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Bristol Bay Comprehensive Salmon Plan

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Bristol Bay Comprehensive Salmon Plan BRISTOL BAY COMPREHENSIVE SALMON PLAN . Devel·.?·p.ed.· ..•··••·by· •••••..•·.• ·.t.l!'~ .. /Bl~is.·~ol· .. ~ay" . .a'egi.ona.1 ':Plannill.g:)'ream for~he.···.·,,·.·. - , , ..'. ' Department of Fish J a.nd·Game Don W. Oollins.worth , . Commissioner April 1989 BRISTOL BAY COMPREHENSIVE SALMON PLAN Developed by the Bristol Bay Regional Planning Team For the Alaska Department of Fish and Game Don W. Collinsworth commissioner P.o. Box 3-2000 Juneau, Alaska 99802 April 1989 STEVE COWPER, GOVERNOR DEPARTMENT OF FISH ..'ND G."ME P. O. BOX 3-2000 JUNEAU, ALASKA 99802-2000 PHONE: (907) 465-4100 OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER December 13, 1988 Mr. Lance Trasky Chairman Bristol Bay Regional Planning Team 333 Raspberry Road Anchorage, AK 99518-1599 Dear Mr. Trasky: I was pleased to receive for review and approval the completed Bristol Bay Comprehensive Salmon Plan prepared by the Bristol Bay Regional Planning Team. The care and professionalism exercised in developing the plan is indicative of the effort made by the team to address the unique salmon production needs and environment in Bristol Bay. Because the sockeye salmon produced in the Bay area is so important not only to the Alaskan but also to the world economy, exercising meticulous and considerate approaches to the planning process was essential. I believe, given the constraints and importance of the salmon resource in Bristol Bay, that the plan emerges as a critical document for ensuring the long-term vitality of these fish stocks. Thank you and the other team members for your dedication to the planning process. Sincerely, (' .:/ , >L:i;1tt<d.,L&~<-- Don W. Collinsworth Commissioner cc: Bristol Bay Regional Planning Team Members 11·K2LH ~ABLE OF CONTENTS -Pacre LIST OF FIGURES.............................................. iv LIST OF TABLES............................................... iv GLOSSARY. • ••••••••••••.e • • • • • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........•.•••••••••...•..•..•........ 1 Background •.....•.....•.•..•..•.•...••. 1 The Planning Process .••..•••.•• 2 Planning Team Composition •. 3 Regional Planning Boundaries •• 3 Purpose of the Plan •• 5 Public Participation•. 5 Authority of the Plan. 5 Effective Life of the Plan.• 5 Key Assumptions ........•...•.... 6 CHAPTER 2. REGIONAL PROFILE .••.•.....••.••.......•......... 7 Habitat•.•..•.•• 7 Geography •• 7 Geology••.. 8 Climate . 8 Water Resources . 9 Vegetation•••... 9 Fishery Resources . 10 Birds . 11 Terrestrial Mammals. 11 Marine Mammals ... 11 Socioeconomic Factors. 12 Historical Perspective. 12 Popula tion•..••.••• 14 Commercial Fishing....••. 14 Subsistence....••.. 14 Other Regional Characteristics....•... 16 Land Status . 17 Nonrenewable Resources .. 19 Status of Fisheries. 20 Sport Fishery.. 20 Subsistence Fishery. 22 Commercial Fishery.•. 24 Limited Entry.•...... 26 Present-Day Fishery Management. 26 Processing and Marketing. 30 Processing . 30 Marketing Salmon. 31 Economic Analysis 3:2 i CHAPTER'3. ANALYSIS OF THE REGION'S SALMON PRODUCTION STATUS .....••••.••••. 36 Information Sources . 36 Commercial Harvest Reports. 36 Sport Fish Harvest Reports. 37 Subsistence Harvest Reports •• 37 Escapement Monitoring••..•••. 38 Management Reports ..•.•.•••. 38 Historical and Current Catch Trends .. 38 The Bristol Bay Salmon Fishery•• 38 Sockeye Salmon .. 39 Pink Salmon. 46 Churn Salmon. 47 Chinook Salmon. 52 Coho Salmon..... 55 Fisheries Enhancement ....•..•. 59 Supplemental Production..• 59 Lake Fertilization......• 60 Predator Management. 60 CHAPTER 4. SALMON PRODUCTION GOALS. 63 Assumptions . 63 Long-Range Production by Species .. 64 Harvest Goals .... 64 All Species •.••.... 64 Sockeye Salmon•. " . 76 Chinook Salmon . 76 Coho Salmon. 76 Pink Salmon .. 78 Churn Salmon. 78 CHAPTER 5. CONSTRAINTS AND STRATEGIES .......•.........•..... 79 Constraints •. 79 Habitat•. 79 Escapement .. 80 Predators and Competitors .. 80 Research and Information Needs. 80 Salmon Interception...........•. 80 State and Federal Land Management. 81 Allocation of Costs of Maintaining Salmon Production.....•...•...•.. 83 Maintenance of Ecological Balance•. 83 Economic 5 .••..••••••.•.•..••••••••• 83 ii Strategies. 84 Habitat•. 85 Escapement.• 86 Predators and Competitors •. 87 Research and Information Needs ...••••.. 87 Salmon Interception.••••.•.•... ... 89 State and Federal Land Management. 89 Allocation of Costs of Maintaining Salmon Production•....•••.••••••• 89 Maintenance of Ecological Balance.• 89 Rehabilitation and Enhancement Technology.. 90 CHAPTER 6. PREFERRED STRATEGIES 91 REFERENCES. •...............................••................ 94 APPENDIX A . 96 APPENDIX B ..........•..••.•....•........•.....•.............. 102 APPEND I XC ...•....••.................•.•....••............... 110 APPEND IX D .....•••.•••....•........•.•......•................ 115 APPENDIX E •.•..••••...•..•.•..•.......•..•.•................. 117 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Bristol Bay area...................................... 4 2. Land status in Bristol Bay region••••.••••.••...•••... 18 3. Bristol Bay commercial fisheries salmon management districts •.••••••••••.••••••••••••••...... 40 4. Bristol Bay Salmon Harvest (all species) .•.••.....•.. 69 5. Bristol Bay Chum Harvest •.•.•..•..••.•.••••..•....•.. 70 6. Bristol Bay Chinook Harvest .•.•....•...•••....•...... 71 7. Bristol Bay Coho Harvest••.•••..........•............. 72 8. Bristol Bay Sockeye Harvest.•..•.•.....•.......••...... 73 9. Bristol Bay Pink Harvest.....•.•..••.................. 74 10. Bristol Bay Sockeye Production•.....•................. 77 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Bristol Bay historical population estimates 15 2. Sport fish catch of salmon by species, Bristol Bay, 1977-1986................................. 21 3. Subsistence catch of salmon by species, Bristol Bay, 1965-1986................................. 23 4. Commercial salmon fishing license and entry permit registration by gear type and residency in Bristol Bay, 1960-1986 •..•.......................... 25 5. Bristol Bay commercial salmon catch in thousands of fish, by species and year, 1884-1987................ 27 6. Ex-vessel value of Bristol Bay commercial salmon harvest in thousands of dollars, by species, 1-960-1986.............................................. 33 7. Bristol Bay product prices, 1977 to 1983 35 8. Commercial catch of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon in numbers of fish, by district, 1893-1986 41 9. Total run of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon by . district, including estimates of high seas interception, 1956-1986 44 10. Inshore catch, escapement, and total run of Bristol Bay pink salmon, in numbers of fish, during even years, 1958-1986 48 11. Commercial catch of Bristol Bay chum salmon in numbers of fish, by district, 1893-1986 50 12. Commercial catch of Bristol Bay chinook salmon in numbers of fish, by district, 1893-1986 53 13. Commercial catch of Bristol Bay coho salmon in numbers of fish, by district, 1893-1986 56 14. Record 30-year moving average annual harvests of Bristol Bay salmon..................................... 65 iv 15. Bristol Bay commercial salmon catch, 30-year averages, and standard deviations, by species and year, 1884-1987 66 16. Five-year average harvest goals through the year 2005 for the Bristol Bay salmon fisheries .••••..•. 75 v GLOSSARY -ADF&G: Alaska Department of Fish and Game ALASKA STATUTE 16.10.375: "REGIONAL SALMON PLAN. The commis­ sioner shall designate regions of the state for the purpose of salmon production and have developed and amend as necessary a comprehensive salmon plan for each region, including provisions for both public and private nonprofit hatchery systems. Subject to plan approval by the commissioner, comprehensive salmon plans shall be developed by regional planning teams consisting of department personnel and representatives of the appropriate qualified regional associations formed under Section 380 of this chapter." ANILCA: Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980. AQUACULTURE: Culture or husbandry of salmon (or other aquatic fauna/flora) . CARRYING CAPACITY: The maximum number of salmon fry or juveniles (individual organisms) that a stream or ocean (closed system) can support. ELECTROPHORESIS: A biochemical technique useful in establishing genetic differences of fish. The technique is used to help separate different stocks of fish from a mixed stock. ENHANCEMENT: The application, to a stock already at natural capacity, of procedures designed to increase the numbers of harvestable fish to a level beyond that which could naturally be produced. This may be accomplished by using a~tificial or semi-artificial production systems or by increasing the natural productive habitat by physical or chemical modification. ESCAPEMENT: Unharvested fish returning to spawning area for reproductive purposes. EX-VESSEL VALUE: Value of the catch when delivered from the fishermen to the first buyer. FINGERLING: A young salmon that has doubled its weight at emergence from gravel but has not begun its seaward migration. FRY: A young salmon that has emerged from the gravel but has not yet doubled its emergence weight. HABITAT PROTECTION: Maintenance of current fishery spawning and rearing areas through use of environmentally sound measures. vi HARVEST MANAGEMENT: Assuring adequate escapement yet allowing for optimimum harvest levels. INCIDENTAL CATCH: Harvest of a salmon species other than the target species for which the fishery is managed. INSTREAM INCUBATOR: A device located adjacent to a stream that is used to contain, incubate, and hatch salmon
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