DOCSLIB.ORG

Tenmile Lakes Watershed Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tenmile Lakes Watershed Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Tenmile Lakes Watershed Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Prepared by: Oregon Department of Environmental Quality February 2007 Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Water Quality Division th 811 S.W. 6 Avenue Portland, OR 97204 This document can be accessed on the Internet at: http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/TMDLs/southcoast.htm For more information contact: Pamela Blake, South Coast Basin Coordinator Department of Environmental Quality 381 N Second Coos Bay, Oregon 97420 [email protected] Eugene Foster, Manager of Watershed Management Section Department of Environmental Quality 811 Southwest 6th Avenue Portland, Oregon 97204 [email protected] John Blanchard, Western Region Watersheds Manager Department of Environmental Quality 221 Stewart Ave., Suite 201 Medford, Oregon 97501 [email protected] February 2007 Tenmile Lakes Watershed TMDL TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................i LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..........................................................................................vi STATEMENT OF PURPOSE..................................................................................vii ACRONYMS ..........................................................................................................viii CHAPTER 1 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................1 1.1 SCOPE........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 LISTED PARAMETERS.............................................................................................. 1 1.3 TMDL SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 2 1.4 CLEAN WATER ACT SECTION 303(D) ................................................................... 4 1.4.1 TMDL Load Capacity and Allocations................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2 - Background and Introduction.......................................................11 2.1 OREGON’S TMDL PROGRAM (GENERALLY DEFINED) ................................. 11 2.2 REQUIRED ELEMENTS .......................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 3 - Watershed Characterization .........................................................15 3.1 GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION ............................................................................... 16 3.1.1 Land Use ............................................................................................................... 19 3.1.2 Fisheries ................................................................................................................ 23 3.1.2.1 Biomanipulation Theory ................................................................................ 26 CHAPTER 4 - Water Quality Standards and Beneficial Uses ............................27 4.1 303(D) INTEGRATED REPORT SUMMARY ......................................................... 27 4.1.1 Other Listing Status .............................................................................................. 28 4.2 POLLUTANT IDENTIFICATION............................................................................ 28 4.2.1 Deviation from Water Quality Standards and 303(d) Water Quality Limitations (WQL)............................................................................................................................ 28 4.3 APPLICABLE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS................................................... 30 4.3.1 Aquatic Weeds (Macrophytes) – North and South Tenmile Lakes ...................... 30 4.3.2 Chlorophyll a (Phytoplankton) – North and South Tenmile Lakes ...................... 30 4.3.3 Algae (Phytoplankton) – North and South Tenmile Lakes................................... 32 4.3.4 Sedimentation – North and South Tenmile Lakes ................................................ 36 4.3.5 Phosphorus (mg/L) – North and South Tenmile Lakes ........................................ 36 4.3.6 pH – Eel Lake ....................................................................................................... 37 4.3.7 Habitat Modification – Tenmile Lakes Watershed............................................... 38 4.3.8 Biological Criteria – Benson and Eel Creeks ....................................................... 39 CHAPTER 5 - TENMILE LAKES WATERSHED NUTRIENT TMDL......................41 5.1 WATER QUALITY IMPAIRMENTS PROBLEM ASSESSMENT......................... 41 5.1.1 Study Design......................................................................................................... 41 5.2 SUMMARY OF STUDY RESULTS........................................................................... 43 5.2.1 Stream Nutrients ................................................................................................... 43 5.2.2 Lake Nutrients....................................................................................................... 43 5.2.3 Lake Algae............................................................................................................ 44 5.2.4 Lake Sediment Cores ............................................................................................ 44 5.2.5 Lake Modeling...................................................................................................... 44 Oregon Department of Environmental Quality i February 2007 Tenmile Lakes Watershed TMDL 5.2.6 Conclusions........................................................................................................... 45 5.3 NUTRIENTS AND WATER QUALITY .................................................................... 45 5.3.1 Impact of Nutrients on Designated Uses .............................................................. 45 5.3.2 Eutrophication....................................................................................................... 45 5.3.2.1 Nitrogen ......................................................................................................... 47 5.3.2.2 Phosphorus..................................................................................................... 48 5.3.2.3 Nitrogen to Phosphorus Ratio........................................................................ 50 5.3.2.4 Other Factors Influencing Weed and Algal Growth...................................... 52 5.4 HYDROLOGY............................................................................................................. 53 5.4.1 Modified Stream Channels ................................................................................... 53 5.4.1.2 Accelerated Delivery of Pollutants ................................................................ 59 5.4.1.3 Loss of Contact with Valley Wetland Areas.................................................. 60 5.4.1.4 Channel Maintenance Activities.................................................................... 60 5.4.2 Stream Channel Recovery..................................................................................... 61 5.4.2.1 Channel Dimension and Discharge Comparison ........................................... 61 CHAPTER 6 - POLLUTANT LOADING ASSESSMENT........................................67 6.1 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (LAKE TRIBUTARIES) ....................................... 67 6.1.1 The Relationship of Total Suspended Solids to Weeds and Algae....................... 67 6.2 SEASONAL VARIATION AND CRITICAL CONDITIONS CWA §303(D)(1)...... 67 6.2.1 Hydrological Events Triggering Sediment Loading............................................. 68 6.2.2 Hydrological Events Triggering Landslides and Debris Torrents ........................ 70 6.2.2.1 Road Related Slope Failures.......................................................................... 72 6.2.2.2 Harvest Related Slope Failures...................................................................... 72 6.2.2.3 Stream Channel Impacts ................................................................................ 73 6.2.2.4 Tenmile Lakes Watershed Landslide Survey (Noble Creek) ........................ 73 6.3 REFERENCE CONDITION DETERMINATION................................................... 76 6.3.1 Direct Observations – Sedimentation ................................................................... 77 6.3.1.1 Sedimentation Studies - Units of Measurement............................................. 77 6.3.1.2 Tenmile Lakes Watershed and Alsea Watershed Comparisons .................... 77 6.3.2 Direct Observations – Phosphorus Loading ......................................................... 79 6.3.3 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) - Predictive Modeling....................... 80 6.3.3.1 SWAT Model Calibration.............................................................................. 83 6.3.3.2 SWAT Modeling Scenarios ........................................................................... 86 6.3.3.3 Current Land Use and Landscape Condition Simulations............................. 87 6.3.3.4 Historical (Historical) Land Use and Condition Scenario ............................. 90 6.3.3.5 Wetland Buffer Scenario...............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Volume I: Trail Maps, Research Methods & Historical Accounts
    Coquille Indian Tribe Cultural Geography Project Coquelle Trails: Early Historical Roads and Trails of Ancestral Coquille Indian Lands, 1826 - 1875 Volume I: Trail Maps, Research Methods & Historical Accounts Report Prepared by: Bob Zybach, Program Manager Oregon Websites and Watersheds Project, Inc. & Don Ivy, Manager Coquille Indian Tribe Historic Preservation Office – Cultural Resources Program North Bend, Oregon January 4, 2013 Preface Coquelle Trails: Early Historical Roads and Trails of Ancestral Coquille Indian Lands, 1826 - 1875 renews a project originally started in 2006 to investigate and publish a “cultural geography” of the modern Coquille Indian Tribe: a description of the physical landscape and geographic area occupied or utilized by the Ancestors of the modern Coquille Tribe prior to -- and at the time of -- the earliest reported contacts with Europeans and Euro- Americans. Coquelle Trails is the first of what is expected to be several installments that will complete this renewed Cultural Geography Project. Although ships and sailors made contact with Indians in earlier years, the focus of this report begins with the first historical land-based contacts between Indians and foreigners along the rivers and beaches of Oregon’s south coast. Those few and brief encounters are documented in poorly written and often incomplete journals of men who, without maps or a true fix on their locations, wandered into and across the lands of Hanis, Miluk, and Athapaskan speaking Indians in what is today Coos and Curry Counties. Those wanderings were the first surges of the tidal wave of America’s Manifest Destiny that would soon wash over the Indians and their country.
    [Show full text]
  • Management Implications of Co-Occurring Native and Introduced Fishes
    Management Implications of Co-occurring Native and Introduced Fishes Proceedings of the Workshop October 27-28, 1998 Portland, Oregon Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife National Marine Fisheries Service April 1999 Recommended Citation: Entire Proceedings ODFW and NMFS. 1999. Management Implications of Co-occurring Native and Introduced Fishes: Proceedings of the Workshop. October 27-28, 1998, Portland, Oregon. 243 pgs. Available from: National Marine Fisheries Service, 525 N.E. Oregon St., Suite 510, Portland, OR 97232. Specific Paper Karchesky, C.M and D. H. Bennett. 1999. Dietary overlap between introduced fishes and juvenile salmonids in Lower Granite Reservoir, Idaho-Washington. In ODFW and NMFS. 1999. Management Implications of Co-occurring Native and Introduced Fishes: Proceedings of the Workshop. October 27-28, 1998, Portland, Oregon. 243 pgs. Available from: National Marine Fisheries Service, 525 N.E. Oregon St., Suite 510, Portland, OR 97232. Management Implications of Co-occurring Native and Introduced Fishes Proceedings of the Workshop October 27-28, 1998 Portland, Oregon Hosted by: Fish Division Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife & Sustainable Fisheries Division National Marine Fisheries Service April 1999 These Proceedings contain unedited, non-peer reviewed papers (unless otherwise specified) of oral presentations given at the workshop “Management Implications of Co- occurring Native and Introduced Fishes” held in Portland, Oregon, on October 27-28, 1998. Although care was taken to present the information in an accurate, standardized manner, errors may exist. Please contact the authors before interpreting or quoting any information presented. Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife or the National Marine Fisheries Service.
    [Show full text]
  • A Classification of Lakes in the Coast Range Ecoregion with Respect to Nutrient Processing EPA 910-R-05-002 December 2005
    EPA 910-R-05-002 Alaska United States Region 10 Idaho Environmental Protection 1200 Sixth Avenue Oregon Agency Seattle WA 98101 Washington Office of Water & Watersheds December 2005 A Classification of Lakes in the Coast Range Ecoregion with Respect to Nutrient Processing EPA 910-R-05-002 December 2005 A CLASSIFICATION OF LAKES IN THE COAST RANGE ECOREGION WITH RESPECT TO NUTRIENT PROCESSING R.M. Vaga, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water and Watersheds, Region 10, 1200 Sixth Ave. Seattle, WA 98101 R.R. Petersen, M.M. Sytsma and M. Rosenkrantz, Environmental Sciences and Resources, Portland State University, Portland Oregon, 97202 A.T. Herlihy, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 DISCLAIMER The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. It has been subjected to the Agency’s peer and administrative review and it has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. (Cover photo: An unnamed dune lake on the Southern Oregon coast. Photo by R.M. Vaga) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. iv 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 2 LAKE INVENTORY ................................................................................... 2
    [Show full text]
  • Geology and Mineral Resources of Douglas County
    STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES 1069 State Office Building Portland, Oregon 97201 BU LLE TIN 75 GEOLOGY & MINERAL RESOURCES of DOUGLAS COUNTY, OREGON Le n Ra mp Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries The preparation of this report was financially aided by a grant from Doug I as County GOVERNING BOARD R. W. deWeese, Portland, Chairman William E. Miller, Bend Donald G. McGregor, Grants Pass STATE GEOLOGIST R. E. Corcoran FOREWORD Douglas County has a history of mining operations extending back for more than 100 years. During this long time interval there is recorded produc­ tion of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, mercury, and nickel, plus lesser amounts of other metalliferous ores. The only nickel mine in the United States, owned by The Hanna Mining Co., is located on Nickel Mountain, approxi­ mately 20 miles south of Roseburg. The mine and smelter have operated con­ tinuously since 1954 and provide year-round employment for more than 500 people. Sand and gravel production keeps pace with the local construction needs. It is estimated that the total value of all raw minerals produced in Douglas County during 1972 will exceed $10, 000, 000 . This bulletin is the first in a series of reports to be published by the Department that will describe the general geology of each county in the State and provide basic information on mineral resources. It is particularly fitting that the first of the series should be Douglas County since it is one of the min­ eral leaders in the state and appears to have considerable potential for new discoveries during the coming years.
    [Show full text]
  • Tenmile Lakes Watershed Assessment Produced by The
    Tenmile Lakes Watershed Assessment Produced by the Tenmile Lakes Basin Partnership Table of Contents Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................1-1 Introduction................................................................................................................1-1 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................2-1 Fish & Fish Habitat ....................................................................................................2-1 Introduction ........................................................................................................2-1 Critical Questions ..............................................................................................2-2 Fish Presence......................................................................................................2-3 Species of Concern............................................................................................2-8 Life History ..........................................................................................................2-9 Hatcheries, Stocking Programs, Illicit Introductions..........................2-9 Conclusions........................................................................................................2-11 Channel Habitat Types............................................................................................2-12 Channel Modifications .............................................................................................2-20
    [Show full text]
  • Tenmile Lakes Watershed Water Quality Management Plan (WQMP)
    Tenmile Lakes Watershed Water Quality Management Plan (WQMP) Prepared by: Oregon Department of Environmental Quality February 2007 Submissions by: Oregon Department of Forestry Oregon Department of Agriculture Oregon Department of Transportation Tenmile Lakes Basin Partnership TENMILE LAKES WATERSHED WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN FEBRUARY 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................I FIGURES AND TABLES.................................................................................... IV ACRONYMS........................................................................................................ V CHAPTER 1 – BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION ......................................1 1.1 TMDL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN GUIDANCE ..................................2 1.2 WQMP REQUIRED ELEMENTS - OAR 340-042-0040 (4)(I)(A-O) .....................3 CHAPTER 2 - CONDITION ASSESSMENT AND PROBLEM DESCRIPTION OAR 340-42-0040(4)(I)(A)....................................................................................5 2.1 WATER QUALITY IMPAIRMENT .........................................................................5 2.1.1 Aquatic Weeds (Macrophytes) ...................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Phytoplankton (floating algae) ...................................................................................................... 6 2.1.3 Chlorophyll a................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Coos County Flood Insurance Study, P14216.AO, Scales 1:12,000 and 1:24,000, Portland, Oregon, September 1980
    FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY COOS COUNTY, OREGON AND INCORPORATED AREAS COMMUNITY COMMUNITY NAME NUMBER BANDON, CITY OF 410043 COOS BAY, CITY OF 410044 COOS COUNTY (UNINCORPORATED AREAS) 410042 COQUILLE, CITY OF 410045 LAKESIDE, CITY OF 410278 MYRTLE POINT, CITY OF 410047 NORTH BEND, CITY OF 410048 POWERS, CITY OF 410049 Revised: March 17, 2014 Federal Emergency Management Agency FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY NUMBER 41011CV000B NOTICE TO FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY USERS Communities participating in the National Flood Insurance Program have established repositories of flood hazard data for floodplain management and flood insurance purposes. This Flood Insurance Study (FIS) report may not contain all data available within the Community Map Repository. Please contact the Community Map Repository for any additional data. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) may revise and republish part or all of this FIS report at any time. In addition, FEMA may revise part of this FIS report by the Letter of Map Revision process, which does not involve republication or redistribution of the FIS report. Therefore, users should consult with community officials and check the Community Map Repository to obtain the most current FIS report components. Initial Countywide FIS Effective Date: September 25, 2009 Revised Countywide FIS Date: March 17, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose of Study ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tenmile Lakes Nutrient Study Phase 2 Report
    TENMILE LAKES NUTRIENT STUDY Phase II Report November, 2002 TENMILE LAKES NUTRIENT STUDY Phase II Report Submitted by Joseph Eilersa Kellie Vachéb and Jacob Kannc E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc. Corvallis, OR to the Tenmile Lakes Basin Partnership Lakeside, OR November, 2002 Current Affiliations _______________________ a JC Headwaters, Inc., 1912 NE 3rd Street, PMB 341, Bend, OR 97701 b Oregon State University, Dept. of BioResources Engineering, Corvallis, OR 97331 c Aquatic Ecosystem Sciences, LLC, 232 Nutley Street, Ashland, OR 97520 Tenmile Lakes Nutrient Study - Phase II Report November, 2002 Page 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.............................................................4 LIST OF FIGURES............................................................5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................9 A. INTRODUCTION ........................................................12 B. STUDY AREA ...........................................................14 C. METHODS ..............................................................19 1. Sampling Design......................................................19 2. Site Selection ........................................................19 3. Field Instrumentation ..................................................21 4. Field Methods ........................................................21 5. Analytical Methods ....................................................23 6. Plankton ............................................................24
    [Show full text]
  • Tenmile Lakes Watershed Assessment
    Tenmile Lakes Watershed Assessment Produced by the Tenmile Lakes Basin Partnership Table of Contents Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................ 1-1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1-1 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................ 2-1 Fish & Fish Habitat .................................................................................................... 2-1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 2-1 Critical Questions .............................................................................................. 2-1 Fish Presence ...................................................................................................... 2-3 Species of Concern............................................................................................ 2-8 Life History .......................................................................................................... 2-9 Hatcheries, Stocking Programs, Illicit Introductions .......................... 2-9 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 2-11 Channel Habitat Types ............................................................................................ 2-12 Channel
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Multi-Species Conservation and Management Plan ODFW
    Coastal Multi-Species Conservation and Management Plan OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE Approved by the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission: June 6, 2014 ODFW Mission To protect and enhance Oregon's fish and wildlife and their habitats for use and enjoyment by present and future generations Coastal Multi-Species Conservation and Management Plan June 2014 Acknowledgements Authors (alphabetical) • Jamie Anthony (ODFW) • Kevin Goodson (ODFW) • Jay Nicholas (Contractor) • Matt Falcy (ODFW) • Steve Jacobs (ODFW, retired) • Jim Owens (Cogan Owens Cogan) • Erin Gilbert (ODFW) • Dave Jepsen (ODFW) • Tom Stahl (ODFW) Contributors: Reviews, Data, and Other Assistance (alphabetical) Cogan Owens Cogan, LLC CMP STAKEHOLDER TEAMS – Alisha Morton North Coast Stratum Team – Jim Owens Mid-South Coast Stratum Team – Garry Bullard (City of Manzanita) – Bruce Bertrand (alt., South Coast Anglers) Independent Multidisciplinary – Kelly Dirksen (Conf. Tribes of Grand Ronde) – Scott Cook, Oregon Alliance for Sustainable Science Team – Ian Fergusson (ANWS) Salmon Fisheries – Robert Hughes – Melyssa Graeper (Necanicum Watershed – Nancy Molina (co-chair) – Eric Farm (alt., The Campbell Group) Council) – Carl Schreck (co-chair) – Joe Furia (The Freshwater Trust) – Mike Herbel (CCA) – J. Alan Yeakley – Tom Hoesly (The Campbell Group) – Gary Kish (NSIA) – Aaron Longton (POORT) ODFW – Mark Labhart (Tillamook County) – Lindsay Adrean – Scott McKenzie (resource producer) – Sara LaBorde (Wild Salmon Center) – Kara Anlauf-Dunn – Jim Pex (Coos County) – Ray Monroe
    [Show full text]
  • GENERAL PROVISIONS General Code Construction
    ORDINANCE 15-285 AN ORDINANCE ENACTING A CODE OF ORDINANCES FOR THE CITY OF LAKESIDE, REVISING, AMENDING, RESTATING, CODIFYING AND COMPILING CERTAIN EXISTING GENERAL ORDINANCES OF THE POLITICAL SUBDIVISION DEALING WITH SUBJECTS EMBRACED IN SUCH CODE OF ORDINANCES. WHEREAS, the present general and permanent ordinances of the political subdivision are inadequately arranged and classified and are insufficient in form and substance for the complete preservation of the public peace, health, safety and general welfare of the municipality and for the proper conduct of its affairs; and WHEREAS, the Acts of the Legislature of the State of Oregon empower and authorize the political subdivisions to revise, amend, restate, codify and compile any existing ordinances and all new ordinances not heretofore adopted or published and to incorporate such ordinances into one ordinance in book form; and WHEREAS, the Legislative Authority of the Political Subdivision has authorized a general compilation, revision and codification of the ordinances of the Political Subdivision of a general and permanent nature and publication of such ordinance in book form; and WHEREAS, it is necessary to provide for the usual daily operation of the municipality and for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, safety and general welfare of the municipality that this ordinance take effect. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY OF THE POLITICAL SUBDIVISION OF THE CITY OF LAKESIDE: Section 1. The general ordinances of the Political Subdivision as revised, amended, restated, codified, and compiled in book form are hereby adopted as and shall constitute the "Code of Ordinances of the City of Lakeside." Section 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Tenmile Lake: Life and Limnology on the Oregon Coast
    Coastal Lakes Tenmile Lake: Life and Limnology on the Oregon Coast Joe Eilers any of my lake projects have been pretty routine. You sign Mthe contract, conduct the work, deliver your report, and say goodbye to the client. Sometimes there would be follow-up work and, if fortunate, you make some friends along the way. But a few projects become very personal either because of the intense nature of the work, dangerous events, remarkable beauty of the site, or fascinating people that you encounter. For Tenmile Lake, it was all of the above. But, first a description of the lake and its origins. Tenmile Lake is officially two lakes, Tenmile Lake on the south and North Tenmile Lake to the north, both connected by a canal. However, the features of the lakes are so similar (Figure 1, Table 1), that for convenience, I’ll just to refer to them collectively as Tenmile Lake. Most Figure 1. A satellite image of Tenmile Lake (north and south) converging on the town of Lakeside. Oregon coastal lakes, such as Tenmile Clear Lake and Eel Lake are located to the north and both lakes discharge into Tenmile Creek, the (formerly called Johnson Lake), bear outlet from Tenmile Lake. The inset shows the watershed boundaries and dense stream network. relatively predictable names assigned by settlers, whereas others to the north of Tenmile still bear reminders of the Table 1. Tenmile Lake Morphometry. original inhabitants with mellifluous names such as Tahkenitch, Woahink, and North Tenmile Tenmile Combined Siltcoos. Lake Area (ac) 829 1130 1958 The Past Lake Perimeter (mi) 19.8 23.2 43 Depth (max- ft) 26.8 27 Tenmile Lake, as with most Oregon Depth (mean- ft) 14.8 16.3 coastal lakes, is a transient feature of the landscape.
    [Show full text]