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The Battle of Konotop 1659 Tachments Trapped a Significant Portion of the Muscovite Army, Leading to Enormous Russian Losses

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The Battle of Konotop 1659 Tachments Trapped a Significant Portion of the Muscovite Army, Leading to Enormous Russian Losses The battle that took place near Konotop in late June 1659 was a continu- ation of the Muscovite-Cossack war, which began in the fall of 1658, soon after the signing of the Union of Hadiach. Cossack and Tatar de- The Battle of KonoTop 1659 tachments trapped a significant portion of the Muscovite army, leading to enormous Russian losses. The unprecedented defeat of the previous- Exploring Alternatives in East European History ly invincible forces caused panic in Russia, but Muscovites’ capacity to turn defeat into political victory, and the fratricidal struggle in Ukraine, known as the “Ruin”, left most of the Cossack lands on the Right Bank Oleg Rumyantsev and Giovanna Brogi Bercoff (eds.) of the Dnieper uninhabitable. Konotop is a classic example of a battle won, but a war lost. Mariusz Robert Drozdowski, Ksenia Konstantynenko, Piotr Kroll, Serhii Plokhy, Oleg Rumyantsev, Natalia Yakovenko and Tatjana Yakovleva-Tairova, the authors of this collection, hail from Poland, Italy, USA, Ukraine and Russia. They consider the military, political, social, and cultural context of the battle and also investigate its treatement in historical and liter- ary writings from the early modern era to the present. They approach their topic from the point of view of various disciplines, traditions, and schools of thought. Their essays expand our understanding of the bat- tle, its outcome and legacy in unexpected and historiographically pro- ductive ways. Oleg Rumyantsev and Giovanna Brogi Bercoff (eds.) Bercoff Brogi and Giovanna Oleg Rumyantsev • The Battle of Konotop 1659 The Battle of Konotop Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature Straniere UniversiTà degli sTUdi di Milano 9 788867 050505 !"#$%&!!'#$()$*(+(!(,$-./0 !"#$%&'()*+$,-&(+,'.-/ '(*!+/,*!0&%#-+(*1'/,%&2 Oleg Rumyantsev and Giovanna Brogi Berco! (eds.) !"#$%&"'()&*+,"+-")./(+(+-(&&(%$&/%(+0&%$)"(%( 1$2*3&4+,"+0&/,"+5'$)"6&"2" 5)"7(%6"&4+,(.3"+0&/,"+,"+8"3$)* © Serhii Plokhy, Natalia Yakovenko, Oleg Rumyantsev, Piotr Kroll, Mariusz Robert Drozdowski, Ksenia Konstantynenko, Tatjana Yakovleva-Tairova. ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x illustrazione di copertina: Stendardo di centuria del reggimento di Lubny dell’Etmanato (XVIII sec.) nº 3 Collana sottoposta a double blind peer review Grafica e composizione: Raúl Díaz Rosales Disegno del logo: Paola Turino STAMPATO A MILANO www.ledizioni.it www.ledipublishing.com [email protected] Via Alamanni 11 – 20141 Milano Tutti i diritti d’autore e connessi sulla presente opera appartengono all’autore. L’opera per volontà dell’autore e dell’editore è rilasciata nei termini della licenza Creative Commons 3.0, il cui testo integrale è disponibile alla pagina web http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/it/legalcode Direttore Emilia Perassi Comitato scientifico Monica Barsi Francesca Orestano Marco Castellari Carlo Pagetti Danilo Manera Nicoletta Vallorani Andrea Meregalli Raffaella Vassena Comitato scientifico internazionale Albert Meier Sabine Lardon (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel) (Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3) Luis Beltrán Almería Aleksandr Ospovat - Александр Осповат (Universidad de Zaragoza) (Высшая Школа Экономики – Москва) Patrick J. Parrinder (Emeritus, University of Reading, UK) Comitato di redazione Nicoletta Brazzelli Cinzia Scarpino Simone Cattaneo Mauro Spicci Laura Scarabelli Sara Sullam ,QGLFH Konotop 1659: exploring alternatives in East European history ...................................... 11 6(5+,,3/2.+< «In libertate nati sumus»: the life strategies of Ukrainian szlachta and orthodox hierarchs on the eve and in the !rst decade of the Cossack wars (1638-1658) ................... 21 1$7$/,$<$.29(1.2 The battle of Konotop as recorded in Cossack chronicles ................................................. 45 2/(*580<$176(9 The military cooperation between the Commonwealth, Zaporizhian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars in the period of the Hadjach Union and the battle of Konotop ..... 59 3,275.52// The Commonwealth’s position towards resumption of the Hadjach Union in 1660-1682 85 0$5,86=52%(57'52='2:6., Ukraine and Cossacks in the 17th century Italian perceptions .......................................... 101 .6(1,$.2167$17<1(1.2 The Konotop battle: 350 years later .................................................................................... 119 7$7-$1$<$.29/(9$7$,529$ konotop 1659: ExPLORINg ALTERNATIVES IN EAST EUROPEAN hISTORY serhii plokhy harvard university – usa In late June 1659, two armies faced each other near the town of Konotop in the Cossack hetmanate. One was led by a top Muscovite military com- mander of the era, Prince Aleksei Trubetskoi, the other by two East Euro- pean rulers, hetman Ivan Vyhovsky of Ukraine and Khan Mehmed giray IV of the Crimea. The coalition forces included Polish detachments as well. The composition of the two armies attested to the dramatic reconfigura- tion of military and political alliances in the region since 1654, when the Cossacks had sworn allegiance to the Muscovite tsar in the Ukrainian town of Pereiaslav. The fortunes of both the Muscovites and the Cossacks had prospered spectacularly thereafter. Together they managed to defeat the ar- mies of their traditional enemy, the king of Poland. The Cossack armies led by hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky reached the city of Lviv and established control over most of Ukrainian ethnic territory; the Muscovites, under the command of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich, captured Vilnius and, together with the Cossacks, established their hold over Belarus. Relations between the two allies began to deteriorate in the autumn of 1656, when the Muscovites, against the wishes of their Cossack partners, signed a separate armistice with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Vilnius. The Muscovites feared that the fall of Poland-Lithuania would pro- mote the rise of their other competitor in the Baltics—Sweden. The Cos- sacks, burdened by no such concerns, considered the Vilnius armistice a breach of the contract into which they had entered at Pereiaslav. This was the beginning of a divergence that would lead to confrontation on the bat- tlefield of Konotop. The two former allies had different geostrategic goals | 11 | | serhii plokhy | in the region and incompatible views of the Pereiaslav Agreement. For the Muscovite tsar, that agreement signified the unconditional submission of new subjects under his high hand, while the Ukrainian hetman regarded it as a conditional contract from which one party could withdraw if the other did not fulfill its obligations. Ivan Vyhovsky, the Ukrainian hetman who succeeded Khmelnytsky, the “father of Pereiaslav,” in the summer of 1657, believed that the tsar was not living up to his responsibility to protect his new subjects from their tradi- tional enemies, the Poles. The tsar was also trying to establish control over the hetmanate by appointing military governors (voevodas) and encourag- ing internal opposition to Vyhovsky. In 1658 Vyhovsky decided on a dras- tic political realignment. he concluded a treaty with representatives of the Polish king, who agreed to readmit Cossack Ukraine to the Polish-Lithua- nian Commonwealth and reform the latter by creating a third constituent, the grand Duchy of Rus’, whose status would be comparable to that of the grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Union of hadiach, as the new agreement was called after the town in the hetmanate where the negotiations took place, had the potential to reconfigure not only the Commonwealth but also the structure of East European politics. The battle that took place near Konotop in late June 1659 was a continu- ation of the Muscovite-Cossack war that began in the fall of 1658, soon after the signing of the Union of hadiach. The Cossack and Tatar detachments managed to lure a good portion of the Muscovite army into a trap: after crossing the river one day and pursuing the retreating Cossacks and Tatars the next, the Muscovite cavalry was suddenly assaulted by the main body of the Crimean forces, of whose arrival the Muscovite commanders had had no reliable information. The Muscovite horsemen attempted a retreat but could not cross a river valley that the Cossacks had flooded the previous night. Muscovite losses were enormous, especially among the boyars and the officer corps. When the rest of the Muscovite army began its retreat from Konotop, which it had besieged for the previous two months, the Cos- sack detachment beleaguered there sallied forth to join the rest of the coali- tion army in pursuit of the Muscovites. having suffered heavy losses, Alek- sei Trubetskoi managed to withdraw to the town of Putyvl on the Muscovite side of the Russo-Ukrainian border. It was a stunning victory for the Polish- Tatar-Cossack coalition. News of the unprecedented defeat of the tsar’s pre- viously invincible forces reached Moscow, causing panic there. Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich suggested that Patriarch Nikon to move to a monastery with better fortifications and ordered that the Moscow palisades be reinforced. Rumor had it that he was planning to flee beyond the Volga. The fate of the future of Muscovite power in Ukraine hung in the bal- ance. Since the battle was a disastrous defeat for the Muscovite forces, it 12 | konotop 1659: exploring alternatives in east european history | seemed at first to guarantee a sound military foundation for the political ar- rangement established the previous year by the Polish and Ukrainian nego- tiators. But that is where the story of a victorious battle ends and the narra- tive of a war disastrous for the Ukrainian hetmanate continues. The battle was
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