Rootstock Effects on Yield and Some Consumer Important Fruit Quality Parameters of Eggplant
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agronomy Article Rootstock Effects on Yield and Some Consumer Important Fruit Quality Parameters of Eggplant cv. ‘Madonna’ under Protected Cultivation Maryam Mozafarian , Nazatul Syaima Binti Ismail and Noémi Kappel * Department of Vegetable and Mushroom Growing, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, Villányi út 29–43, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (N.S.B.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +36-30-215-8922 Received: 14 August 2020; Accepted: 20 September 2020; Published: 22 September 2020 Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different rootstocks on the yield and quality of eggplant cv. ‘Madonna’ in soilless pot culture in an unheated polyethylene greenhouse. The eggplant was grafted onto several rootstocks, including tomato rootstocks Optifort (O) and Emperador (E), and four Solanum rootstocks; Solanum grandiflorum Solanum melongena (SH), Solanum torvum × (ST), Solanum melongena Solanum integrifolium (SI), and Solanum integrifolium (A) compared with × self-grafted (SG) and self-rooted (SR) as control. The results showed that the total marketable yield significantly increased by grafting onto ST (3.94 kg/plant), SH (3.36 kg/plant), and A (3.34 kg/plant) relative to SR (1.65 kg/plant). The chromatics characters of skin and pulp are slightly influenced by rootstocks. Our findings confirmed that grafting eggplant decreased firmness (except SH) of the flesh. Fruit harvested from the Optifort/Madonna combination had the rounded shape, lowest firmness, and Brix value, while the lowest oxidation potential was observed in this combination. The highest seed number was observed in SH/Madonna and SI/Madonna combinations. During the sensory evaluation, the lightest fruit flesh was found in SR, ST, and O, and the sweetest taste was observed in fruits harvested from ST rootstock. Keywords: eggplant grafting; rootstock; fruit quality; yield; sensory evaluation 1. Introduction The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the top ten vegetables that originated from Southeast Asia; it has a high antioxidant capability and nutrient value. Soil-borne diseases, and biotic and abiotic stresses have limited the yield in many commercial eggplant plantations. Vegetable grafting is considered to be a rapid alternative way to slow breeding due to the absence of resistance genotype [1]. Grafting has been found effective not only for resistance advantages but also for the improvement of production and some quality traits of the fruit [2,3]. Eggplant grafting was started in the early 1950s by using Scarlet eggplant as rootstocks [4]. Several studies have already investigated different eggplant scion-rootstock combinations [5–8]. For instance, Solanum paniculatum increased vigour and fruit yield, but did not have any positive effect on fruit quality and composition [6]. Solanum incanum induced tolerance to water and temperature stress [9], while Solanum aethiopicum and Solanum macrocarpon were tolerant to Fusarium oxysporum and resistant to Ralstonia solanacearum [10]. Solanum sisymbriifolium and Solanum integrifolium have been reported effective in controlling bacterial wilt and resulted in higher yield [11]. Solanum torvum is the most commonly used rootstock for eggplant, which has been reported to be resistant to soil-borne diseases; but due to lack of rapid and homogeneous seed germination, there is a need to Agronomy 2020, 10, 1442; doi:10.3390/agronomy10091442 www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy Agronomy 2020, 10, 1442 2 of 12 find other alternative rootstocks [12]. Some tomato rootstocks can be valuable, as well, to improve eggplant growth and production. Grafting eggplant onto tomato rootstocks (Solanum lycopersicum L. Solanum habrochaites) indicated a positive result on yield and the appearance of fruits, but not equally, × and it largely depended on the combination and environment [13]. Overall, some rootstock-scion combinations are moderately compatible, and unfavourable effects may occur; hence, the selection of appropriate rootstock-scion combinations is crucial. Fruit quality of grafted vegetables can be measured by sensory evaluation and instrumental methods as well [14]. Grieneisen et al. [15] conducted a review of 202 different rootstocks and 1023 experimental treatments related to tomato grafting, and they concluded that fruit quality data based on sensory tests were rare among the published studies. Sensory evaluation of grafted plants of the members of the Cucurbitaceae family, i.e., melon [16], watermelon [17,18], and cucumber [19], and those of the Solanaceae family [20,21] have been conducted, but there is relatively few data for eggplant. The majority of previous studies investigated eggplant and tomato rootstock compatibility with eggplant scion individually. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of tomato and eggplant rootstocks on fruit yield and certain quality parameters of eggplant cv. ‘Madonna’ in soilless pot culture in an unheated plastic greenhouse. Moreover, current research is aimed at identifying the best rootstock type to maximize yield and fruit quality, conducting not only laboratory testing, but sensory evaluation as well. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Experimental Site, Plant Material, and Management Practices The experiment was conducted from March 2019 until October 2019 at the Experimental and Research Farm, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, Budapest, in unheated plastic house (47◦2304900 N, 19◦0901000 E, 120 m a.s.l.). The study was arranged based on completely randomized design (CRD) to understand the effect of different rootstocks suitable for eggplant grafting, including Solanum grandiflorum Solanum melongena (SH), Solanum torvum (ST), × Solanum melongena Solanum integrifolium (SI), and Solanum integrifolium (A) and tomato rootstocks × (Solanum lycopersicum), including cv. ‘Optifort’ (O) and cv. ‘Emperador’ (E). Moreover, self-grafted (SG) cv. ‘Madonna’ and self-rooted (SR) plants, as control, were used with four replications and five plants in each replication. The used, popular eggplant cultivar ‘Madonna’ has evenly coloured, dark-violet fruits. Due to slow seed germination, all four eggplant rootstock seeds (SH, A, ST, and SI) were sown 10 days earlier than cv. ‘Madonna’ and tomato rootstocks seeds (E and O) (which germinated and developed at the same rate); thus, a uniform stem diameter for grafting was obtained. Eggplant seedlings (with the adequate diameter and 4–5 leaves) were grafted onto the rootstocks by cleft grafting method and kept in high humidity and low light conditions for one week, and then acclimatized to the natural conditions. Three weeks after grafting, all seedlings were transplanted into 10 L pots containing peat substrate, in an unheated polyethylene greenhouse. Temperature and relative humidity inside the greenhouse were recorded by the Flower Power Sensor data logger, as shown in Figure1. All phytotechnical work recommended for eggplant greenhouse cultivation was performed uniformly. Irrigation was applied twice a week with a commercial fertilizer solution. Mature fruits were harvested once a week between June and October 2019 (15 times) according to fruit size, colour, and glossiness. Right after picking, the weight of each fruit was recorded by using a digital scale, and the marketable or unmarketable fruits had been sorted. Fruit width (at maximum fruit diameter) and fruit length (from stalk to end of fruit) had been measured by a tape line, and fruit index was calculated based on fruit width/fruit length. AgronomyAgronomy 20202020,, 1010,, x 1442 FOR PEER REVIEW 33 of of 13 12 FigureFigure 1. 1. TemperatureTemperature and and relative relative humidity humidity at at the the greenhouse greenhouse during during cultivation. cultivation. 2.2. InstrumentalMature fruits Measurements were harvested once a week between June and October 2019 (15 times) according to fruitThe size, fruit colour, flesh and acidity glossiness. (pH) was Right measured after picking, from two the sides weight of each of each fruit fruit in all was combinations recorded by by using a pH ameter digital (Hanna scale, and HI 98128). the marketable The pulp or of unmarketable three fruits from fruits each had replication been sorted. were Fruit blended width using (at maximum a kitchen fruitblender. diameter) The total and solublefruit length solids (from of the stalk fruit to (TSSend of %) fruit) was had measured been measured by using by a refractometer a tape line, and (PAL-1 fruit indexBrix 0–53% was calculated Digital Hand) based from on fruit the width/fruit fruit juice. Fruitlength. firmness from each replication (two fruits) were evaluated by a small hand-operated penetrometer. The pressure value was measured in kg/cm3. 2.2. InstrumentalThe skin colour Measurements of three fruits from each replication was measured on two sides of the skin by using a MinoltaThe fruit Chroma flesh CR-400acidity colourimeter(pH) was measured (Minolta from Corporation, two sides Ltd.,of each Osaka, fruit Japan). in all combinations Fruit chromaticity by a pHwas meter expressed (Hanna in L*, HI a*, 98128). b* colour The space pulp coordinates. of three fruits Chroma from (C*)each and replication Hue angles were (H ◦blended) were calculated using a kitchenaccording blender. to the The following total soluble formula solids 1: of the fruit (TSS %) was measured by using a refractometer (PAL-1 Brix 0–53% Digital Hand) from the fruit juice. Fruit firmness from each replication (two fruits) 2 2