Selection System: Reproduction Methods
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Managing for Late-Successional/Old-Growth Characteristics in Northern Hardwood-Conifer Forests William S
Forest Ecology and Management 235 (2006) 129–142 www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Managing for late-successional/old-growth characteristics in northern hardwood-conifer forests William S. Keeton * Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States Received 19 March 2006; received in revised form 2 August 2006; accepted 2 August 2006 Abstract In the northern hardwood region of North America managing for late-successional forest habitats and functions is an important element of ecosystem management. This study tests the hypothesis that uneven-aged practices can be modified to accelerate rates of late-successional forest development. An approach, termed ‘‘structural complexity enhancement’’ (SCE), is compared against conventional uneven-aged systems modified to increase post-harvest structural retention. Experimental treatments, including controls, were applied to 2 ha units and replicated at two multi- aged northern hardwood forests in Vermont, USA. Structural objectives include vertically differentiated canopies, elevated large snag and downed log densities, variable horizontal density (including small gaps), and re-allocation of basal area to larger diameter classes. The latter objective is achieved, in part, by cutting to a rotated sigmoid diameter distribution. This is generated from a basal area (34 m2 haÀ1) and tree size (90 cm dbh) indicative of old-growth structure. Forest structure data have been collected over 2 years pre-treatment and 3 years post-treatment. Fifty-year simulations of stand development were run in NE-TWIGS and FVS comparing treatment and no treatment scenarios. Simulations also tested the sensitivity of large tree development to prescription parameters. Leaf area index retention was spatially variable but significantly (P < 0.001) greater under SCE (91%) compared to conventional treatments (75%). -
Assessing the Single-Tree and Small Group Selection Cutting System As
Forest Ecology and Management 430 (2018) 21–32 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Assessing the single-tree and small group selection cutting system as intermediate disturbance to promote regeneration and diversity in T temperate mixedwood stands ⁎ Patricia Raymonda, , Alejandro A. Royob, Marcel Prévosta, Daniel Dumaisa a Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, 2700 rue Einstein, Québec G1P 3W8, Canada b USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 335 National Forge Road, P.O. Box 267, Irvine, PA 16329, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Traditional silvicultural systems such as clearcutting and single-tree selection cutting are critiqued for their Ecological forestry tendency to simplify forest complexity. By more closely emulating natural disturbance regimes and increasing Disturbance-based management the availability and heterogeneity in understory light levels, we pose that systems causing intermediate dis- Uneven-aged management turbances such as the single-tree and small group selection cutting system can promote tree regeneration, retain Multi-aged silviculture stand structural attributes, and maintain high understory plant diversity in temperate mixedwood stands. To Mixed-species assess this, we implemented a harvest intensity gradient experiment (residual basal area [BA], % removal) consisting of uncut control (26 m2/ha, 0%), light (21 m2/ha, 20%), moderate (18 m2/ha, 31%) and heavy (15 m2/ha, 42%) cutting with retention of legacy trees in uneven-aged yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) – conifer stands. We evaluated the effects on gap size, light transmittance, abundance of living and dead trees, plant diversity, and regeneration of target species (i.e. -
Development of the Selection System in Northern Hardwood Forests of the Lake States: an 80-Year Silviculture Research Legacy
Chapter 9 Development of the Selection System in Northern Hardwood Forests of the Lake States: An 80-Year Silviculture Research Legacy Christel Kern, Gus Erdmann, Laura Kenefic, Brian Palik and Terry Strong Abstract The northern hardwood research program at the Dukes Experimental Forest in Michigan and Argonne Experimental Forest in Wisconsin has been adapt- ing to changing management and social objectives for more than 80 years. In 1926, the first northern hardwood silviculture study was established in old-growth stands at the Dukes Experimental Forest. In response to social demands for more “natural” forestry, the study included then-contemporary practices (e.g., liquidation of old- growth forest) and new approaches (e.g., partial cuttings). By 1953, the partial cut- ting treatments were deemed most sustainable (Eyre and Zillgitt, Partial cuttings in northern hardwoods of the Lake States: twenty-year experimental results. Technical Bulletin LS-1076, 1953), and led to the creation of an uneven-aged stand structural guide that is still widely used today: the famed “Arbogast Guide” (Marking guides for northern hardwoods under the selection system. Station Paper 56, 1957). Charis- matic figures such as Raphael Zon, Windy Eyre, William Zillgitt, and Carl Arbogast Jr. were important to establishing this research and its early application in the Lake States region. Since then, research at the Dukes and Argonne Experimental Forests has expanded to evaluate a range of management alternatives for northern hard- wood forests, including approaches designed to sustain biodiversity, habitat, and timber production. In addition, the long-term studies provide new opportunities for larger-scale applications and research unforeseen at the studies’ establishment. -
Sampling and Measurement Protocols for Long-Term Silvicultural Studies on the Penobscot Experimental Forest
United States Department of Agriculture Sampling and Measurement Protocols for Long-term Silvicultural Studies on the Penobscot Experimental Forest Justin D. Waskiewicz Joshua J. Puhlick Laura S. Kenefic John C. Brissette Nicole S. Rogers Richard J. Dionne Forest Northern General Technical Service Research Station Report NRS-147 April 2015 Abstract The U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station has been conducting research on the silviculture of northern conifers on the Penobscot Experimental Forest (PEF) in Maine since 1950. Formal study plans provide guidance and specifications for the experimental treatments, but documentation is also needed to ensure consistency in data collection and sampling protocols. This guide details current sampling and measurement protocols for three of the longest running Forest Service experiments on the PEF: (1) the management intensity demonstration (1950 to present), (2) the compartment management study (1952 to present), and (3) the auxiliary selection cutting study (1953-present). Each of these long-term stand-scale experiments use plot-based measurements of trees taken at periodic intervals. Additional data collected vary and include regeneration, recruitment, and mortality; amount, size, and decay of dead wood; and stand structural characteristics such as heights, crown dimensions, and spatial locations of trees. Descriptions provided here are the basis for data collection in the relevant studies on the PEF, inform interpretation of the published databases, and serve as a model for silvicultural studies elsewhere. The Authors JUSTIN D. WASKIEWICZ is a lecturer with the Rubenstein School of Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington. LAURA S. KENEFIC is a research forester with the U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, in Orono, ME. -
Silviculture Art & Science of Establishing & Tending Trees & Forests
Silviculture Art & science of establishing & tending trees & forests Karen Bennett, Extension Forestry Professor & Specialist Presented to NH Coverts, September 2010 Silviculture Actions Have Two Broad Outcomes • Grow the trees that are already present –tending • Start new trees – regenerate • In practice, often accomplish both outcomes at once • Most common actions- cut trees or leave trees 1 Forest Management/ Forest Stewardship Interaction of silviculture, ecology, landowner objectives, multiple resources, economics, marketing, regulation, societies’ needs and interests and time. – Markets, plans, laws, harvesting, equipment, landowner, logger, forester, neighbors, trails, access Silviculture is the set of site specific tools used in forest management – weeding, thinning, pruning, improving, harvesting, regenerating, uneven age, even age, selection, shelterwood, clearcut The Forest Management Triangle For Success Landowner Logger Forester 2 Hallmarks of Good Forest Stewardship/ Management • Considers multiple resources • Based on landowner objectives • Uses best available practices • Practices based on a plan • Looks long term • Uses professionals • Uses best available science- SILVICULTURE Commercial timber harvesting is the most common tool for managing forested habitats Commercial timber harvesting: Trees are cut (“harvested”) and sold as lumber, pulp, biomass, firewood Ability of landowners to manage forested habitats is largely dependent on their ability to sell forest products from their land! Timber harvesting can alter Though -
Harvesting Systems
Woodlot Management Home Study Course Module 2 Harvesting Systems Preface Harvesting Systems is the second in a series of Woodlot Management Home Study Courses intended to help landowners manage their woodlots. Originally written by Brian Gilbert of LaHave Forestry Consultants Ltd., it has been rewritten by Richard Brunt and Tim Whynot. Illustrations and layout have been done by Gerald Gloade. Others modules include Introduction to Silviculture, Stand Spacing, Wildlife and Forestry, Stand Establishment, Chain Saw Use and Safety, Woodlot Ecology, Wood Utilization and Technology, and Woodlot Recreation. Each module is periodically assessed and, when necessary, revised to reflect recent developments of the subject. Also, the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources may periodically hold field days to present examples of the information in the most popular manuals. Copies of these modules are available from the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Extension Services Division, P.O. Box 698, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 2T9, 424-5444 or Education and Publication Services, P.O. Box 68, Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 5B8, 893-5642. Harvesting Systems is divided into four lessons: The Clearcut System The Shelterwood System The Selection System Putting It All Together At the end of each lesson there is a quiz or exercise to reinforce what you have learned. As well, all terms bolded the first time they appear in the text are defined in the Forestry Definitions on page 32. Other sources of information are listed on page 34. Table of Contents List of Illustrations ....................................................... List of Tables ............................................................ Introduction ............................................................. LESSON ONE: The Clearcut System ......................................... General ................................................................. Clearcutting with Natural Regeneration ........................................ -
Forest Service Practice in Selection Cutting of Ponderosa Pine
FOREST SERVICE PHCTICE IN SELECTION CUTTING OF PONDEROSA PINE By John D. Venator FOREST SERVICE PRACTICE IN SEICTION CUTTING OF PONDEROSA PINE John D. Venator A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the School of Forestry Oregon State College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science June 1941 Approved: Professor of Forestry TABLE OF CONTENTS Pa ....... ii Table of Illustrations..... .. ..... .. ... C S s C S * S C S S i Introduction. e e * * C C S C e Economic Maturity Selection as used by U.S.F.S.... 5 Field Work..... .. ...... ...... SS.SSIsSC . 5 Log Grade and Structure Cruise.......... 5 Circular Plot Method of Cruising... 5 Use of Tree Cards.................. 7 Keen's Tree C].assification......... 8 Ponderosa Log Grade Descriptions... 12 Office Work.................................. 14 Stand Structure Data.................... 14 Log Grade Data. 16 Problems Arising from Such Practicos.............. 24 Bibliography..........................e...e...e.. 27 ii TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Selective CutTimber ...... ............. 2 2. A Tree Card......... ...... ..........e 7 3. Ponderosa Pine Tree Classification...... 9 4. Taper Table for Ponderosa Pine.......... 15 5. Stand Table Form (by Keen's Tree Classes)............................. 17 6. LogStookTableForm....................19 7. Lumber Grade Recovery Table............. 21 8. Table of Average Selling Prices......... 22 i INTRODUCTION "In the uneven-aged vlrgth Ponderosa Pine foreste of eastern Oregon and eastern Washington are found trees of ali sizes and ages and in all stages of dovelopmert, from thrifty young pines to over-mature veterans several hundred years in age. Some are growing relatively fast, others exceedingly slow. Some are of high value, others of low or negative value. -
To Cut Or Not to Cut- Managing for Wildlife
Wildlife and Your Land a series about managing your land for wildlife To Cut or Not to Cut? Managing Your Woodland for Wildlife If you’re like most Wisconsin woodland owners, you own between 20-100 acres, and you enjoy a variety of activities on your land: watching wildlife, hiking, hunting, picking berries, picnicking or taking photos of wildlife and wildflowers. You delight in the beauty and solitude that comes with owning a woodland. You warm yourself in late fall and winter by cutting a little firewood, and you wouldn’t mind making a little extra cash, though managing your woodland for commercial purposes isn’t your highest priority. Mostly, you want to enhance your woodland for wildlife and recreational purposes, but you’re not exactly sure how to go about it. This publication will give you some ideas about how to begin. o cut or not to cut?” That is the question. Whether it is wiser to cut “T that gnarly old oak for hearthwarming firewood, or leave it for wildlife food and shelter? Whether it is better to leave that stand of maple to grow straight and tall for sawtimber, or be thinned to encourage vegetation to benefit wildlife? Truly, the choice is yours and will be unique to your land. The good news is that if you do decide to cut, you don’t have to sacrifice wildlife habitat in the process. In fact, certain timber harvest practices can actually enhance— at a faster rate than nature alone—the attractiveness of your property to certain types of wildlife. -
Sustainability of High-Value Timber Species in Mixed Conifer–Broadleaf Forest Managed Under Selection System in Northern Japan
Article Sustainability of High-Value Timber Species in Mixed Conifer–Broadleaf Forest Managed under Selection System in Northern Japan Kyaw Thu Moe 1,2,* and Toshiaki Owari 3 1 Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan 2 Faculty of Forestry, University of Forestry and Environmental Science, Yezin, Naypyitaw 15013, Myanmar 3 The University of Tokyo Chiba Forest, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5503, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 March 2020; Accepted: 23 April 2020; Published: 25 April 2020 Abstract: Understanding the sustainability of high-value timber species in managed forests provides useful information for the management of these species in the long-run. Using nearly 50 years of census data in long-term permanent plots, we investigated the sustainability of three high-value timber species—monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana Regel), castor aralia (Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz), and Japanese oak (Quercus crispula Blume)—in cool-temperate mixed forest under a selection system in northern Japan. We used stocking, demographic parameters, and species proportions of these species as measures of sustainability. Results showed that the tree density and basal area of the three high-value timber species increased during the study period. Moreover, the kbasal area increment of these species showed an increasing trend across census periods. However, while no significant differences in the tree mortality of these species were observed, the numbers of in-growth fluctuated across census periods. Increasing trends in species proportions of monarch birch and Japanese oak were observed. -
Silvicultural Systems and Cutting Methods for Ponderosa Pine Forests in the Front Range of the Central Rocky Mountains Robert R
This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; MASTERhowever, some errorsCOpy may remain. _. United States ~) Department of Silvicultural Systems and Cutting ~ Agriculture Methods for Ponderosa Pine Forests Forest Service in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Central Rocky Mountains Experiment Station Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 Robert R. Alexander General Technical Report RM·128 Abstract Guidelines are provided to help forest managers and silviculturists develop even- and/or uneven-aged cutting practices needed to con vert old-growth and mixed ponderosa pine forests in the Front Range into managed stands for a variety of resource needs. Guidelines con sider stand conditions, and insect and disease susceptibility. Cutting practices are designed to integrate maintained water quality, improved wildlife habitat, and enhanced opportunities for recreation and scenic viewing, with providing wood products. Cover Photo.-Open·grown Front Range. USDA Forest Service May 1986 General Technical Report RM-128 Silvicultural Systems and Cutting Methods for Ponderosa Pine Forests in the Front Range of the Central Rocky Mountains Robert R. Alexander, Chief Silviculturist Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station1 1Headquarters Is In Fort Collins, In cooperation with Colorado State University. Contents Page NATURAL STANDS ........................................... 1 AGE-CLASS DISTRIBUTION.................................. 1 REACTION TO COMPETITION .............................. -
The Effects of Group Selection Harvest Size on Logging Productivity
The Effects of Group Selection Harvest Size on Logging Productivity Curt C. Hassler and Shawn T. Grushecky, Appalachian Hardwood Center, West Virginia University, PO Box 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506-6125, and Chris B. LeDoux, USDA Forest Service, NEFES, 180 Canfield Street, ~or~antown,WV 26505. ABSTRACT: Because increasing demands are being placed on industry to harvest timber by aesthetically, economically, and ecologically acceptable means, we investigated the effects of a ground-based group selection harvest on logging productivity. Results show that size of opening had little or no effecton skidding productivity. However, sign$cant skidder operator differences existed. Some skidder operators consistently, in shorterperiods of time, loaded their machine with largerpayloads resulting in larger turn volumes. Group selection unit size, skidder operator, and utilization level had no statistically significant impact on delay times. Results also suggest that additional time spent training skidder operators to hook larger payloads faster could pay dividends in increased daily production and improvements in logging profitability. North. J. Appl. For. 17(2):51-56. Newattitudes concerning forestland management have and group, the more likely shade intolerant species will regener- will continue to bring about changes in the manner in which ate. When viewed from the standpoint of ecological site timber is harvested. With increasing demands being placed factors, Smith et al. (1997) recommended that group width on both private and public forestlands to provide diverse could be set at "approximately" twice the height of the mature opportunities, forest ownerslmanagers are looking for ac- trees. The group-selection method has certain advantages ceptable ways to harvest timber in order to meet these over single-tree selection cuttings: harvesting mature trees objectives. -
Experience from the Acadian Forest of Northeastern North America
Balancing Ecosystem Values Proceedings, Regional Experiments Integrating Natural Disturbance Parameters into Conventional Silvicultural Systems: Experience From the Acadian Forest of Northeastern North America Robert S. Seymour1 ABSTRACT With rare exceptions, the presettlement Acadian forest of northeastern North America was driven by gap dynamics; true stand replacing disturbances were quite uncommon, with recurrence intervals of many thousands of years. After centuries of human exploitation, stand age structures have become simplified, and commercial timber rotations are a fraction (15 to 40 percent) of the lifespan of the common late-successional tree species. Adapting silvicultural systems to strengthen their ecological foundation thus confronts the challenge of converting single- or two-cohort stands to more complex structures via various combinations of regeneration and retention. This paper reviews the region’s research and management experi- ence with two fundamentally different approaches to this challenge: regeneration in distinct, relatively small gaps vs. uni- form stand-wide regeneration under different levels of overwood reserve trees. A hybrid system is described that combines the proven benefits of shelterwood with the restoration advantages of group selection; in American terminology, the system is an irregular group shelterwood with reserves, similar to the German Femelschlag in which gaps are created and gradually expanded over several cutting cycles. Two illustrations of how this (or any) silvicultural system can be