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Nematicidal and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Extracts, Nanosized Materials, and Fractions, of Selected Plants, and the Identification of the Bioactive Phytochemicals

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Nematicidal and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Extracts, Nanosized Materials, and Fractions, of Selected Plants, and the Identification of the Bioactive Phytochemicals Nematicidal and antimicrobial evaluation of extracts, nanosized materials, and fractions, of selected plants, and the identification of the bioactive phytochemicals Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades des Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Naturwissenschaftlich-Technischen Fakultät der Universität des Saarlandes von Adel Al-Marby July Saarbrücken 2017 Tag des Kolloquiums: 14-07-2017 Dekan: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Guido Kickelbick Prüfungsvorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Ingolf Bernhardt Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Claus Jacob Prof. Dr.Thorsten Lehr Akad. Mitarbeiter: Dr. Aravind Pasula i Diese Dissertation wurde in der Zeit von Februar 2014 bis Februar 2017 unter Anleitung von Prof. Dr. Claus Jacob im Arbeitskreis für Bioorganische Chemie, Fachrichtung Pharmazie der Universität des Saarlandes durchgeführt. Bei Herr Prof. Dr. Claus Jacob möchte ich mich für die Überlassung des Themas und die wertvollen Anregungen und Diskussionen herzlich bedanken ii Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides statt, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und ohne unerlaubte fremde Hilfe angefertigt, andere als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt habe. Die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Stellen sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keinem anderen Prüfungsamt vorgelegt und auch nicht veröffentlicht. Saarbruecken, Datum aA (Unterschrift) iii Dedicated to My Beloved Family iv Table of Contents Table of Contents Erklärung ..................................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................... viii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................ x Summary .................................................................................................................................................... xiv Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................................................................... xv Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I .............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Overview of Yemen and Socotra Island ................................................................................... 5 1.2 Traditional Medicine of Yemen ................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Medicinal Plant Resources of Yemen ....................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Solanum incanum .............................................................................................................. 7 1.3.2 Dendrosicyos socotranus ................................................................................................ 12 1.4 Terpenoids ............................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.1 Classification of Terpenes ............................................................................................... 17 1.4.2 Monoterpenes .................................................................................................................. 17 1.4.3 Sesquiterpenes ................................................................................................................. 19 1.4.4 Diterpenes ....................................................................................................................... 20 1.4.5 Sesterterpenes .................................................................................................................. 22 1.4.6 Triterpenes ....................................................................................................................... 23 1.4.7 Tetraterpenes ................................................................................................................... 27 1.4.8 Polyterpenes .................................................................................................................... 28 1.4.9 Terpenoid Biosynthesis ................................................................................................... 28 1.4.10 Mevalonate Pathway ....................................................................................................... 29 1.4.11 Deoxyxylulose 5-Phosphate (DXP) Pathway ................................................................. 30 1.4.12 General Approach of Terpene Biosynthesis .................................................................... 30 1.4.13 Saponins .......................................................................................................................... 31 1.4.14 Biosynthesis of Triterpenoid Saponins ........................................................................... 31 1.5 Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER II ........................................................................................................................................... 35 v 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 36 2.2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................ 38 2.2.1 Nanosizing of Dried Fruit of S. incanum ........................................................................ 39 2.2.2 Preparation of Plant Extracts ........................................................................................... 41 2.2.3 Nematicidal Activity ....................................................................................................... 42 2.2.4 Antimicrobial Activity .................................................................................................... 44 2.3 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 47 2.3.1 Nematicidal Activity ....................................................................................................... 49 2.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity .................................................................................................... 60 2.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 65 2.5 Conclusion and Outlook .......................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER III ......................................................................................................................................... 73 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 74 3.2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................ 76 3.2.1 Nanosizing of Dried Fruit of S. incanum ........................................................................ 77 3.2.2 Extraction Methods ......................................................................................................... 78 3.2.3 Biological Activity Assays .............................................................................................. 78 3.3 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 79 3.3.1 Homogenized Particles of S. incanum ............................................................................. 79 3.3.2 Biological Activity of Processed Samples and Respective Extracts ............................... 81 3.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 83 3.5 Conclusion and Outlook .......................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER IV ......................................................................................................................................... 87 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 88 4.2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................ 90 4.2.1 Extraction and Fractionation of Dendrosicyos Socotranus Leaves ................................. 90 4.2.2 Phytochemical Screening of Extracts and Fractions ....................................................... 93 4.2.3 Nematicidal Activity ....................................................................................................... 93 4.2.4 Antimicrobial Activity ...................................................................................................
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