Atmospheric Emission Inventory of Maurienne Valley for an Atmospheric Numerical Model Guillaume Brulfert, Jean-Pierre Chollet, Bernard Jouve, Hervé Villard
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archive Ouverte en Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication Atmospheric emission inventory of Maurienne valley for an atmospheric numerical model Guillaume Brulfert, Jean-Pierre Chollet, Bernard Jouve, Hervé Villard To cite this version: Guillaume Brulfert, Jean-Pierre Chollet, Bernard Jouve, Hervé Villard. Atmospheric emission inven- tory of Maurienne valley for an atmospheric numerical model. Science of the Total Environment, Elsevier, 2005, 349 (1-2), pp.232-248. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.013. hal-00202820 HAL Id: hal-00202820 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00202820 Submitted on 23 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Atmospheric emission inventory of the Maurienne valley for an atmospheric numerical model Guillaume Brulferta,T, Jean-Pierre Cholleta, Bernard Jouveb, Herve´Villardb aLaboratory of Geophysical and Industrial Fluid Flows (University J. Fourier, INP Grenoble, CNRS), BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex, France b Air de l’Ain et des Pays de Savoie, Air Quality Agency, 430 rue de la Belle Eau, Z.I. Landiers Nord, 73000 Chambe´ry, France Within the framework of an air quality study of the French alpine valleys (POVA program), an atmospheric emission inventory concerning major pollutants: CO, NOx, SO2,CH4, particles (PT) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) was carried out. This inventory has a spatial resolution of 1 km2 and was established for the reference year 2003. The coexistence of economic activities and the Vanoise national park makes the Maurienne valley a sensitive site, particularly representative of the problems of sustainable development in alpine areas, where air pollution is one of the most important aspects. The area, which covers 4588 km2, is an alpine valley that is sensitive to air pollution due to the emission sources (traffic, industries, private heating, etc.), its morphology (a narrow valley surrounded by high ranges), and local meteorology (temperature inversions and slope winds). As expected, the result which includes both biogenic and anthropogenic sources shows serious emissions of pollutants that are mainly due to the presence of highways and industries around. Two emission inventories were drawn up: one with emission factors determined by CORINAIR (from the European Environment Agency) and the other with emission factors determined by BUWAL-OFEFP (from Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape). The inventories were then compared thanks to concentrations calculated from a numerical model. Computations were run for an intensive field observation period from 25 June to 2 July 2003. Keywords: Atmospheric emission inventory; Emission factors; Hourly variation of emissions; Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC); Photochemistry model 1. Introduction T Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 4 76 82 50 75; fax: +33 4 76 Air pollution modelling is a powerful tool capable of 82 70 22. assisting policy makers in developing abatement E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Brulfert). strategies to reduce pollutant emissions and improve 1 air quality. One of the most crucial data sets needed to account of the season and the day of the week. The initiate chemical and photochemical reaction mecha- corresponding software was designed in order to nisms included in the model is the emission inventory. update the emission inventory as easily as possible. In fact, the precision with which the emission scenario Changes in pollution may therefore be documented is generated can be considered as one of the major year after year. Abatement scenarios may be built by limiting factors in performing valid simulations of the appropriately changing total vehicle characteristics, emission fields for primary and secondary pollutants. traffic and industrial activities. It is also easy to update Since the beginning of the 1980s, a number of emission factors whose values are expected to be anthropogenic and biogenic emission inventories have improved in the future thanks to better knowledge of been carried out, mainly in the most industrialized emissions. countries. These inventories generally cover large areas After a description of the Maurienne valley, we like Europe (OECD, 1984; Veldt, 1991; Lenhart and discuss the preparation of two inventories with Friedrich, 1995) or the United States (Voldner et al., emission factors from CORINAIR and OFEFP: spe- 1980; Clark, 1980; Lamb et al., 1987, 1993) and are cies, spatialisation methodology and emission sources. used to perform large-scale transport modelling. More The two inventories are then used and after disintegra- recently, other modelling programs have focused on tion (with time and according to chemical species), the pollutant dispersion and ozone emission at regional or results from the photochemical model are analysed by more local scales (Ponche et al., 1998, 2000; Khatami comparing them with the measurements from the et al., 1998; Cros et al., 2004), most of them using the summer 2003 intensive period of POVA observations. CORINAIR methodology (e.g. Aleksandropoulou and The Maurienne valley differs noticeably from sites Lazaridis, 2004). There are also emission inventories considered in most emission inventory studies, where for air quality modelling in mountainous areas but in urban contributions are significant. Because of the valleys significantly broader than the Maurienne narrowness of the valley, sources have to be described (Sturm et al., 1999; Couach et al., 2003). at a fairly short length-scale. Inhabitants and industrial There is now a growing concern over the impact of activities are concentrated in limited areas along the atmospheric pollution on public health. Following the bottom of the valley. A large part of the domain of accident in the Mont-Blanc tunnel on 24 March 1999, interest is covered with forests and pastures. (France). The heavy-duty traffic (about 2130 trucks Finally, results from an air quality model of the per day) was diverted to the Maurienne valley, with up Maurienne valley are considered since the emission to 4250 trucks per day. Within the framework of the inventory is designed to be used as an input to such a Pollution in Alpine Valleys project (Jaffrezo et al., model and the emission fluxes cannot be compared 2005) measurement campaigns were undertaken for with measurements, in contrast to concentrations several one week periods. Modelling in POVA should computed from modelling to be examined side by help to explain the process leading to episodes of side with POVA data. atmospheric pollution, both in summer and in winter. The general topics of the program are comparative studies of air quality and the modelling of atmospheric 2. The Maurienne valley emission inventory emissions and transport in these two French alpine valleys before and after the reopening of the tunnel to 2.1. Area of interest heavy-duty traffic in order to identify the sources and characterize the dispersion of pollutants. The program The Maurienne valley (130 km) is a typical arc- combines 3D modelling with field campaigns in order shaped (Fig. 1) alpine and mountainous area located to study the impact of traffic and local development along the border between France and Italy. The general scenarios. orientation of the valley (after Saint Jean de Maurienne) Bottom–up and top–down methodologies are com- is roughly West–East. The entrance is wide and the bined (depending on available data) to map emissions valley is closed at its East end by the Mont Cenis pass at with a yearly resolution. The emissions are then 2081 m a.s.l. (to Italy). The altitude of the bottom of the distributed for modelling at the hourly level by taking valley increases progressively from Saint Jean de 2 Fig. 1. Maurienne valley. Black stars indicate measurement sites and white stars ski resorts. The Vanoise national park (peripheral and central zone) extends from a line across Me´ribel-Val-Thorens, Modane to the east of the domain. Maurienne (550 m a.s.l.) to Sollie`res (1340 m a.s.l.). Its lurgical industries and more than 300 employees in width varies from a few tens of metres at Orelle to 3 km chemicals. The road network is developing thanks at Sollie`res. to some twenty ski resorts and the connecting The center of the area (45.338N, 6.68E) is at passage to Italy via the Fre´jus tunnel (RN6 main approximately 150 km from Lyons (France) and from road, A43 highway). One year after the Mont-Blanc Geneva (Switzerland) and 100 km from Turin (Italy). tunnel was closed, road traffic had doubled, with Sixty-three municipalities lie in the valley from 8000 vehicles per day, including 5000 heavy Aiton to the Iseran pass, with 42,000 inhabitants vehicles. (INSEE, data from 1999 census). The largest towns are: Road traffic is not the only reason for air quality problems in the valley: industrial plants are located ! Saint Jean de Maurienne: 15,666 inhabitants. around 3 main places: ! Saint Michel de Maurienne: 5670 inhabitants. ! Modane: 6547 inhabitants. ! ELF-ATOCHEM: phosphor chemistry at Epierre (25 km from Saint Jean de Maurienne towards The population density is 44 inhabitants per km2. Tigny) and amine synthesis and organic solvents at A large part of the population lives in the bottom of La Chambre (13 km from Saint Jean de Maurienne the valley, where most economic activities (includ- towards Tigny). ing industries and main roads) are located.