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Shelterwood Cutting in a Young-Growth, Mixed-Conifer Stand in North Central California. USDA Forest Serv

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Shelterwood Cutting in a Young-Growth, Mixed-Conifer Stand in North Central California. USDA Forest Serv PACIFIC SOUTHWEST Forest and Range FOREST SERVICE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE P.O. BOX 245, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 94701 Experiment Station SHELTERWOOD CUTTING IN A YOUNG-GROWTH, MIXED-CONIFER STAND IN NORTH CENTRAL CALIFORNIA Philip M. McDonald USDA FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER PSW-117 /1976 CONTENTS Page Summary ....................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................... 3 Methods ........................................................................................ 4 Site and Stand Characteristics ................................................... 4 Cutting Plan, Logging, and Slash Disposal ................................ 5 Data Gathering and Analysis ..................................................... 5 Results .......................................................................................... 6 Stand Structure and Species Composition ................................. 6 Seed fall .................................................................................... 8 Regeneration ............................................................................. 9 Growth of Residual Stand .......................................................... 11 Discussion and Conclusions ........................................................... 13 Literature Cited .............................................................................. 15 The Author PHILIP M. McDONALD is doing research on silviculture of Sierra Nevada forest types, with headquarters at Redding, California. A native of Seattle, Washington, he holds bachelor's (Washington State Univer- sity, 1960) and master's (Duke University, 1961) degrees in forestry. SUMMARY McDonald, Philip M. 1976. Shelterwood cutting in a young-growth, mixed-conifer stand in north central California. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Paper PSW- 117, 16 p., illus. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Exp. Stn., Berkeley, Calif. Oxford: 231:187x466(794):221.23 Retrieval Terms: shelterwood methods; natural regeneration; slash dis- posal; site preparation; Challenge Experimental Forest; young-growth forestry; mixed-conifer stands. In 1958, a mixed-conifer stand on a high site was percent for the tolerant conifers. An additional 320 logged to two-stage shelterwood specifications. The 26-month-old tolerant conifer seedlings per acre (790 primary goal was to test the applicability of a modi- per ha) also were present. fied shelterwood method to a young-growth stand. Seedlings survived better when slash was piled just Changes in species composition and stand structure, before seedfall than when it was piled immediately seedfall, regeneration, and growth of the residual after logging, or when branches were lopped and stand were evaluated. scattered. Because slash volumes are high and aggressive hard- Hardwood seedlings and sprouts also were abun- wood and brush populations build up quickly after dant, numbering about 3000 per acre (7410 per ha), logging, combination slash disposal and site prepara- but the seedlings were poorly distributed and rather tion techniques must be applied. Treatments com- slow growing. Sprouts were the most serious competi- pared were piling by bulldozer immediately after log- tors of the conifer seedlings, especially of the more ging, piling just before seedfall from a heavy cone tolerant conifers. crop, and top-lop and branch-scatter. In general, the species composition of the new Cutting removed 68 percent of the stand basal area stand regenerated by this shelterwood application and 70 percent of the merchantable volume. Most of closely resembled that of the stand before logging. the remaining volume was in the 12 trees per acre (30 Seedfall and regeneration were compared to a con- per ha) that constituted the shelterwood. trol block. Nine times more seeds were produced in These trees produced seed abundantly during the the shelterwood, more seeds were sound, more sound 5-year period after logging. In fact, fifteen conifer seeds germinated, more seedlings resulted, a lower and two hardwood seed crops were produced, and proportion of the seedlings died, and the seedlings four out of five conifer species generated at least one were better distributed throughout the area. moderately heavy seed crop. Cone counts proved Basal area growth of individual trees in 5 years valuable in assessing the number of trees with cones exceeded that of the control for nearly all conifer and and the number of cones per tree, but were poor hardwood species and diameter classes. In the shelter- quantifiers of sound seed. Seed trap catches gave wood, sugar pine responded best to cutting, and its more accurate results, indicating a total seed produc- basal area growth rate was twice that of ponderosa tion of 134,000 sound seed per acre (330,980 per pine and Douglas-fir. ha) during a 3-year period. In general, young-growth Increased amounts of seed and seedlings, plus ac- trees, even on this high site, produced high percent- celerated growth rates of residual trees, are gains in ages of unsound seed. productivity that the landowner may realize from Regeneration was exceptional on the prepared applying the shelterwood method to young-growth ground beneath the shelterwood. After 50 months, stands. Because reforestation is accomplished by about 3700 ponderosa pine seedlings per acre (9139 natural regeneration rather than by expensive nursery per ha), and 600 shade-tolerant conifer seedlings stock, the shelterwood cutting method is attractive to (1482 per ha) were established. Corresponding stock- a wide range of forest landowners, including those ing values were 62 percent for ponderosa pine and 19 having small acreage and limited capital. 1 early 30 years ago Hawley (1946) noted that in Sweden and other Scandinavian countries (Hagner N the shelterwood cutting method was particular- 1962); and white pine from excessive soil surface ly applicable to young-growth conifer stands. Yet in temperatures and improper amounts of light in the the Western United States, this method has been only Northeastern United States (Hawley and Clapp 1942; sparingly applied. A 70-year-old western hemlock Smith 1951). stand was cut in three stages in western Washington A well-applied shelterwood cutting is ideal for (Herman 1962), and a Douglas-fir stand under 90 regenerating an infrequent seed producer and a diffi- years of age was logged by a modified shelterwood cult-to-plant species such as longleaf pine. It produces cutting in Oregon. In the latter study, the overstory enough shade to inhibit brush, grass, and other com- trees were removed by several partial cuttings over a petitive vegetation until enough seed crops have oc- 30-year period (Starker 1970). curred to provide adequate regeneration (Croker Because of its wide silvicultural application, the 1969). shelterwood method now is being used much more The shelterwood method also is used for con- frequently, by a more diverse audience, and with a verting to a more desirable species, like spruce, in the broader spectrum of objectives. Shearer (1971) noted spruce-aspen stands of Manitoba (Lees 1964), and in that the shelterwood method provided a high output the hardwood-spruce stands of the Northeastern of both commodities and amenities: timber, wildlife United States (Westveld 1938). Sometimes a different and livestock forage, water, and esthetics. Indeed, mixture of species is desired. In northeastern Wash- Rickard and others (1967) found that the method ington, shelterwood cutting favors western larch and opened up the stand, thus improving visual penetra- Douglas-fir over lodgepole pine and western white tion and scenic enjoyment. pine (Pacific Logger & Lumberman 1971). The shelterwood method is particularly useful as In addition to protection and conversion, the an alternative to clearcutting. It is a gentler method; shelterwood method is applicable where evenly distri- the land is never without trees and their presence buted natural regeneration is desired over large areas, lessens the harshness of the environment. The habitat as in the spruce-beech-fir forests of southern Ger- provided is midway between the open sunlit clearcut many and nearby countries (Spurr 1956), and in the and that of the dense shady uncut forest. western larch forests of Montana and northern Idaho Owners of small parcels of timberland also can (Roe 1955). benefit from the shelterwood method. Large increases At the Challenge Experimental Forest in north in productivity can be realized, and by means of central California,1 early research goals were to natural seedfall and natural regeneration, a new tree evaluate shelterwood and other cutting methods in crop can be "established without high capital outlays terms of species composition, seedfall, regeneration, for nursery stock and planting crews. and growth of residual trees. Information on these The shelterwood method can be applied in many components, for the various cutting methods, is environments and for such diverse silvicultural objec- sorely needed for young-growth stands. By comparing tives as protecting regeneration, establishing difficult- cut stands to a control, this research also encouraged to-regenerate species, conversion to more desirable investigation of an increasingly important concern of species, and natural regeneration of large areas. silviculture–cutting-caused vegetative succession, not For propagating species whose regeneration re- just on the ground or into the overstory, but into
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