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ORPC Rivgen Wake Characterization

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ORPC Rivgen Wake Characterization ORPC RivGen Wake Characterization Maricarmen Guerra Paris* Jim Thomson University of Washington University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA Seattle, WA, USA *Corresponding author: [email protected] in turbulence due to eddies shed by turbine blades; and iii) complex interactions between natural and turbine ABSTRACT induced turbulent structures [6]. In this investigation we assess the wake formed behind Baseline and post-deployment flow conditions were mea- a horizontal cross-flow turbine installed on the Kvichak sured at the ORPC RivGen turbine site on the Kvichak river in southwest Alaska, USA, just downstream of the river in the vicinity of Igiugig village, Alaska. Mean sur- village of Igiugig. The small village is home to 70 peo- face flow and turbulence measurements were collected ple and its electricity source currently depends on an from a drifting platform equipped with a Nortek Signa- isolated power grid fed by diesel generators. The Ocean ture 1000Hz five beam AD2CP. Baseline measurements Renewable Power Company (ORPC) has set a pilot hy- indicate a maximum flow of 2.5 m/s and a 10% turbu- drokinetic energy project on the Kvichak river stream to lent intensity in the turbine vicinity. Measurements af- provide Igiugig with a renewable and locally produced ter turbine deployment and grid connection show a sig- source of energy. nificant decrease in surface velocity up to 200 m down- ORPCs RivGen turbine was successfully deployed, stream from the turbine and an increase in turbulence tested and connected to the local power grid during intensity up to 20% that extends about 75 m down- the summers of 2014 and 2015. During each deploy- stream of the turbine. The turbulent kinetic energy dis- ment a team from the University of Washington Applied sipation rate is also increased immediately downstream Physics Laboratory performed several measurements of of the turbine. pre and post-deployment river flow conditions. Here, analysis focuses on the turbine wake observed during 1. INTRODUCTION deployment in summer 2015. The extraction of hydrokinetic energy from rivers and The characterization of the wake requires the abil- tidal currents requires the installation of marine hy- ity to capture, in space and time, the complex three drokinetic turbines facing the flow field, as for any per- dimensional nature of the flow in the vicinity of the tur- turbation in the river medium, environmental e↵ects are bine [12]. In this case, the turbine’s wake was captured expected to occur [1, 2, 3]. Such environmental e↵ects using a drifting approach. A freely drifting platform in- pose a challenge to the development of hydrokinetic en- strumented to measure flow velocity at high frequency ergy extraction projects at all scales and must be care- through the water column was released at di↵erent loca- fully analyzed. tions along a cross-section upstream the turbine location The study of the wake behind a turbine is essential and let flow along river streamlines. This repetitive pro- in the characterization of hydrodynamic e↵ects. Wake cess allowed us to cover a large portion of the river in analysis reveals changes to the mean flow and mixing the turbine vicinity before and after turbine deployment behind the turbine, as well as how long it takes to return without interfering with turbine operations and without to the natural flow conditions. The length of the wake deploying an array of instruments on the riverbed. and its features also a↵ect the downstream distribution The use of repeated drifts is only possible because the of additional devices and their performance [4]. river flow has strong stationarity, and thus drifts from Much of the research on hydrokinetic turbine wakes di↵erent times can be merged to get a complete picture has been carried out numerically [5, 6, 7], and at the of the river flow state. Data from before and after tur- laboratory scale under controlled conditions [8, 4, 9], bine deployment can then be organized into horizontal di↵ering mainly on how detailed the turbine and the en- grids in order to obtain a map of river flow conditions ergy extraction are represented [10]. At the field scale, and further elucidate the turbine e↵ects in the flow. As towing experiments of a vertical crossflow turbine were noted in [12], the mean flow and turbulence do not re- conducted in an unconfined environment in [11]. In gen- cover at the same rate in a turbine wake, thus the wake eral, the wake of the turbine is characterized by: i) a extension and recovery to an undisturbed state are an- deficit in the mean flow that might persist beyond sev- alyzed using both mean flow and turbulence statistics. eral turbine diameters downstream [12]; ii) an increase Figure 1: Kvichak river near Igiugig, Alaska, and local coordinate system. X-axis corresponds to main flow direction. Basemap was taken from Google Earth. Figure 2: Instrumented drifting platform and drifts path in red. Black lines represent the river shoreline and black square defines turbine loca- 2. DATA COLLECTION tion Surface velocity and velocity variations along the wa- ter column were collected from a moving platform around the turbine deployment site on the Kvichak river. Fig- tinuous). The blanking size was set to 0.5 m and cell ure 1 shows a plan view of the river and turbine loca- size to 0.5 m, with a 7.5 range to cover the entire water tion. Measurements took place prior to and after the column. deployment (and grid connection) of ORPC’s RivGen hydrokinetic turbine in order to analyze the e↵ects of 2.2 Measurement Procedure turbine rotation and energy extraction in the river flow Drifts began 200 m upstream of the turbine posi- ⇠ conditions. tion by directly dropping the drifter buoy from a small vessel. The cross-sectional river span was covered by Site and Turbine Description releasing the drifter at seven di↵erent (estimated) posi- tions across the river. Each drift was recovered 200 The ORPC deployment site is on the Kvichak River, m downstream of the turbine. Figure 2 shows location⇠ just downstream of the village of Igiugig in southwest and direction of drifts. Alaska. The Kvichak river flows southwest from Iliamna Two sets of drifts were conducted: before and after Lake to Bristol Bay. At the deployment site, the river turbine deployment. The first set was conducted in or- is approximately 5 m deep and 150 m wide. The flow is der to characterize the river in its natural state and the at is maximum, u 2.5 m/s, in the center of the river. inflow conditions for the turbine. This data set con- RivGen is a crossflow⇠ horizontal turbine, approximately sisted of 150 drifts between July 8th and July 13th, 12 m wide and 1.5 m in diameter. Turbine hub-height is 2015. A portion⇠ of the drifts (15) were set-up to mea- approximately 2.5 m below the river free surface when sure altimetry (bathymetry) and due to an instrument the turbine is submerged and resting on the riverbed. restriction, could only measure along beam velocities at Turbine blockage in the Kvichak river was estimated to 4 Hz (instead of 8 Hz). be 10% when considering the turbine swept area plus The second set of drifts took place after turbine de- the turbine’s support structure area over the area of the ployment, from July 19th to July 21st, 2015. This data river cross-section at the turbine location (obtained from set consisted of 190 drifts covering the same longitu- a previous bathymetric survey conducted by ORPC). dinal river span,⇠ but concentrated over and next to the turbine to evaluate the turbine wake. As for the first 2.1 Drifting Platform Description set, 25 drifts were taken in altimeter mode, measuring Flow velocities throughout the water column were col- 5beamvelocitiesat4Hz. lected using a drifting Nortek Signature 1000Hz five beam AD2CP. The Signature was mounted looking down- ward on a disk buoy equipped with two Qstarz GPS data 3. ANALYSIS receivers measuring geographic position and drifting ve- locity at 10 Hz with a 5 m accuracy in position and 0.05 3.1 Data organization m/s in drifting velocity (using a phase-resolving GPS A local coordinate system was defined for all flow mea- antenna). The platform is shown in Figure 2. surements, with positive x downstream (u component The Signature was set up to measure velocities in its of velocity), positive y cross-river towards the village (v 5 BEAM coordinates at an 8 Hz sampling rate (con- component of velocity), and positive z upwards (w com- -200 2.5 -200 2.5 -200 30 -200 30 -150 -150 -150 -150 25 25 2 2 -100 -100 -100 -100 20 20 -50 -50 -50 -50 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 15 0 15 x [m] x [m] x [m] x [m] TI [%] TI [%] U [m/s] U [m/s] 1 1 50 50 50 50 10 10 100 100 100 100 0.5 0.5 5 5 150 150 150 150 200 0 200 0 200 0 200 0 -50 0 50 -50 0 50 -50 0 50 -50 0 50 y [m] y [m] y [m] y [m] -200 35 -200 200 180 -150 30 -150 160 -100 -100 25 140 -50 -50 120 20 U[%] TI [%] ∆ 0 0 100 ∆ x [m] 15 x [m] 80 50 50 Relative Relative 10 60 100 100 40 150 5 150 20 200 0 200 0 -50 0 50 -50 0 50 y [m] y [m] Figure 3: Hub-height velocity measurements Figure 4: Pseudo-Turbulence intensity mea- maps: baseline (top left), post-deployment (top surements maps: baseline (top left), post- right) and relative di↵erence (lower).
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