Command and Control in Africa: Three Case Studies Before and After
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The Crisis in Libya
APRIL 2011 ISSUE BRIEF # 28 THE CRISIS IN LIBYA Ajish P Joy Introduction Libya, in the throes of a civil war, now represents the ugly facet of the much-hyped Arab Spring. The country, located in North Africa, shares its borders with the two leading Arab-Spring states, Egypt and Tunisia, along with Sudan, Tunisia, Chad, Niger and Algeria. It is also not too far from Europe. Italy lies to its north just across the Mediterranean. With an area of 1.8 million sq km, Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, yet its population is only about 6.4 million, one of the lowest in the continent. Libya has nearly 42 billion barrels of oil in proven reserves, the ninth largest in the world. With a reasonably good per capita income of $14000, Libya also has the highest HDI (Human Development Index) in the African continent. However, Libya’s unemployment rate is high at 30 percent, taking some sheen off its economic credentials. Libya, a Roman colony for several centuries, was conquered by the Arab forces in AD 647 during the Caliphate of Utman bin Affan. Following this, Libya was ruled by the Abbasids and the Shite Fatimids till the Ottoman Empire asserted its control in 1551. Ottoman rule lasted for nearly four centuries ending with the Ottoman defeat in the Italian-Ottoman war. Consequently, Italy assumed control of Libya under the Treaty of 1 Lausanne (1912). The Italians ruled till their defeat in the Second World War. The Libyan constitution was enacted in 1949 and two years later under Mohammed Idris (who declared himself as Libya’s first King), Libya became an independent state. -
“Seams” During Operations Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector
Logistics Support “Seams” U.S. Air Force (Marc I. Lane) (Marc U.S. Air Force During Operations Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector By W.A. BROWN and BRENT CORYELL Here’s the complexity of this operation—you have kinetic effects in one Geographic Combatant Command (GCC), generated out of another GCC, partnered with a coalition, with resources from a third GCC, then NATO reinforced by interna- tional partners [that are] not a part of NATO. —USEUCOM Chief of Staff, April 12, 2011 Rear Admiral W.A. Brown, SC, USN, served as the Director of the Logistics Directorate (J4), U.S. European Command (USEUCOM), during U.S. and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Libya operations. U.S. Airmen prepare B-1B Lancer in Lieutenant Colonel Brent Coryell, LG, USA, served as the Executive Officer of the Logistics Directorate (J4), support of Operation Odyssey Dawn USEUCOM, during U.S. and NATO Libya operations. ndupress.ndu.edu issue 68, 1 st quarter 2013 / JFQ 73 COMMENTARY | Logistics Support “Seams” he collective and collabora- and USAFRICOM operation centers carefully implications, leverage information-sharing tive efforts of U.S. European monitored events as international pressure technology with a broad array of organiza- Command (USEUCOM), U.S. mounted for action in support of the Libyan tions, and facilitate collaboration and full T Africa Command (USAF- insurgency. The decision to engage kinetically situational awareness of the activities of RICOM), and the North Atlantic Treaty took a relatively short time in political terms, logistics planners. One simple but key tool Organization (NATO) to support Operations particularly considering the complex political for efficient coordination among support Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector from equities involved as well as the daunting oper- organizations was the use of Defense Connect March to October 2011 represented a remark- ational considerations. -
Moral Authority to Change Governments?
Moral Authority to Change Governments? O. Shawn Cupp, Ph.D., Kansas State University Professor William L. Knight, Jr., MBA, Baker University Assistant Professor US Army Command and General Staff College ATTN: Department of Logistics and Resource Operations (DLRO) Room 2173B 100 Stimson Avenue Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027 Voice: 913.684.2983 Fax: 913.684.2927 [email protected] [email protected] Authors’ Financial Disclosure – We have no conflict of interest, including direct or indirect financial interest that is included in the materials contained or related to the subject matter of this manuscript. Disclaimer: The views and conclusions expressed in the context of this document are those of the author developed in the freedom of expression, academic environment of the US Army Command and General Staff College. They do not reflect the official position of the US Government, Department of Defense, United States Department of the Army, or the US Army Command and General Staff College. ABSTRACT Moral Authority to Change Governments? by O. Shawn Cupp, Ph.D., (LTC, retired, US Army) and William L. Knight, Jr. (LTC, retired, US Army) There are numerous reasons in past conflicts for nations to engage in combat operations. Some reasons are tied to treaty responsibilities while others result in allied forces actions without formal written obligations. Some past conflicts were based upon unprovoked attacks like Pearl Harbor between Japan and the United States while conflicts that are more recent resulted in an intergovernmental organization stepping in such as the United Nations through the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). -
Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy
Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy Christopher M. Blanchard Acting Section Research Manager June 6, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33142 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy Summary Over 40 years ago, Muammar al Qadhafi led a revolt against the Libyan monarchy in the name of nationalism, self-determination, and popular sovereignty. Opposition groups citing the same principles are now revolting against Qadhafi to bring an end to the authoritarian political system he has controlled in Libya for the last four decades. The Libyan government’s use of force against civilians and opposition forces seeking Qadhafi’s overthrow sparked an international outcry and led the United Nations Security Council to adopt Resolution 1973, which authorizes “all necessary measures” to protect Libyan civilians. The United States military is participating in Operation Unified Protector, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military operation to enforce the resolution. Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan and other partner governments also are participating. Qadhafi and his supporters have described the uprising as a foreign and Islamist conspiracy and are attempting to outlast their opponents. Qadhafi remains defiant amid coalition air strikes and defections. His forces continue to attack opposition-held areas. Some opposition figures have formed an Interim Transitional National Council (TNC), which claims to represent all areas of the country. They seek foreign political recognition and material support. Resolution 1973 calls for an immediate cease-fire and dialogue, declares a no-fly zone in Libyan airspace, and authorizes robust enforcement measures for the arms embargo on Libya established by Resolution 1970 of February 26. -
The Italian Approach to Libya
Études de l’Ifri "PLAYING WITH MOLECULES" The Italian Approach to Libya Aldo LIGA April 2018 Turkey/Middle East Program The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental, non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. ISBN: 978-2-36567-861-2 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2018 Cover: “A scratched map of Libya hanging on the walls inside a reception centre for unaccompanied and separated migrant and refugee minors in Western Sicily”. © Aldo Liga. How to quote this document: Aldo Liga, “‘Playing with Molecules’: The Italian Approach to Libya”, Études de l’Ifri, Ifri, April 2018. Ifri 27 rue de la Procession 75740 Paris Cedex 15 – FRANCE Tel.: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 – Fax: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Email: [email protected] Website: Ifri.org Author Aldo Liga is a freelance analyst on Middle East and North Africa issues and energy. He works for a Swiss-NGO which implements assessment, monitoring & evaluation and organisational capacity-building programmes. He holds a MA in International Security from Sciences Po Paris and a BA in Political Science from the “Cesare Alfieri” School of Political Sciences of Florence. -
Operation Odyssey Dawn (Libya): Background and Issues for Congress
Operation Odyssey Dawn (Libya): Background and Issues for Congress Jeremiah Gertler, Coordinator Specialist in Military Aviation March 30, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41725 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Operation Odyssey Dawn (Libya): Background and Issues for Congress Summary This report provides an overview of military operations in Libya under U.S. command from March 19 to March 29, 2011, and the most recent developments with respect to the transfer of command of military operations from the United States to NATO on March 30. The ongoing uprising in Libya against the government of Muammar al Qadhafi has been the subject of evolving domestic and international debate about potential international military intervention, including the proposed establishment of a no-fly zone over Libya. On March 17, 2011, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1973, establishing a no-fly zone in Libyan airspace, authorizing robust enforcement measures for the arms embargo established by Resolution 1970, and authorizing member states “to take all necessary measures … to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, including Benghazi, while excluding a foreign occupation force of any form on any part of Libyan territory.” In response, the United States established Operation Odyssey Dawn, the U.S. contribution to a multilateral military effort to enforce a no-fly zone and protect civilians in Libya. Military operations under Odyssey Dawn commenced on March 19, 2011. U.S. and coalition forces quickly established command of the air over Libya’s major cities, destroying portions of the Libyan air defense network and attacking pro-Qadhafi forces deemed to pose a threat to civilian populations. -
Strike Sorties, Including 463 Conducted by US Aircraft
The Air Force, technically in a supporting role, has been front and center. The Libya Mission By Amy McCullough, Senior Editor hen US Air Forces Af- of the continent, and the command’s to prepare for a potential contingency rica stood up in Octo- role began to change. After the leaders operation there. ber 2008, the original of Tunisia and Egypt were overthrown Planning lasted until March 17 when vision for the com- in popular revolutions, Libyan dicta- the United Nations Security Council mand centered around tor Muammar Qaddafi essentially approved a resolution authorizing the low intensity conflict scenarios, hu- declared war on his civilian population use of force to protect civilians in Wmanitarian relief missions, and training in a bid to stay in power. Officials at Libya, including a no-fly zone over and advising African partner militaries. Ramstein Air Base in Germany, where the restive North African state. The But by mid-February 2011, conflicts AFAFRICA is based, began working measure, which came five days after had erupted across much of the north closely with US and coalition countries the Arab League called on the Security 28 AIR FORCE Magazine / August 2011 Council to establish a no-fly zone, called for an “immediate cease-fire and a complete end to violence and all attacks against, and abuses of, civil- ians” targeted by Qaddafi and forces loyal to him. USAF photo by SSgt. Marc LaneI. Opening Days Two days later, US and British warships based in the Mediterranean launched more than 100 long-range Tomahawk cruise missiles against Libyan air defenses—kick-starting Operation Odyssey Dawn. -
The Tide Turns
November 2011 Anthony Bell, Spencer Butts, and David Witter THE LIBYAN REVOLUTION THE TIDE TURNS PART 4 Photo Credit: Fighters for Libya’s interim government rejoice after winning control of the Qaddafi stronghold of Bani Walid, via Wikimedia Commons. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ©2011 by the Institute for the Study of War. Published in 2011 in the United States of America by the Institute for the Study of War. 1400 16th Street NW, Suite 515 Washington, DC 20036. http://www.understandingwar.org Anthony Bell, Spencer Butts, and David Witter THE LIBYAN REVOLUTION THE TIDE TURNS PART 4 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Anthony Bell is a Research Assistant at ISW, where he conducts research on political and security dynamics on Libya. He has previously studied the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, and published the ISW report Reversing the Northeastern Insurgency. Anthony holds a bachelor’s degree from the George Washington University in International Affairs with a concentration in Conflict and Security. He graduated magna cum laude and received special honors for his senior thesis on the history of U.S. policy towards Afghanistan. He is currently a graduate student in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University. Spencer Butts is a Research Assistant for the Libya Project at ISW. Prior to joining ISW, Mr. Butts interned at the Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute at the Army War College where he wrote a literature review of the Commander’s Emergency Response Program in Iraq. -
Libya: Too Hot to Handle
PISM Strategic File #14 #14 March 2011 Libya: Too Hot to Handle By Patrycja Sasnal The rapidly evolving events around the crisis in Libya will be the first test of this kind for the European countries that lead diplomatic efforts against Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi. France’s symbolic first strike in operation “Odyssey Dawn” was quickly followed by an American lead offensive. The American administration, deeply involved in Afghanistan and still effectively responsible for Iraq’s security, wanted to avert the impression that they were leading yet another military offensive against a mostly Muslim country. However, the crisis shows deep divisions within the international community, NATO, the EU and the arrayed coalition itself. It is a high-risk but also a possible high-gain type of operation although there is not enough evidence to suggest that Qaddafi has completely lost popular support or that the opposition speaks on behalf of the majority of Libyans. As the awakening wave is sweeping the Middle East, events in Libya set a precedent for other Arab countries and citizens, torn between their quest for dignity and reluctance to accept outside intervention. High Risk The end goal of the ongoing operation looks to be the removal of Qaddafi, although legal opinions vary on whether the UN SC Res 1973 authorizes such a goal. It explicitly demands an immediate ceasefire and end to violence (a demand that extends to both sides of the conflict in Libya), authorizes states to take all necessary measures to protect civilians, allows for the establishment of a no-fly zone, imposes a complete arms embargo on Libya, bans flights operated by Libya and freezes the assets of Libyan authorities. -
Student Naval Aviator Soars High Targeting Your Social ATLANTIC OCEAN — Lt
/MISSION BRIEF /OCTOBER IN NAVAL AVIATION HISTORY To safely train the world’s finest combat quality aviation Oct. 3, 1962: Sigma 7 (Mercury 8) is launched. The mission is professionals, delivering them at the right time, in the piloted by Cmdr. Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and lasts 9 hours and 13 minutes. Schirra makes six orbits at an altitude up to 175.8 statute right numbers, and at the right cost to a naval force miles at 17,558 mph. Recovery is conducted by USS Kearsarge that is where it matters, when it matters. (CVS 33). /WE ARE TEAM CNATRA Oct. 4, 1943: TBF and F4F aircraft from VC-9 based onboard USS • We are “all in” for the mission Card (CVE 11) attack four German submarines -- U-460, U-264, • We are professionals dedicated to improving ourselves, U-422, and U-455 -- north of the Azores. Also on this date, PV 1 aircraft from VB-128 sink German submarine U-336 southwest of our team, and the naval services Iceland. • We lead with integrity, moral courage, and discipline • We are accountable to the nation, our service, each Oct. 5, 1942: PBY aircraft from Commander Aircraft South Pacific other, and our families sink Japanese submarine 1-22 near Indispensable Strait, Solomon • Integrity is our foundation Islands. Also on this date, PBY aircraft from VP-73 sink German submarine U-582 south of Iceland. /ADMIRAL’S SUGGESTION BOX Oct.6, 1997: NASA astronaut Cmdr. Wendy B. Lawrence returns Got a suggestion? There are several ways to submit from mission STS-86 Atlantis, the seventh mission to rendezvous your suggestions to Rear Adm. -
NAVMC 2922 Unit Awards Manual (PDF)
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS 2008 ELLIOT ROAD QUANTICO, VIRGINIA 22134-5030 IH REPLY REFER TO: NAVMC 2 922 MMMA JAN 1 C IB# FOREWORD 1. Purpose. To publish a listing of all unit awards that have been presented to Marine Corps units since the beginning of World War II. 2. Cancellation. NAVMC 2922 of 17 October 2011. 3. Information. This NAVMC provides a ready reference for commanders in determining awards to which their units are entitled for specific periods of time, facilitating the updating of individual records, and accommodating requests by Marines regarding their eligibility to wear appropriate unit award ribbon bars. a . Presidential Unit Citation (PUC), Navy Unit Citation (NUC), Meritorious Unit Citation (MUC) : (1) All personnel permanently assigned and participated in the action(s) for which the unit was cited. (2) Transient, and temporary duty are normally ineligible. Exceptions may be made for individuals temporarily attached to the cited unit to provide direct support through the particular skills they posses. Recommendation must specifically mention that such personnel are recommended for participation in the award and include certification from the cited unit's commanding officer that individual{s) made a direct, recognizable contribution to the performance of the services that qualified the unit for the award. Authorized for participation by the awarding authority upon approval of the award. (3) Reserve personnel and Individual Augmentees <IAs) assigned to a unit are eligible to receive unit awards and should be specifically considered by commanding officers for inclusion as appropriate, based on the contributory service provided, (4) Civilian personnel, when specifically authorized, may wear the appropriate lapel device {point up). -
THE Shipbuilder 2019 the Shipbuilder 3 Message from the Helm President’S NOTE
1959 60 YEARS 2019 THE 2019 • nassco.com 601 Ship Management Team 2019 THE SHIPBUILDER 1 8 12 16 38 46 41 CONTENTS 4 message from the helm 32 PDP corner 46 in the community 8 Perform 34 learn 56 visitors 22 sustain 36 emPloyee corner THE SHIPBUILDER Communications Specialist: Amanda Ray Sr. Communications Specialist: Xenon Alidag Sr. Creative Multimedia Specialist: Kurt Otto Published by General Dynamics NASSCO Communications Department, P.O. Box 85278, San Diego, CA 92186-5278. Please direct comments to [email protected]. Contributors: Dave Askew, Greyson Bailey, Wendy Brant, Sean Cardinale, Joseph Collette, Randy Colson, Talbert Dunn, Victor Figueroa, Vince Graham, Leslie Jackson, Leigh Kennedy, Dawn Kriz, Petra Kydd, Constantine “Gus” Limberis, Chris Marsh, Steve Miley, Mark Phillips, Amanda Ray, Travis Saam, Stefan Selby, Clint Spivey, Anissa Stansfield, Nathaniel A. Stanton, Amanda Thomas, Donna Watkins, Mike Williams 2 2019 THE SHIPBUILDER 2019 THE SHIPBUILDER 3 message from the helm PRESIDENT’s NOTE As we wrap up our shared efforts in 2019, Navy large amphibious ships: the USS I am honored and excited to be at the helm Bataan (LHD 5), USS Kearsarge (LHD 3), of NASSCO as we welcome the New Year. USS Iwo Jima (LHD 7), USS Essex (LHD 2), USS Makin Island (LHD 8), and the We kicked off the year with the USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD 6). The commissioning of our new thin plate panel Bonhomme Richard is the single largest line facility, securing our position as the repair availability undertaken by NASSCO. nation’s most forward-thinking shipbuilder. This investment has nearly doubled our Looking ahead to 2020, we expect to have steel processing and production rates.