Recognizing and Characterizing Thrust Faults and Earthquakes in the Himalaya

2464-6

Earthquake Tectonics and Hazards on the Continents

17 - 28 June 2013

Recognizing and characterizing thrust faults and earthquakes in the Himalaya

S. G. Wesnousky Univ. of Nevada USA

Extension and Transtension in the Basin and Range and the Walker Lane Trieste 2013 Wesnousky

Just how ‘rigid is the Does ‘CNSB’ continue interior of the Great Basin? northward beyond what we see Historically?

Is Spatial and Temporal clustering of earthquakes unique to CNSB? Are the patterns of contemporary seismicity and strain accumulation reﬂected in record of fault displacements during latest Quaternary Where and how is strain accumulation accommodated in Walker Lane? What characteristics are shared (or not) in manner crustal strain is accommodated in Walker Lane and San Andreas Fault Systems?

Qfi Qbf(l) Qfy 39º30' faceted rangefront Generalized regional Quternary stratigraphy Qfy

Br Edwards QTp Br Br Br Qfi 7º42'30" Creek Qfo Br 11 Br Br Qfo Br Qfi Valley Qfy Qfi Qfi Qfy Qfy Qfi Qfy Qfi Qfi Qfi playette Qfi Qbf(l) Qfi Qfy Qfi

Qbb Br ? Qbb (shorelines) Qfy Qfy Qfy ? v-bar Qfi Qfy Qfy Qbf (playa) Qfy Hd (dunes) Br

? Qfo Qbf (playa) Qfy ? Qfi 39º27'30" stream deposits Qfi ? 117º45' Qfy Trench Edwards ? Figure 3. Qfy Qfi/Qfo? Qfi Qfo Creek S.H. ~6 m Qfi ? Qfo Koehler, 2009, Fig 8A

Qfo ? Qfy Desatoya Range Qfo North 0 1 2km Scale ~60 cm thick Figure 5. stage II carbonate soil 6 7 5 West side Desatoya Range, Edwards Creek trench log

4 ? 6 K 1 3 4 5 ??? Depth (m) 2 3 1 1 0 2

02468101214161820 22 24 2628 30 Distance (m)

Figure 6. time

Scarps degrade as function of time Wallace (1977) time

time If scarp age = 5500 years, then κ is about 1.2 View northwest across Shawave Mountains Lake Range West-tilted fault block - ridgelines exceed 2100 m with adjacent ﬂats ~1200 mSelenite Range Nightingale Range Humoldts A horst 4600 and ~1900 years ~2900m elevation ~1300 m adjacent basins ago

Greater uplift and dissection of older alluvial surface

Post-Lahontan fault scarp (~2m)

Lahontan highstand shoreline

I-80 to Reno

ImlayImlay Sonoma Range Bacon Canyon Trench Site Scarp formed 20ka…

Sonoma Range East-tilted fault block

~1300 m vertical relief

Highest ridges ~2700 m Shoshone Range - Lewis Canyon Mt Lewis ~2800 m adjacent valley ﬁll ~1400 m Progressive offset of fan surfaces - most recent displacement ~3300 years ago Proceeded by another ~40,000 years ago…

Horizontal Extension Across Interior of Basin and Range Just how ‘rigid is the Does ‘CNSB’ continue interior of the Great Basin? northward beyond what we see Historically?

A S I N 114°W B 117° T E A R G

N R E T M S E E T W S >34 km Y Stateline ~>50 km

S LT 120°W U FA

Springs S A Springs E

R Benton

D Gumdrop Petrified N A

Death Valley N A

S Indian Head Furnace - Creek PACIFIC PLATE ~200KM ~50 mm/yr 36°N 38°N Agai Pai Agai Fish Lake Fish Valley - Wabuska L. Wabuska

Pyramid LakePyramid Carson L. Carson 7 Mtn White White Olinghouse 4 ~20-30 km Warm Springs Warm 3 Owens Valley 5 6 Saline- Mountain- Hunter Panamint 2 Honey Lake

1 Nevada

° Mohawk Valley Mohawk

1 1

Rattlesnake Marsh Teels Candelaria Coaldale rra Sie Sierran Rangefront

0° Tahoe 1. Carson 2. Smith 3. Mason 4. Antelope 5. Bridgeport 6. Walker Lake 7.

21°

120°

122° 4 37°

6 119°

39° 35° 38° 3 View North along Owens Valley Fault

Sierra Nevada Shephard Creek - Sierra Rangefront Partitioning of Oblique Slip between strike-slip and dip slip... View South along Furnace Creek Strike-Slip toward Death Valley

A S I N 114°W B 117° T E A R G

N R E T M S E E T W S >34 km Y Stateline ~>50 km

S LT 120°W U FA

Springs S A Springs E

R Benton

D Gumdrop Petrified N A

Death Valley N A

S Indian Head Furnace - Creek PACIFIC PLATE ~200KM ~50 mm/yr 36°N 38°N Agai Pai Agai Fish Lake Fish Valley - Wabuska L. Wabuska

Pyramid LakePyramid Carson L. Carson 7 Mtn White White Olinghouse 4 ~20-30 km Warm Springs Warm 3 Owens Valley 5 6 Saline- Mountain- Hunter Panamint 2 Honey Lake

1 Nevada

° Mohawk Valley Mohawk

1 1

Rattlesnake Marsh Teels Candelaria Coaldale rra Sie Sierran Rangefront

0° Tahoe 1. Carson 2. Smith 3. Mason 4. Antelope 5. Bridgeport 6. Walker Lake 7.

21°

120°

122° 4 37°

6 119°

39° 35° 38° 3 View westward

next slide 35cm contour interval

View eastward

Diatomaceous Beds of Stewart (84) Lower Tuffs of Badlands at Willow Wash ~2.6-2.8 m.y. View southeastward

A S I N 114°W B 117° T E A R G

N R E T M S E E T W S >34 km Y Stateline ~>50 km

S LT 120°W U FA

Springs S A Springs E

R Benton

D Gumdrop Petrified N A

Death Valley N A

S Indian Head Furnace - Creek PACIFIC PLATE ~200KM ~50 mm/yr 36°N 38°N Agai Pai Agai Fish Lake Fish Valley - Wabuska L. Wabuska

Pyramid LakePyramid Carson L. Carson 7 Mtn White White Olinghouse 4 ~20-30 km Warm Springs Warm 3 Owens Valley 5 6 Saline- Mountain- Hunter Panamint 2 Honey Lake

1 Nevada

° Mohawk Valley Mohawk

1 1

Rattlesnake Marsh Teels Candelaria Coaldale rra Sie Sierran Rangefront

0° Tahoe 1. Carson 2. Smith 3. Mason 4. Antelope 5. Bridgeport 6. Walker Lake 7.

21°

120°

122° 4 37°

6 119°

39° 35° 38° 3

50cm contour interval 1 meter contour interval

View northward Clan Alpines Stillwater Range Fairview Peak Monty Cristos

Mystery Ridge Gabbs Valley

Petriﬁed Springs Fault

A S I N 114°W B 117° T E A R G

N R E T M S E E T W S >34 km Y Stateline ~>50 km

S LT 120°W U FA

Springs S A Springs E

R Benton

D Gumdrop Petrified N A

Death Valley N A

S Indian Head Furnace - Creek PACIFIC PLATE ~200KM ~50 mm/yr 36°N 38°N Agai Pai Agai Fish Lake Fish Valley - Wabuska L. Wabuska

Pyramid LakePyramid Carson L. Carson 7 Mtn White White Olinghouse 4 ~20-30 km Warm Springs Warm 3 Owens Valley 5 6 Saline- Mountain- Hunter Panamint 2 Honey Lake

1 Nevada

° Mohawk Valley Mohawk

1 1

Rattlesnake Marsh Teels Candelaria Coaldale rra Sie Sierran Rangefront

0° Tahoe 1. Carson 2. Smith 3. Mason 4. Antelope 5. Bridgeport 6. Walker Lake 7.

21°

120°

122° 4 37°

6 119°

39° 35° 38° 3 ~5 mm/yr 5 mm/yr oblique view

20-30 km

>32 km 5 mm/yr oblique view

20-30 km

>32 km

are the than many more so more somewhat The modes and complex San Andreas... of deformation Basins basins

A S I N 114°W B 117° T E A R G

N R E T M S E E T W S >34 km Y Stateline ~>50 km

S LT 120°W U FA

Springs S A Springs E

R Benton

D Gumdrop Petrified N A

Death Valley N A

S Indian Head Furnace - Creek PACIFIC PLATE ~200KM ~50 mm/yr 36°N 38°N Agai Pai Agai Fish Lake Fish Valley - Wabuska L. Wabuska

Pyramid LakePyramid Carson L. Carson 7 Mtn White White Olinghouse 4 ~20-30 km Warm Springs Warm 3 Owens Valley 5 6 Saline- Mountain- Hunter Panamint 2 Honey Lake

1 Nevada

Mohawk Valley Mohawk

18 1

Rattlesnake Marsh Teels Candelaria Coaldale rra Sie Sierran Rangefront ° 1. Tahoe 1. Carson 2. Smith 3. Mason 4. Antelope 5. Bridgeport 6. Walker Lake 7.

° °

120° 122° 37°

121°

9 6 119°

40 3 35° 38° 3 Walker Lane fault system

San Andreas fault system

Greater cumulative slip and a component of compression along the San Andreas system leads to a simpler pattern of active faulting than observed along the transtensional Walker Lane system

5mm/yr

Transverse Range , California Thrusting in A Strike-Slip Environment Trieste 2013 Wesnousky

with thanks to James Dolan who provided the majority of the following slides and did much of the work described.

Thrust faulting tends to occur where the San Andreas is not aligned with the Paciﬁc-North American plate motion vector. GPS Site Velocity Vectors for Southern California

courtesy James Dolan The San Andreas fault in Southern California

NIF

courtesy James Dolan Major faults of the Los Angeles region

Dolan et al. (1995) courtesy James Dolan courtesy James Dolan courtesy James Dolan

Cucamonga Fault (Strand C)

courtesy James Dolan Colluvial Wedge Cucamonga MRE Cucamonga Fault Fault (Strand C) (Strand C)

courtesy James Dolan

James Mori courtesy James Dolan The Puente Hills ThrustBlind fault Thrust(PHT) Faults are Common in southern California, but how do we determine ages and displacements Cut-away in past view eqs of on Geometry of PHT these and overlying faults? fold

The PHT is a “blind” thrust fault (does not extend all the way up to the Earth’s surface)

courtesy James Dolan courtesy James Dolan courtesy James Dolan courtesy James Dolan - work of Shaw and students Major faults of the Los Angeles region

Dolan et al. (1995)

courtesy James Dolan Geomorphic Expression of the Santa Monica fault in West LA

courtesy James Dolan Geomorphic Expression of the Hollywood fault in Downtown Hollywood

courtesy James Dolan Raymond fault, Sierra Madre Blvd., San Marino

courtesy James Dolan Raymond fault trench-wall photo mosaic

courtesy James Dolan Major faults of the Los Angeles region

Dolan et al. (1995)

courtesy James Dolan

courtesy James Dolan '#%., #()

%#$ '%$!#& '!!, '% $% $ )$% #+ $ courtesy James Dolan Fi 5 Pi fid ii fli filVB1hihi hV fl()i The Ventura-Pitas Point fault system

'#%., #() courtesy James Dolan Borehole/cpt transect across Ventura fault scarp

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* %'* & - $%$%#$ #!* $)#%*# $$ % %'#'%$#!

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courtesy James Dolan Borehole/cpt transect across Ventura fault scarp

N Day Road, Ventura - CPT/Borehole S

CPT - 1

CPT - 2

60 CPT - 3 CPT - 3B

DY - 1

Grain size Color Soil CPT - 4 0

4 4 40

6 6 CPT - 5 8 8 CPT - 6 10 10

Dy-OSL-1/1 CPT - 6B 12 12

14 14 DY - 2 16 Dy-OSL-1/2 16 18 CPT - 7 Elevation (ft) 18 20

20 Grain size Color Soil 22 Dy-OSL-1/3 0

22 ? 24 2

20 Loma Vista 24 CPT - 8 266 4 4

26 28 Dy-OSL-1/4 6 6

3028 DY - 3 Most Recent Event (~6m uplift) 8 44128 - 48526 DY - C14 (30’ 5”) 8 3302 10 10 Grain size Color Soil ? 0 3234 Dy-OSL-1/5 12 12 2 CPT - 9 36 34 DY - C19 (36’ 1”) 14 14 4 4 38 16 CPT - 10 36 16 6 6 Dy-OSL-1/6 18 38 18 CPT - 11 8 42 20 8 40 20 10 DY - 4 44 22 10 0 42 22 12 Grain size Color Soil 46 0 224 12 44 Dy-OSL-2/1 14 Dy-OSL-1/7 24 26 2 14 46 16 26 4 28 4 16 48 18 30280 6 DY - C11 (19’ 4.5”) 6 18 DY - C15 (19’ 5”) >52792 50 DY - C12 (19’ 6”) 20 DY - C5 (19’ 8”) 33230 DY - C16 (19’ 10”) 8 DY - C18 (20’) 8 20 52 22 8029 - 8380 No growth 10 32344 10 22 54 DY - C20 (35’ 5”) 24 366 12 DY - C17 (58’ 2”) 34 12 24 26 56 Dy-OSL-1/8 38 14 36 Dy-OSL-2/2 14 26 DY - C10 (39’ 5”) 28 58 DY - C13 (39’ 7”) 400 16 38 16 3028 Dy-OSL-4/1 60 422 18 40 18 3230 62 44 20 42 20 3234 64 466 22 44 36 22 34 48 24 66 ? ? DY - C8 (35’) Event (~4.5m growth) 46 38 24 36 50 26 68

48 40 26 52 38 28 70 50 42 28 54 40 30 72 Dy-OSL-4/2 52 44 30 56 42 32 74 466 54 58 3234 MUNSELL SOIL COLORS 44 Key 48 56 36 60 34 46 Clay 10YR 3/2 10YR 4/2 10YR 5/2 2.5Y 3/2 2.5Y 4/1 2.5Y 5/1 2.5Y 6/1 50 58 38 36 Silty clay 48 Dy-OSL-4/3 52 10YR 4/3 10YR 5/3 2.5Y 3/2 - 3/3 2.5Y 4/2 2.5Y 5/2 2.5Y 6/2 Clayey silt 10YR 3/3 60 40 38 50 Sandy silt - silt 54 62 42 40 Silty Sand (VFGS) - FGS 10YR 3/3 - 3/2 10YR 4/3 - 3/3 10YR 5/4 2.5Y 3/3 2.5Y 4/2 - 3/2 2.5Y 5/3 2.5Y 6/3 52 56 DY - C4 (43’ 6”) 44 64 8051 - 8409 DY - C1 (44’ 2”) Med-coarse sand 42 DY - C7 (44’ 4”) 54 DY - C9 (44’ 8”) 58 Very coarse sand to gravel 10YR 3/4 10YR 4/4 10YR 5/4 - 5/6 2.5Y 4/3 2.5Y 5/4 2.5Y 6/3 - 5/3 46 66 6899 - 7158 No growth 44 56 60 DY - C6 (47’ 6”) 48 68 10YR 4/4 - 4/6 10YR 5/6 2.5Y 4/3 - 3/3 2.5Y 5/4 - 4/4 2.5Y 6/4 46 58 50 70 48 60 No Recovery 10YR 4/6 10YR 6/3 2.5Y 4/3 - 4/2 2.5Y 5/4 - 5/3 2.5Y 6/4 - 5/4 52 72 50 62 54 DY - C3 (54’ 9”) 2.5Y 4/4 2.5Y 5/6 74 52 DY - C2 (55’ 3”) 64 23802 - 2444656

54 Dy-OSL-4/4 66 58 2.5Y 4/4 - 4/3 2.5Y 5/6 - 5/4

56 68 60

58 70

60 72

62 74

3x vertical exaggeration 72

74 Topographic profile taken from measured GPS readings in the field at every shotpoint (4m spacing) !$ %-021 # %6.5// $#!# #$'! $%# %#%"'.$( %$ "'%# %,$%&( $ %&% '#* %$#!.

031 %#*# )%0* )' %1 $%'# $#!# #$4/5 '!'# ! '&%#%"'.

'%.0 !#!.1 courtesy James Dolan Thrust faults not only in Transverse Range - ant any point where San Andreas not oriented perfectly to accommodate strike-slip....

Oblique Convergence

October 18, 1989 Loma Prieta M7