribbon bars. a . Presidential Unit Citation (PUC), Navy Unit Citation (NUC), Meritorious Unit Citation (MUC) : (1) All personnel permanently assigned and participated in the action(s) for which the unit was cited. (2) Transient, and temporary duty are normally ineligible. Exceptions may be made for individuals temporarily attached to the cited unit to provide direct support through the particular skills they posses. Recommendation must specifically mention that such personnel are recommended for participation in the award and include certification from the cited unit's commanding officer that individual{s) made a direct, recognizable contribution to the performance of the services that qualified the unit for the award. Authorized for participation by the awarding authority upon approval of the award. (3) Reserve personnel and Individual Augmentees <IAs) assigned to a unit are eligible to receive unit awards and should be specifically considered by commanding officers for inclusion as appropriate, based on the contributory service provided, (4) Civilian personnel, when specifically authorized, may wear the appropriate lapel device {point up). -
THE Shipbuilder 2019 the Shipbuilder 3 Message from the Helm President’S NOTE
1959 60 YEARS 2019 THE 2019 • nassco.com 601 Ship Management Team 2019 THE SHIPBUILDER 1 8 12 16 38 46 41 CONTENTS 4 message from the helm 32 PDP corner 46 in the community 8 Perform 34 learn 56 visitors 22 sustain 36 emPloyee corner THE SHIPBUILDER Communications Specialist: Amanda Ray Sr. Communications Specialist: Xenon Alidag Sr. Creative Multimedia Specialist: Kurt Otto Published by General Dynamics NASSCO Communications Department, P.O. Box 85278, San Diego, CA 92186-5278. Please direct comments to [email protected]. Contributors: Dave Askew, Greyson Bailey, Wendy Brant, Sean Cardinale, Joseph Collette, Randy Colson, Talbert Dunn, Victor Figueroa, Vince Graham, Leslie Jackson, Leigh Kennedy, Dawn Kriz, Petra Kydd, Constantine “Gus” Limberis, Chris Marsh, Steve Miley, Mark Phillips, Amanda Ray, Travis Saam, Stefan Selby, Clint Spivey, Anissa Stansfield, Nathaniel A. Stanton, Amanda Thomas, Donna Watkins, Mike Williams 2 2019 THE SHIPBUILDER 2019 THE SHIPBUILDER 3 message from the helm PRESIDENT’s NOTE As we wrap up our shared efforts in 2019, Navy large amphibious ships: the USS I am honored and excited to be at the helm Bataan (LHD 5), USS Kearsarge (LHD 3), of NASSCO as we welcome the New Year. USS Iwo Jima (LHD 7), USS Essex (LHD 2), USS Makin Island (LHD 8), and the We kicked off the year with the USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD 6). The commissioning of our new thin plate panel Bonhomme Richard is the single largest line facility, securing our position as the repair availability undertaken by NASSCO. nation’s most forward-thinking shipbuilder. This investment has nearly doubled our Looking ahead to 2020, we expect to have steel processing and production rates. -
Submariner Receives Military Citizen of the Year Award
® Serving the Hampton Roads Navy Family Vol. 17, No. 41, Norfolk, VA FLAGSHIPNEWS.COM October 15, 2009 Submariner receives Military Citizen of the Year Award BY KEVIN COPELAND and teens – enabling them to take part Commander, Submarine Force Public Affairs in the sport of BMX racing. Through the ministries’ partnership with Bethany NORFOLK — Petty Officer 1st Class Christian Services, they help promote Rodney E. Buse has been selected older child and special needs adoptions as the 54th recipient of the Samuel T. within the BMX racing community. Northern Military Citizen of the Year There are more than 500,000 children (MCOY). The award is given annual- in foster care in the U.S. alone, with ly by the Hampton Roads Chamber of 120,000 of them eligible for adoption. Commerce to recognize the military cit- However, less than 60,000 of those eli- izen who has made the most impactful gible for adoption are placed in forever contribution in the area of community families. As the administrator of BMX service. Buse was formally recognized for Christ Ministries, Buse’s fundrais- at the annual MCOY luncheon spon- ing activities, and liaisons with sponsors sored by Hampton Roads Chamber of and the Department of Social Services, Commerce and held in Norfolk. are able to make some of these chil- “I was floored, because I really didn’t dren’s dreams come true. think I had a chance,” said Buse, the “My hope is that the attention received force protection assistant and staff from my selection will greatly improve anti-terrorism officer at Commander, our efforts with the ministries during Submarine Force (SUBFOR) headquar- Photo by MC1 (AW) Tim Comerford the 2010 season,” said Buse.