Harvesting Systems
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Sustainable Forestry
FNR-182 Purdue University - Forestry and Natural Resources & Natural Re ry sou st rc re e o s F A Landowner’s Guide to Sustainable Forestry in Indiana PURDUE UNIVERSITY Part 3. Keeping the Forest Healthy and Productive Ron Rathfon, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University Lenny Farlee, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry Sustainable forest Environmental Factors Affecting management requires an Forest Growth and Development understanding of site productivity and heredi- • Climate tary factors that affect • Soil forest growth and devel- • Topography or lay of the land opment, as well as factors • Fungi, plant & animal interactions like climate, soil, topogra- phy or lay of the land, and • Disturbances how fungi, plants, and animals interact and help A remarkable variety of forests grow in Indiana. Over or harm each other. 100 different native species of trees intermingle in Ron Rathfon Sustainable forest various combinations. They flourish in swamps, anchor Deep soils and ample soil management also requires sand dunes, cling precariously to limestone precipices, moisture on this northeast- knowledge of each bind riverbanks against ravaging spring floods, and sink facing, upland site promote species’ unique needs and tap roots deep into rich, fertile loam. the growth of a lush adaptations, how a forest understory shrub layer and Trees, like all other green plants, require sunlight, heat, changes over time, and fast-growing, well-formed how it responds when water, nutrients, and space to thrive. Environment trees. determines the availability of essential requirements. disturbed by fire, insect Foresters refer to this availability as site productivity. outbreak, tornado, or timber harvesting. -
High Grade Harvesting It Is Important to Note That There Is a Wide Range of Variability to High Grading
HighGrade Harvesting Understand the impacts, know your options. Paul Catanzaro University of Massachusetts Amherst Anthony D'Amato University of Massachusetts Amherst Introduction “ I thought I did the As a landowner, you may be approached by a logger or forester to have a “high grade” harvest of your RIGHT THING. woods, which they typically call “selective cutting.” Selective cutting refers to a harvest that does not I did a selective cut all of the trees. cut, not a clearcut. However, there are many forms of selective cutting. While high grading does leave trees after the I WAS TOLD harvest, the critical issues to consider are whether the harvest will meet your immediate goals and if the that I could be remaining trees will best meet your future goals. back in there All woodlands do not provide equal benefits. The number, size, type, and quality of the trees left after cutting IN harvesting all affect what your woods will become in the future and, as a direct result, what benefits your woods 10 YEARS.” will provide to you and those that follow. High grading generally takes the best trees and leaves the rest, and may not meet your needs. This pamphlet will help you make informed decisions about the sale of timber from your land by providing information on high grading and forest management using silviculture. It also gives you information on resources and professional foresters who can help you. 3 Definitions High Grading SILVICULTURE High grading liquidates the value of the woods by: Silviculture - The art and science of controlling the ❶ Removing the largest, most valuable trees and, establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet the diverse needs and ❷ Increasing the composition of the poorer quality and values of landowners and society on a sustainable traditionally low-value species (e.g., red maple, beech, basis. -
Silvicultural Options for Young-Growth Douglas-Fir Forests: the Capitol Forest Study—Establishment and First Results Robert O
United States Department of Silvicultural Options for Young- Agriculture Forest Service Growth Douglas-Fir Forests: Pacific Northwest Research Station The Capitol Forest Study— General Technical Report Establishment and First Results PNW-GTR-598 April 2004 Editors Robert O. Curtis, emeritus scientist, David D. Marshall, research forester, and Dean S. DeBell, (retired), Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3625-93rd Avenue SW, Olympia, WA 98512-9193. Silvicultural Options for Young-Growth Douglas-Fir Forests: The Capitol Forest Study—Establishment and First Results Robert O. Curtis, David D. Marshall, and Dean S. DeBell, Editors U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Portland, Oregon General Technical Report PNW-GTR-598 April 2004 Contributors Kamal M. Ahmed, research associate, University of Washington, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195-2700 Hans Andersen, Ph.D. candidate, University of Washington, College of Forest Re- sources, Box 352112, Seattle, WA 98195-3112 Gordon A. Bradley, professor, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Box 352112, Seattle, WA 98195-3112 Leslie C. Brodie, forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3625-93rd Avenue SW, Olympia, WA 98512-9193 Andrew B. Carey, wildlife biologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3625-93rd Avenue SW, Olympia, WA 98512-9193 Robert O. Curtis, emeritus scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3625-93rd Avenue SW, Olympia, WA 98512-9193 Terry A. Curtis, photogrammetry supervisor, forester, Washington Department of Natu- ral Resources, Olympia, WA 98501 Dean S. -
Managing for Late-Successional/Old-Growth Characteristics in Northern Hardwood-Conifer Forests William S
Forest Ecology and Management 235 (2006) 129–142 www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Managing for late-successional/old-growth characteristics in northern hardwood-conifer forests William S. Keeton * Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States Received 19 March 2006; received in revised form 2 August 2006; accepted 2 August 2006 Abstract In the northern hardwood region of North America managing for late-successional forest habitats and functions is an important element of ecosystem management. This study tests the hypothesis that uneven-aged practices can be modified to accelerate rates of late-successional forest development. An approach, termed ‘‘structural complexity enhancement’’ (SCE), is compared against conventional uneven-aged systems modified to increase post-harvest structural retention. Experimental treatments, including controls, were applied to 2 ha units and replicated at two multi- aged northern hardwood forests in Vermont, USA. Structural objectives include vertically differentiated canopies, elevated large snag and downed log densities, variable horizontal density (including small gaps), and re-allocation of basal area to larger diameter classes. The latter objective is achieved, in part, by cutting to a rotated sigmoid diameter distribution. This is generated from a basal area (34 m2 haÀ1) and tree size (90 cm dbh) indicative of old-growth structure. Forest structure data have been collected over 2 years pre-treatment and 3 years post-treatment. Fifty-year simulations of stand development were run in NE-TWIGS and FVS comparing treatment and no treatment scenarios. Simulations also tested the sensitivity of large tree development to prescription parameters. Leaf area index retention was spatially variable but significantly (P < 0.001) greater under SCE (91%) compared to conventional treatments (75%). -
The Ecological Roots of New Approaches to Forestry by Fred Swanson and Dean Berg
The Ecological Roots of New Approaches to Forestry by Fred Swanson and Dean Berg uring the 1940s through the cepts of natural disturbance and suc- played a pivotal role in this transfor- 1980s, forest management cessional processes. Itwas commonly mation. In the broadest sense, we are and research in the Pacific argued, for example, that clearcutting moving from treating forest manage- Northwest focused largely mimics natural disturbance by wild- ment as a series of discreet operations on harvesting natural stands fire-but is not as wasteful because to viewing forests as ecological sys- and establishing Douglas fir the wood is harvested and used. tems. One of the central components plantations. This was accomplished But, forestry is in the midst of a ofthis emerging emphasis on integra- with relative efficiency by clearcutting, major transformation. A5HalSalwasser tive management is leaving residual burning woody residues, establishing of the u.s. Forest Service New Per- forest structures (e.g., trees, snags, dense stands of a single tree species, spectives Program has pointed out, down logs,) as biological legacies to hastening crown closure, suppressing we are involved in an evolution across be carried over from one stand to the competing vegetation, and other prac- three stages of natural resource man- next. tices. From an economic perspective, agement: from regulation of uses, to Although some of the techniques such intensive silvicultural practices sustained yield management, to sus- involved in managing biologicallega- provided a relatively high short-term tainable ecosystem management. Re- cies may be relatively new, the under- return on investment. Biologically, search within and at the interfaces lyingconcepts have evolved over more these practices seemed at least super- between wildlife biology, fisheries, than a decade. -
Prescribing Silvicul Treatments in Hardwood Stands of the Alleghenies
United States Department of Prescribing Silvicul Agriculture Treatments in Hardwood Forest Service Stands of the Alleghenies Northeastern Forest Experiment Station (Revised) General Technical David A. Marquis Report NE-96 Richard L. Ernst Susan t. Stout Abstract This publication brings together the results of 20 years of research and experience in the silviculture of hardwood forests of the Allegheny region. Part I provides a brief synopsis of silvicultural knowledge and recommended practices. Part II provides guidelines, decision tables, and step-by-step .instructions for determining silvicultural prescriptions in individual stands. The Authors David A. Marquis received his bachelor of science degree in forestry from the Pennsylvania State University in 1955, and his master's and doctoral degrees in forest ecology and silviculture from Yale University in 1963 and 1973, respectively. He joined the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station's silviculture research unit in New Hampshire in 1957, where he studied problems of regeneration and thinning in northern hardwoods. Between 1965 and 1970 he served on the timber and watershed management research staff at the Station's headquarters in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania. Between 1970 and 1990, Dr. Marquis was project leader of the silviculture research unit at Warren, Pennsylvania, where he headed a program of research on problems related to the regeneration and culture of high-value hardwoods on the northern Allegheny Plateau. Currently, Dr. Marquis is Coordinator for the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station's Stand Culture Working Group, which is developing a silviculturai decision model for multi-resource management of all major forest types in the Northeastern United States. In addition, he is an Adjunct Professor of Forestry at the College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York at Syracuse, and is Forestry Director of Plessey Pension Investments, Inc. -
Patterns of Plant Community Structure Within and Among Primary and Second-Growth Northern Hardwood Forest Stands
Forest Ecology and Management 258 (2009) 2556–2568 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Patterns of plant community structure within and among primary and second-growth northern hardwood forest stands Julia I. Burton a,*, Eric K. Zenner b, Lee E. Frelich c, Meredith W. Cornett d a Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States b School of Forest Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, 305 Forest Resources Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States c Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States d The Nature Conservancy in Minnesota, 394 Lake Avenue South, Duluth, MN 55802, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Forest scientists advocate the use of natural disturbance-based forest management for restoring the Received 4 May 2009 characteristics of old-growth forests to younger second-growth northern hardwood stands. However, Received in revised form 4 August 2009 prescriptions rely upon studies that have (1) not spanned the full range of conditions and species Accepted 5 September 2009 assemblages, and (2) focused primarily on contrasting old-growth and mature second-growth stands at a single scale. To examine how the legacy of historical logging activities influences forest structure and Keywords: function, we compared and contrasted patterns of plant community structure within and among second- Forest structure growth and primary stands on the north shore of Lake Superior in Minnesota, USA — near the current Natural disturbance-based forest range limits of the dominant species, sugar maple (Acer saccharum). -
Effects of Clear-Cutting on Stream Temperature
VOL. 6, NO. 4 WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AUGUST 1970 Eects o[ Clear-Cuttingon StreamTemperature GEORGE W. BROWN AND JAMES T. KRYGIER OregonState University, Corvallis,Oregon 97331 Abstract. The principal source of energy for warming streams is the sun. The amount of sunlight reaching the stream may be increasedafter clear-cut logging. Average monthly maximum temperaturesincreased by 14øF and annual maximum temperaturesincreased from 57ø to 85øF one year after clear-cut logging on a small watershedin Oregon'scoast range. In a nearby watershedwhere strips of brush and trees separatedlogging units from the stream, no changesin temperature were observedthat could be attributed to clear- cutting. INTRODUCTION may cause fish mortality [Brett, 1956]. The growth of fish may be directly affectedby water Timber, water, and sport and commercialfish temperature as demonstrated on juvenile coho are the principal resourcesin the Oregon coast salmon [Brett, 1956]. In short, water tempera- range. The need for delineating the areas of ture is a major determinant of the suitability of conflict between logging and utilization of the water for many uses. other resources led to the establishment of the Research has been limited on temperature AlseaLogging-Aquatic Resources Study in 1958. changesin smallstreams from land use,although The purpose of this broadly interdisciplinary fisherybiologists have long been concernedwith study was to determine the effect of logging on the effects of deforestationon water tempera- the physical,chemical, and biologicalcharacter- ture. Meehan et al. [1969] studied the effectsof istics of small coastal streams. clear-cutting on the salmon habitat of two The purposeof this paper is to describethe southeastern Alaska streams. -
Silvicultural Systems
JAAKKO POYRY JAAKKO POVRV CONSULTING. INC. Silvicultural Systems A 'Background Paper for a Generic Environmental Impact Statement on Timber Harvesting and Forest Management in Minnesota Prepared for: Minnesota Environmental Quality Board 658 Cedar Street St. Paul, Minnesota 55155 August 1992 Prepared by: J aakko Poyry Consulting 560 White Plains Road Tarrytown, NY 10591 11EL: 914-332~ FAX: 914-332-4411 .JAAKKD PDVRV JAAKKO POVRV CONSULTING, INC. 580 WhIte PlaIns Road - Tarrytown, NY 10591-5136 - Telephone (914) 332-4000 - Telefax (914) 332-4411 August 19, 1992 Dr. Michael Kilgore GElS Project Manager Minnesota Planning Office 300 Centennial Office Building 658 Cedar Street St. Paul, MN 55155 Dear Mike: Pursuant to the State of Minnesota's GElS contract with Jaakko POyry Consulting, Inc. as formally executed on May 15, 1991, the sixth task included preparation of background papers. One of these papers, Silvicultural Systems, is attached for review and approval. The material contained in the document is presented in accordance with the terms outlined in Attachment A (to the base contract), Section III, subsection F. We look forward to your approval of this work product in due course. Doug • Parsonson GElS Project Coordinator DGP/cms Attachment cc: B. Dunn J. A. McNutt A. Veverka HOME OFFICE: JAAKKO POYRY INTERNATIONAL OY HeIIInId StodchoIm London Frankfurt Melbourne Munich Madrid P.O. BOX 18 - SF-ooM1 HELSINKI- FINlAND TELEX 121088 JPCON SF Raleigh New '*"" ZurIch Sao Paulo eu..o. AIrel Paris Jakarta laaklm Pam Consulting, Inc., Minnesota GElS, Silvicultural Systems Background Paper SUMMARY The objectives of this paper are to outline and provide background information on: • the various silvicultural systems available and the factors involved in their selection in forest management; • costs for the various silvicultural operations used; • actual silvicultural systems used in Minnesota and extent used; • extent of silvicultural operations in Minnesota; and • present example silvicultural guidelines for forest covertypes in Minnesota (appendix 1). -
2021 National 4-H Forestry Invitational Glossary
2021 National 4-H Forestry Invitational Glossary http://www.4hforestryinvitational.org/ N4HFI Information The National 4-H Forestry Invitational is the national championship of 4-H forestry. Each year, since 1980, teams of 4-H foresters have come to Jackson's Mill State 4-H Conference Center at Weston, WV, to meet, compete, and have fun. Jackson's Mill State 4-H Conference Center is the first and oldest 4-H camp in the United States and is operated by West Virginia University Extension. NATIONAL 4-H FORESTRY INVITATIONAL GLOSSARY CONTENTS Page Trees ................................................................................................ 1 Forests & Forest Ecology ................................................................... 6 Forest Industry ............................................................................... 10 Forest Measurements & Harvesting ................................................. 11 Tree Health (Insects, Diseases, and Other Stresses) ....................... 16 Topography & Maps ........................................................................ 17 Compass & Pacing ........................................................................... 18 Second Edition, February 2019 Original Editors, Todd Dailey, Chief Appraiser and 4-H Volunteer Leader, Farm Credit of Florida; David Jackson, Forestry Educator, Penn State Extension; Daniel L. Frank, Entomology Extension Specialist & Assistant Professor, West Virginia University; David Apsley, Natural Resources Specialist, Ohio State University Extension; -
Assessing the Single-Tree and Small Group Selection Cutting System As
Forest Ecology and Management 430 (2018) 21–32 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Assessing the single-tree and small group selection cutting system as intermediate disturbance to promote regeneration and diversity in T temperate mixedwood stands ⁎ Patricia Raymonda, , Alejandro A. Royob, Marcel Prévosta, Daniel Dumaisa a Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, 2700 rue Einstein, Québec G1P 3W8, Canada b USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 335 National Forge Road, P.O. Box 267, Irvine, PA 16329, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Traditional silvicultural systems such as clearcutting and single-tree selection cutting are critiqued for their Ecological forestry tendency to simplify forest complexity. By more closely emulating natural disturbance regimes and increasing Disturbance-based management the availability and heterogeneity in understory light levels, we pose that systems causing intermediate dis- Uneven-aged management turbances such as the single-tree and small group selection cutting system can promote tree regeneration, retain Multi-aged silviculture stand structural attributes, and maintain high understory plant diversity in temperate mixedwood stands. To Mixed-species assess this, we implemented a harvest intensity gradient experiment (residual basal area [BA], % removal) consisting of uncut control (26 m2/ha, 0%), light (21 m2/ha, 20%), moderate (18 m2/ha, 31%) and heavy (15 m2/ha, 42%) cutting with retention of legacy trees in uneven-aged yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) – conifer stands. We evaluated the effects on gap size, light transmittance, abundance of living and dead trees, plant diversity, and regeneration of target species (i.e. -
The Hidden Disaster of New York's Forest Economy
Selective Logging The Hidden Disaster of New York’s Forest Economy What Woodland Owners Should Know Definitions Silviculture The art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, and health of forests and woodlands to meet the diverse needs of landowners and society on a sustainable basis. Silviculture is the unique science and technique, or tool that forestry offers in service to people. Sustainable Forest Management The practice of meeting the forest resource needs and values of the present without compromising the similar capability of future generations. High-grading A timber harvest that removes the trees of commercial value, leaving small trees, as well as large ones of poor quality and of low-value species in the forest. Selective Logging Any timber harvest that leaves a substantial number of trees. The term can refer to harvests that meet good silvicultural standards. It is more often used to describe high-grading where all of the most valuable trees are selectively cut – usually leaving a woodlot filled with poor quality trees and trees of non-commercial species. Before High-grading After High-grading Selective logging in the form of high-grading is hard to recognize from a distance, yet it can significantly reduce timber productivity. The poor quality of New York’s timber resource is a direct consequence of past high-grading. Forest owners, loggers, and mills are losing hundreds of millions of dollars in unrealized potential future income. This is why selective logging is the hidden disaster of the forest economy. The Hidden Disaster of Selective Logging Most forest land in New York State is owned by families and individuals.