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Searching for Quark Compositeness at the LHC Michael Shupe

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Searching for Quark Compositeness at the LHC Michael Shupe DDetectingetecting Searching for Quark Compositeness at the LHC ParticlesParticles Michael Shupe Department of Physics, University of Arizona APS Four CornersM. Shupe, Section ATLAS Meeting, Collaboration, October APS 21-22, 2011 Four Corners Section Meeting 1 AreAre quarksquarks thethe mostmost fundamentalfundamental particles,particles, oror areare theythey composedcomposed ofof smallersmaller particles?particles? OrganizationOrganization ofof thisthis talk:talk: NatureNature’’ss knownknown structuralstructural hierarchies.hierarchies. HowHow collisionscollisions givegive accessaccess toto shortshort distances.distances. Fantasy:Fantasy: aa quarkquark collider.collider. Fact:Fact: thethe LargeLarge HadronHadron Collider.Collider. TheThe ATLASATLAS Experiment.Experiment. TheThe searchsearch forfor quarkquark compositenesscompositeness inin ATLAS,ATLAS, andand thethe mostmost recentrecent resultsresults thatthat wewe havehave published.published. M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 2 TheThe underlyingunderlying patternspatterns ofof mattermatter In Chemistry, all the types of molecules we see are made from just 92 naturally occurring elements (the Periodic Table). The atoms in this table, are made of protons, neutrons, electrons + photons, for the coulomb field + “nuclear glue”. M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 3 FromFromWhy we callAtoms,Atoms, quarks and toto leptons Nucleons,Nucleons, the “building blocks”toto QuarksQuarks of nature. Helium The only quarks needed to build up protons and neutrons are u and d. u has charge 2e/3, and d has charge minus e/3. What quarks do neutrons contain? Who ordered this one? The only particles needed to What else can we build the periodic table of the make from the six elements are protons, quarks? Thousands of neutrons, and electrons! other not-so-stable (Plus photons and gluons!) particles! M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 4 ParticleParticle multipletsmultiplets:: ““periodicperiodic tablestables”” ofof thethe stronglystrongly interactinginteracting Spin1/2 particles.particles. Neutron Proton Spin 3/2 M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 5 TheThe fundamentalfundamental buildingbuilding blocksblocks inin nature,nature, andand thethe interactionsinteractions amongamong them.them. ElectromagneticElectromagnetic ForceForce StrongStrong (Nuclear)(Nuclear) ForceForce WeakWeak ForceForce (Changes(Changes particleparticle types)types) GravityGravity (Gravitons?)(Gravitons?) M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 6 EasyEasy wayway toto picturepicture particleparticle masses?masses? A composite model could potentially explain the pattern of particle charges and generations, the color charge, and the Standard Model parameters such as masses and the mixing matrices. The constituents are generically referred to as “preons”. 10/22/2011 M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 77 Composite models date from the late 1970’s through the early 1980’s. I published this one in 1979, based on spin ½ preon doublets, one with charge e/3, and the other, neutral. Haim Harari was working on a very similar model at the same time, and his article is published in the same journal. Have preon models progressed since then? No. (See next slide.) M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 8 TheThe StatusStatus ofof PreonPreon ModelsModels All preon models get the quantum numbers right within their domain of description (or they would not be published). Michael Peskin calls this “quantum numerology”. No existing preon model has a plausible description of preon-level dynamics. The fundamental problem has to do with mass scales. Limits on the compositeness scale Λ have been in the multi-TeV range for some time, corresponding to distance scales of ~10-19 m. The Heisenberg uncertainty principles tell us that preons confined to these distances will have momenta in the ~TeV/c range, naively leading to quark masses in the same range. Since the known quark masses range from a few MeV to 173 GeV, preon binding energies would need to be in the TeV range to cancel most of the kinetic energy. Is this a problem? Without a description of preon dynamics, who knows? So how are compositeness limits set? By assuming that quark substructure would show up initially as a “contact interaction” among the preons of colliding quarks – leading to large-angle scatters in excess of QCD. (More below.) M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 9 Distances:Distances: Atoms,Atoms, toto Nucleons,Nucleons, toto QuarksQuarks M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 10 DirectDirect routeroute toto shortestshortest distancedistance scales?scales? ItIt’’ss allall inin thethe momentum!momentum! TheThe dede BroglieBroglie equation:equation: λλ == h/ph/p M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 11 FantasyFantasy Machine:Machine: AA 77 TeVTeV QuarkQuark ColliderCollider Quark Detector q1 q θ∗ Quark Beam 1 1 Quark Beam 2 3.5 TeV gBRbar 3.5 TeV q2 The momentum of the “force q2 carrying” particle (here a gluon) determines its wavelength, and the distance scale that can be probed. Quark Detector M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 12 Reality:Reality: thethe LHCLHC 77 TeVTeV ProtonProton--ProtonProton ColliderCollider •Each proton is a chaotic mix of 3 “valence quarks” + other quarks + gluons. •The two that collide typically carry a small fraction of the proton momentum: parton distribution functions (PDF’s). •Outgoing quarks, or gluons, barely escape the protons before they cascade in to more quarksM. and Shupe, gluons ATLAS (a Collaboration, parton shower). APS Four And Corners this Section is just Meeting the start! 13 FactorizationFactorization makesmakes thisthis calculable.calculable. P 0 1 Dπ (z) q(x1) q xP 11Hard Scattering Process sˆ Parton Jets xP22 P qg→qg 2 σˆ X g(x2) M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 14 WhatWhat’’ss inin aa proton?proton? PartonParton distributiondistribution functions:functions: For two-jet (dijet) events, the jets do not emerge from the collision back-to- back in the longitudinal direction! To access the information about the original collision, we rely on kinematics to “undo” the effects of the Lorentz boost, and study the collision in the 2- parton rest frame. M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 15 HigherHigher ordersorders areare aa challenge.challenge. M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 16 ExperimentalistsExperimentalists view:view: Data Collected HERE. Particles leave tracks or particle showers in detector Encountering the detector. Particles form as quarks coalesce (hadronize). Near the original interaction!!! Partons shower (jets). Incoming quarks collide. M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 17 The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), near Geneva, Switzerland, is the “Hubble Telescope” of High Energy Physics (Proton-Proton Collisions at 7 TeV) The high energy group at The University of Arizona joined the ATLAS experiment in 1994, and had major impact, from the start, on the design of the experiment! M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 18 MagnetsMagnets inin thethe LHCLHC TunnelTunnel M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 19 ATLAS,ATLAS, InIn ItsIts UndergroundUnderground CavernCavern M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 20 ArizonaArizona createdcreated thethe ATLASATLAS IntegratedIntegrated FCalFCal conceptconcept Tracking Calorimeters Muon: Air Core Toroids Forward Muons Integrated Forward Calorimeters Massive Forward Radiation Shield (~700 Metric Tonnes) M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 21 TheThe UniversityUniversity ofof ArizonaArizona TeamTeam Faculty Research Associates & Staff M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 22 Our research group constructed the EM modules of the ATLAS Forward Calorimeter (FCal) in a clean room in the basement of the Physics building. The hadronic modules were constructed by Canadian and Russian collaborators. M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 23 Some of our research group, at CERN, during the installation of the ATLAS Forward Calorimeter M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 24 TheThe ArizonaArizona groupgroup alsoalso worksworks inin thethe muonmuon systemsystem CSCCSC (Cathode(Cathode StripStrip Chambers)Chambers) CSCs M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 25 ATLASATLAS -- 20052005 M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 26 ATLASATLAS -- 20072007 M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 27 CSCCSC ChambersChambers M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 28 PreludePrelude toto analysis:analysis: Simulation!Simulation! (Dijet(Dijet events.)events.) without pile-up with design luminosity pile-up M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 29 ANOTHER SIMULATION: M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 30 Data, 2011: A collision with two high-pT jets. M. Shupe, ATLAS Collaboration, APS Four Corners Section Meeting 31 HowHow areare dijetdijet eventsevents usedused toto searchsearch forfor quarkquark compositeness?compositeness? SearchSearch forfor excitedexcited quarksquarks appearingappearing
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