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The Irregular Shelterwood System in Northern Hardwoods

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The Irregular Shelterwood System in Northern Hardwoods The irregular shelterwood system in northern hardwood forests Canadian Institute of Forestry, Pembroke, Ont. October 7th, 2019 Steve Bédard, Patricia Raymond and Josianne DeBlois Forest research branch Presentation outline • Context • The system • The variants • Potential applications in northern hardwoods • Duchesnay study Context • Past cuttings (selective cuttings) in northern hardwoods have left stands degraded in structure, composition and quality. • Need silvicultural scenarios to • Improve quality of stands • Regenerate desired tolerant and mid- tolerant species • In Québec silvicultural sytems must be consistent with ecological process (natural disturbances) and avoid use of herbicides Silvicultural systems vs natural disturbances Shelterwood Clearcut systems systems Selection systems (Kern et al. 2016) The irregular shelterwood system • Femelschlag (Gayer 1880) • A regeneration method • Stand harvested through a series of fellings • A new cohort of natural regeneration at each entry • Overhead or side shelter • Longer regeneration period than a regular system (E. Saulnier) • « The system can be best regarded as a compromise between the uniform and group systems on one hand and the selection system on the other » Troup 1928 Regeneration period and stand structure • Regeneration period > 1/5 rotation • Age structure • More than one age class (not even-aged) • Uneven-aged, but not balanced • Irregular uneven-aged Smith.1986. The practice of silvicutlure. 8th ed. John Wiley & Sons Irregular shelterwood variants • Descriptions vary in scientific literature • Classification based on three variants (Raymond et al. 2009) • Expanding-gap ISS • Continuous cover ISS • Extended ISS Journal of forestry (2009) 107(8):405-413 Expanding gap irregular shelterwood (EGIS) • Aims to regenerate new cohorts in groups that are gadually enlarged. • No return to regenerating areas • Less damage to regeneration • Requires good planning • Skid trails network • Tree marking Nyland 2016 Continuous cover irregular shelterwood (CCIS) • Aims to regenerate new cohorts using groups but the sequence of cuttings is applied more freely in space and time • Hybrid single-tree cutting with small groups • No final cut • High potential to maintian • Multicohort structure • Old growth attributes • Declining tree species (e.g mid-tolerant) Extended irregular shelterwood (EIS) Aims to regenerate the whole stand while keeping simpler structure (two-aged structure). • Similar to a regular shelterwood but: • Extended regeneration period • Final cut is optional Use to: • Establish and protect a layer of high regeneration Year 0: Seed cutting • Conversion of even-aged to two-aged stand • Rehabilitate degraded stands (low % of Year 5- 10: Secondary cutting AGS) • Aesthetical and social acceptability Year 25: Final cut Potential applications of ISS • EGIS and EIS : alternative to the regular shelterwood • Maintain stand attributes during a longer period • Conversion of even-aged to 2 or 3-aged stands • CCIS: alternative to single tree selection • Higher % of groups to regenerate mid-tolerant species • Conversion from irregular to balanced uneven-aged • Higher volume harvested and longer cutting cycle • Rehabilitation of low AGS stands • Extensive management of remote forest Choosing the treatment Example: Mature sugar maple uneven-aged stand 20 m2/ha AGS Extended irregular DBH 24-44 cm > shelterwood 5 m2/ha NO YES AGS Continuous cover irregular DBH 10-22 cm > shelterwood 2 m2/ha NO YES AGS= acceptable growing stock Selection cutting The Duchesnay study The study was carried out in 2009 and it aims to asses if the ISS could: • Improve stand quality and composition • Regenerate desired tolerant and mid- tolerant species • Maintain stand attributes in an ecosystem management context Journal of forestry (2014) 112(3):276-286 Description of stands • Uneven-aged stands – AGS = 45% – BA of 26 0,4 m2ha-1 – Yellow birch = 38% – Sugar maple = 34% – American beech = 23% – Others = 5% – Beech is affected by beech bark disease (initital stage in 2009) • Saplings (2300 173 ha-1) – American beech = 79% – Sugar maple = 11% – Yellow birch = 4% – Others = 6% • Soils are poor in acid-base chemistry (low exchangebale Ca) Experimental design 4 blocks x 5 treatments 20 experimental units (110 x 110 m) • Control • Single-tree selection 18 m2/ha (SC 18) • Continuous cover irregular shelterwood 16 m2/ha (CCIS16) • Continuous cover irregular shelterwood 14 m2/ha (CCIS14) • Extended irregular shelterwood 14 m2/ha (EIS14) 12 exclosures (10 m x 10 m) were intalled 1 year after cutting: • 6 in CCIS14 (3 blocks) • 6 in EIS14 (3 blocks) Treatments description • Control • Single-tree and group-selection: SC – DBq method + small groups (scarification + mechanical beech control in groups) – Residual basal area: 18 m2/ha • Continuous cover irregular shelterwood cutting: CCIS – Target basal area + small groups (mechanical beech control in groups + scarification) – Residual basal area: 16 m2/ha (CCIS 16) and 14 m2/ha (CCIS14) • Extended irregular shelterwood cutting: EIS – Establishment cut with a uniform residual cover of 50% ( 14 m2/ha) – Mechanical beech control + scarification over the entire area • Tree marking and harvest priority: – Mostly non-vigorous trees (UGS) were marked for all treatments with an objective to reduce beech component Treatments (ground overview) Control stand with an important American Single tree and group cutting with site Extended irregular shelterwood cutting with beech understory préparation in groups (SC and CCIS an uniform residual cover and understory site treatments). preparation Treatments (aerial overview) Control 25 m2/ha SC 18 m2/ha (16% gaps) CCIS 16 m2/ha (20% gaps) SC= selection cutting CCIS= continous cover irr. shelterwood EIS= extended irr. Shelterwood Gaps = (Ø>10m) CCIS 14 m2/ha (27% in gaps) EIS 14 m2/ha (50% canopy cover) Diameter distribution SC18 CCIS14 250 250 200 200 1 1 - - ha 150 ha 150 100 Pre-cut 100 Pre-cut trees trees N 3 Postyr post-cut-cut N 3 Postyr post-cut-cut 50 50 0 0 14 24 34 44 50+ 14 24 34 44 50+ Dbh class midpoint (cm) Dbh class midpoint (cm) CCIS16 EIS14 250 250 200 200 1 1 - - ha 150 ha 150 100 Pre-cut 100 Pre-cut trees trees N 3 Postyr post-cut-cut N 3Post yr post-cut-cut 50 50 0 0 14 24 34 44 50+ 14 24 34 44 50+ Dbh class midpoint (cm) Dbh class midpoint (cm) 10 year seedling denstiy (height > 60 cm) 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 N/ha 6000 4000 2000 0 Control SC18_0 SC18_1 CCIS16_0 CCIS16_1 CCIS14_0 CCIS14_1 EIS14 _0 = matrix, _1 = gaps Y. Birch A. Beech S. Maple 10 year saplings denstiy (1,1 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 9cm) A. Beech 10000 8000 6000 4000 Saplings/ha 2000 0 _0 = matrix, _1 = gaps Y. birch 500 400 300 200 100 Saplings/ha 0 _0 = matrix, _1 = gaps 10 year regeneration (exclosures) Seedlings density (height > 60 cm) 20000 15000 10000 5000 Seedlings/ha 0 Y. Birch A. Beech Y. Birch A. Beech Inside Outside Saplings density 12000 10000 /ha 8000 6000 4000 Saplings 2000 0 Y. Birch A. Beech Y. Birch A. Beech Inside Outside Summary Irregular shelterwood system in northern hardwoods • Aternative to the regular shelterwood to maintain stand attributes • Alternative to single-tree selection to promote mid-tolerant species • Rehabilitation of irregular stands • Extensive management in remote forests Duschesnay study • All variants of ISS favor the maintenance an irregular stand structure • All cutting treatments favor yellow birch establishement but beech dominate the regeneration in unfenced area due to cervids browsing preference for yellow birch • Mechanical beech control with brushsaws is not effecient where herbivory is high (beech spalings stumps sprouts) • Sugar maple was also favored by the cutting treatments but its density is very low. However, the study site is not favorable for this species (acidic soils with poor calcium content). Thank you! Growth and mortaliy (5 years) Production 0,21 à 2 m3/ha/an 0.60 0.28b 0.40 0.17b ) 0.13b 1 Production - 0.03b 0.20 3 an - 4 m /ha/an 1 - 0.00 ha 2 -0.20 (m -0.13b -0.40 -0.20b -0.28b -0.30b -0.60 Mortality 1 à 2 m3/ha/an Basal areaBasal -0.80 -0.58a -1.00 -1.20 -1.03a -1.40 Mortality 7 m3/ha/an Control CCIS18 CCIS16 CCIS14 EIS14 Mortality Net Basal area growth over time Merchantable trees DBH > 9.0 cm 35 30 ) 1 - ha 25 2 20 15 10 Surface terrière (m terrière Surface 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Temps depuis la première coupe (an) CPI-CP14CCIS14CCIS14 TémoinControl CPI-RL14EIS14.
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