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Geology of Nacogdoches, Texas: Texas Academy of Science March 1, 2020 Stephen F. Austin State University SFA ScholarWorks Faculty Publications Department of Geology 2-11-2020 Geology of Nacogdoches, Texas: Texas Academy of Science March 1, 2020 R. LaRell Nielson Geology Department,Stephen F Austin State University, [email protected] Mike Read Geology Department,Stephen F Austin State University Mindy Faulkner Geology Department,Stephen F Austin State University Hannah C. Chambers Geology Department,Stephen F Austin State University Jessica O'Neal Geology Department,Stephen F Austin State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/geology Part of the Geology Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Repository Citation Nielson, R. LaRell; Read, Mike; Faulkner, Mindy; Chambers, Hannah C.; and O'Neal, Jessica, "Geology of Nacogdoches, Texas: Texas Academy of Science March 1, 2020" (2020). Faculty Publications. 19. https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/geology/19 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Geology at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 1 Geology of Nacogdoches, Texas Pruitt Hill, Nacogdoches, Texas1984 Texas Academy of Science March 1, 2020 Trip Leaders Dr. R. LaRell Nielson Dr. Mike T. Read Dr. Mindy Faulkner Hannah C. Chambers Jessica O’Neall Department of Geology Stephen F. Austin State University Nacogdoches, Texas Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 2 Page Left Blank Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 3 Geology of Nacogdoches, Texas Old Stone Fort, 2020 Texas Academy of Science March 1, 2020 Trip Leaders Dr. R. LaRell Nielson Dr. Mike T. Read Dr. Mindy S. Faulkner Hannah C. Chambers Jessica O’Neall Geology Department Stephen F. Austin State University Nacogdoches, Texas Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 4 Table of Contents Introduction………….……………………………………………………….. 18 1. Stop 1 ………………….……………………………………………………….19 2. Stop 2………………………….………………………………………………..21 3. Stop 3………………………………….………………………………………..24 4. Stop 4……………………………….………………………..…………………26 5. Stop 5…………………………………………………………………………...27 6. Stop 6…………………………………………………………………………...30 7. Stop 7…………………………………………………………………………...31 8. Stop 8……………………………………………………………………………42 Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 5 Meeting Location for the Texas Academy of Science Field Trip (GPS: 31.619305 N, -94.649086 W) The 2020 Texas Academy of Science Geology field trip will assemble in front of the Old Stone Fort (southwest corner of the Miller Science Building) at 7:45 AM and leave at 8 AM. The trip will end at approximately 1 PM so participants will have time to return home. The locations of the eight field trip stops are shown on the maps below (Figures 1 and 2). 1 Starting Point - Stone Fort 5 2 4 3 6 Figure 1: Index map to stops 1 through 6. Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 6 8 7 Figure 2: Index map showing the location of stops 7 through 8. Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 7 Geology of Nacogdoches, TX Introduction East Texas and Nacogdoches in particular is a geological interesting place to have the Texas Academy of Science meeting in 2020. We are located on the Sabine Uplift with a major oil-producing province to the northwest known as the East Texas (Salt Dome) Basin (Figures 3 and 4). The first producing oil well in Texas was drilled near Woden (approximately 12 miles southeast of Nacogdoches) and produces from the Sparta and Queen City sandstones. Three principal depositional systems have been recognized in the Sparta Sandstone of Texas. They are: a constructive delta system in east Texas; strand plain-barrier bar system in central Texas; and a destructive, wave-dominated delta system in south Texas. This shoreline complex was deposited 42-49 Ma (55-50 Ma have also been used). The Weches Formation (“Weches Shale”) was deposited on a shallow marine shelf and consists of fine-grained sedimentary rocks that contain fossils and fecal pellets and outcrops in the valleys and low areas around Nacogdoches. Most of the hills in Nacogdoches are capped with the Sparta Sandstone that does not contain fossils. The Sparta Sandstone was deposited as beach sands in association with a wave-dominated delta. In our area, we have the Mt. Enterprise fault system that in recent years has had a number of earthquakes associated with it of a magnitudes as high as 4.8 on the Richter scale (Frohlich, et al., 2014), (Figures 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7).). Figure 3: Map of the major faults and structural features in East Texas (Wood 1981). Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 8 Figure 4: Map showing the location of the salt domes in the East Texas (Salt Dome) Basin (Wood 1981). Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 9 Figure 5: Geologic map of the Nacogdoches, Texas area taken from the Palestine Sheet of the Geologic Atlas of Texas (1993). Stratigraphic units are: Weches Formation – Ew, Sparta Sandstone - Es and Quaternary Alluvium - Qt (www.twdb.texas.gov/groundwater/aquifer/GAT). Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 10 Figure 6: Generalize stratigraphic column for East Texas from Sartin and Brooks (1977). Note where in the stratigraphic section the Weches Formation and Sparta Sandstone are located. They are the principle formations that outcrop in the Nacogdoches area. Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 11 Figure 7: Idealized stratigraphic cross-section across East Texas (Garvie 2013). Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 12 Nacogdoches Oil Field (Location: 31.4724061°N, -94.4677056°W) Although a lesser-known oil field, the rich history of the Nacogdoches Oil Field spans more than a century. The first oil discovery in this field was likely made by the local Native Americans who found oil in pools near present-day Oil Springs, Texas. There were various uses for the oil including medicinal applications and water proofing of canoes. Later, Spanish settlers with Antonio Gil Y’Barbo in 1779 used the oil found in Nacogdoches County as a lubricant for their wagon wheels and other various purposes (Chamberlain, 1968). The person who discovered the Nacogdoches Oil Field was Lyne T. Barret (1832-1913). Born in Appomattox, Virginia. Barret moved to San Augustine County, Texas along with his family in the early 1840’s. Shortly after beginning his career as a partner in the Hardman Brothers and Barret Mercantile Company, Barret became interested in petroleum exploration. In December of 1859 he leased 279 acres of land near the town of Oil Springs, Texas which had become known for its oil seeps. With the onset of the Civil War his efforts came to a halt (Devereaux, 2010). In the months following end of the Civil War, Barret along with several other partners organized the Melrose Petroleum Company in December of 1865. The following summer, the Melrose Petroleum Company began drilling the No. 1 Isaac C. Skillern well. At the time, cable tool techniques were the preferred drilling methods of Pennsylvanian drillers. Barret instead used an auger measuring eight feet long, and eight inches wide attached to a pipe that was rotated by a wheel driven by cogs from a drive shaft on a steam engine. On September 12, 1866, at a depth of 106 feet the Melrose Petroleum Company completed the first successful oil well in the Nacogdoches Oil Field (First, 2019). Barret most likely drilled into the Queen City Formation (Aniekwensi, 2010). This oil discovery was most significant because it was also the first successful oil well drilled in the state of Texas. Due to the unrest brought about by reconstruction that followed the Civil War, nearly two decades would pass before the Nacogdoches Oil Field would see any substantial development (First, 2019). By the late 1880’s prospectors and small petroleum companies returned to the Nacogdoches Oil Field and began operations. Edgar Farrar and William H. Wilson’s Petroleum Prospecting Company of New Orleans, Louisiana began operating in the Oil Springs area. Farrar and Wilson employed Pennsylvanian drillers who used cable tool drilling methods. After they had drilled to 180 feet approximately 250 to 300 barrels of oil flowed out of the well. Between 1887 and 1890, they drilled forty wells with thirty of them bearing oil. In 1890 the Petroleum Prospecting Company’s two 1000 barrel iron tanks were filled to capacity (Dumble, 1890). Other operators drilling in the Nacogdoches Oil Field at the time. They included Lubricating Oil Company of New Orleans, the Pennsylvania Oil and Mineral Development Company, and the Southwestern Petroleum and Mineral Developing Company (Warner, 2007). In 1920, a 150 barrel refinery was completed in Nacogdoches and operated by the Yuba Oil Company. However, it was in operation for only a short period of time before it shut down. The Nagdo Oil Company dug a 6x7 foot well at a depth of 115 feet Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 13 in the Nacogdoches Oil Field in 1935. Approximately fifteen barrels of oil were produced each day during the excavation of the well. Upon completion of the shaft, it was pumped using tubing along with an automobile engine. Due to the vast quantities of water produced, the well was soon abandoned. H. M. Prince dug a similar well in the same year, but found little oil. As a result, the well was soon abandoned (Youngmeyer, 1950). As other, more productive, oil fields were developed in the early 1900’s, production in the Nacogdoches Oil Field began to decline. By the early 1950’s, operators returned to the area and began producing gas. As of August 2019 more than 1,000 wells have been drilled in the Nacogdoches Oil Field (Enverus, 2019) (Figures 8, 9 and 10) Figure 8: Image of the storage and oil refining equipment at Oil Spring, Texas. Nacogdoches Field Trip, Page 14 Figure 9: Oil Springs Marker showing the location of the first oil well in Texas. Figure 10: Image of the drilling equipment used in the Nacogdoches Oil Field.
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