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Torry Island Study: (Belle Glade, Florida): Nutrients in Leaves, Soil

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Torry Island Study: (Belle Glade, Florida): Nutrients in Leaves, Soil Torry Island Study: (Belle Glade, Florida): Nutrients in leaves, soil and water of pond apple (Annona glabra) swamps in relation to Everglades restoration Peggy VanArman, Luke Young, Katherine Harvey and Samantha Loutzenhiser (Photo by George Boyer) Wearing gloves, two researchers collected 25 green and 25 Table 1. Correlation values of standard deviations for leaves (green and senescent): sites 1‐3, Abstract senescent leaves per tree (375 green and 375 senescent per January, April/May, July 2012. sampling event) and placed them into pre‐labeled plastic bags Torry Island juts into southeastern Lake Strong >0.80 very strong >0.90 Comments (1 bag for senescent leaves and one bag for green leaves for Okeechobee just west of Belle Glade, Nitrogen increases, Florida, and provides valuable wildlife each tree). The leaves were then refrigerated and within 24 to 1. TN to TP, positive correlation phosphorus increases MAP habitat through its extensive cypress‐ 48 hours, leaves were removed from bags, rinsed in tap water, TN to C:N Carbon increases, nitrogen pond apple (Annona glabra) swamps. and fresh‐weighed on a top loading Carolina© balance. 2. negative correlation decreases Pond apples were a crucial component of Preparation for analysis required: 1) drying: in a Labconco TP to N:P the historical Everglades and provided Nitrogen increases, Freezone 6© freeze‐dryer at ‐500C for three days; 2) grinding: 3. Site 1 senescent leaves phosphorus increases soil anchoring and nutrient uptake, thus leaf samples from individual trees were ground separately in a Site 2 green leaves reducing nutrient enriched loads of Thomas Wiley mini mill grinder for one minute and the grinder Carbon increases, phosphorus pollutants, such as sediments and 4. TP to C:N, Sites 1 and 2 only increases, nitrogen decreases phosphorus, downstream into the was cleaned in between each sample; 3) ashing: a) for total Collecting pore water samples from soils (Photo by George Boyer) Everglades ecosystem. Phosphorus can phosphorus (TP), green and senescent leaf samples from each be a limiting factor for plant growth, and tree were separately reduced to dry weight (ash) in a muffle Discussion small changes in concentrations type oven, a one gram subsample was placed in a Lachet Flow Location of test sites on Torry Island in southeastern Lake Okeechobee Torry Island is an important feature of Belle Glade as a natural influence entire communities. While Injection Analyzer©, and phosphorus concentrations were area that could be used as an educational tool for schoolchildren these swamps on Torry Island were largely destroyed by the early 1970’s to make room for settlers and farming interests, some determined using standard methods; b) total nitrogen (TN) and and adults. As a component of Lake Okeechobee, pond apples on remnants exist. Recently, there have been extensive replanting efforts by the Arthur R. Marshall Foundation and South Florida total carbon (TC) were determined from one gram samples Torry Island help to form and anchor soil and are assumed to Water Management District. Although no previous scientific studies to determine nutrient concentrations in pond‐apple leaves placed in a CE Elantech Flash 2000 Elemental Analyzer©, and or trees were found in the literature, one study provided a phosphorus value for soil (Torry muck). Results of the current study store certain nutrients, thus decreasing the amount of pollutants analyzed using standard methods. Nutrients were analyzed by show differences in nutrient values of leaves and soil among the three test sites, and seasonally. Comparisons of values for that flow into Everglades waters. Although TC and TN will be volume. nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in soil and leaves also show that nutrient enrichment occurs throughout the year at mentioned, this discussion will focus on phosphorus. Phosphorus at all sites. Phosphorus concentrations in soil are higher in surface layers than at depth (to 30 cm). Data indicate differences in is a limiting factor for plant growth in most ecosystems, because it Preliminary analyses of data included calculations of means nutrient values between green and senescent leaves among sites. Strong positive correlations between nitrogen and is crucial for synthesis of ATP, RNA, and DNA, and phospholipids phosphorus, and negative correlations between nitrogen and carbon concentrations were seen in leaves. and standard deviations, concentration ratios, and correlation (Flindt and Lillebo, 2005). Nitrogen is associated with formation of • values (of standard deviations) using Microsoft Office Excel proteins. Fast growing plants have low C:N and C:P ratios (high N 2007©. Graphs were also developed in Excel 2007©. Grinding leaves for nutrient analyses and P content) and decompose rapidly, while plants with slow Interior of a pond apple swamp during the dry season Introduction Results growth rates have slow litter decomposition rates. P is rapidly Torry island, located in the southeast corner of Lake leached from dead leaf tissue although it may be retained when Okeechobee west of Belle Glade, Florida (Figure 1), is one Three primary sets of results will be discussed. Figure 1 shows the data collected for the five replicate trees shed leaves enter an aquatic environment before they dry out. N of the larger islands in the Lake , approximately 730 acres, (T1‐T5) for green and senescent leaves at the three study sites during three 2012 sampling events. Data has is not generally leached upon senescence and death, although and is owned by the South Florida Water Management not yet been analyzed for statistical significance. initially deceasing concentrations have been observed in some District (O’Dell, 2011). Before development, in the early studies. Plant foliar N:P ratios increase from high to low latitudes 1900’s, the island was a dense swamp dominated by native Total Phosphorus (mol) for All Events (Cleveland and Liptzin, 2007). When organic matter accumulates, Total Phosphorus (mol) pond apple (Annona glabra) and cypress (Taxodium sp.) Site 1 ‐ Green Leaves Site 2 ‐ Green Leaves Site 3 ‐ Green Leaves soil C and N decouple from TP. Site 1 ‐ Senescent Leaves Site 2 ‐ Senescent Leaves Site 3 ‐ Senescent Leaves covered in moonvine (Ipomea alba) with an understory of 0.0125 plants including the endangered Okeechobee gourd The observed values from this study indicate that nutrient (Cucurbita okeechobeensis) (Corkscrew Sanctuary accessed enrichment is occurring on Torry Island, especially when these Oct. 2012). Historically, much of the island was used for data are compared to data from Everglades tree islands. Sklar et This meeting was for the birds, I’m glad we adjourned. 0.0100 farming until the 1970’s, when farming was abandoned due al. (2005) studied TP in leaf tissue from tree island 3AS3 in the (egrets, herons, spoonbills) to improvements to the lake in an attempt to increase Everglades, and found significantly higher values of TP, 0.003781 water levels for storage purposes (Snyder, 2004). mols in pond apple green leaves, compared to a leaf litter values 0.0075 of 0.003281 mols. Coco plum green leaves had significant values of 0.003969 mols, while leaf litter had 0.00403 mols. McCormick Austin (2004) presents a thorough background of Annona Pond apple stand as seen from edge of water spp. It ranges in Florida across the state from southern St. et al. (2002) provide a review of values of P2O5 found in soil in Lucie to Manatee Counties and south through the Keys, 0.0050 different areas of southern Florida: 1) uncultivated land adjacent and also extends to Mexico, Middle America, South to Lake Okeechobee from at a depth of 0‐30 cm contained 2700 America, Peru, Australia and China. Some species produce mg/kg (parts per million‐ppm) of P2O5; 2) muck, marl, and tropical fruits that are eaten by humans, but fruits from A. hammock soil from Tamiami Trail and the Everglades interior 0.0025 glabra, although edible, have a smell resembling ether, or a contained 400 mg/kg; 3) 0‐10 cm samples from Holeyland, and hint of menthol. Seeds, leaves or bark may contain potent Rotenberger areas and the WCAs contained 200‐500 mg/kg. The chemicals that can be used to poison fish or insects, and value of phosphorus required in Everglades waters by the Federal cause blindness and dermatitis. In small quantities, extracts 0.0000 government for Everglades restoration is 10 ppb. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Collecting soil core samples can have medicinal uses, and there is a growing body of Feb Apr Aug Conclusions recent literature related to extraction of cancer treatment chemicals from A. glabra (Austin, 2004; Cochrane et al., Figure 1. Summary of Total Phosphorus data for Pond Apple leaves collected during the study 1) Nutrient enrichment by TC, TN, and TP was seen at all sites and on a seasonal basis. 2008). 2) Values of TP in soil appeared to decrease slightly with depth to 30 cm. TP concentrations in both green and Seasonal data, February through July (Figure 1), indicated that total phosphorus (TP) in green leaves on senescent leaves were slightly higher than TP levels in soils. Torry Island provides an opportunity to re‐establish the Torry Island was higher at Site 2 than at Sites 1 or 3, that TP in senescent leaves was lower than in green 3) There were differences in TP among sites. Values of TP in leaves at Site 2 were slightly elevated in relation to values cypress‐pond apple swamp that historically was a major leaves each month, and showed a linear decrease from Site 1 to Site 3. Trends also showed that TP didn’t Pond apple fruit at Sites 1 and 3. TP values in green leaves appeared to be higher than those of senescent leaves at all sites. feature around the southeastern Lake Okeechobee change much in green leaves, but showed a slight decrease in senescent leaves.
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