Ancient Binding Materiais, Mortars and Concrete Technoiogy: History and Durability Aspects
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Archaeology South-East ASE
Archaeology South-East ASE LAND AT CRAYLANDS LANE/LONDON ROAD LITTLE SWANSCOMBE, KENT (Centred at NGR 559786 174912) HISTORIC BUILDING RECORD (HISTORIC ENGLAND LEVEL 1 & 3) Commissioned by Swanscombe Developments LLP LAND AT CRAYLANDS LANE/LONDON ROAD, LITTLE SWANSCOMBE, KENT HISTORIC BUILDINGS RECORD (HISTORIC ENGLAND LEVEL 3) NGR: 559786 174912 Commissioned by Swanscombe Developments LLP Site Code: CLI 16 Project No. 160242 Report No. 2016180 OASIS ID: archaeol6-251290 Assistant Prepared by: Hannah Green BA, MA Archaeologist Reviewed and Amy Williamson BA Project Manager approved by: Date of Issue: May 2016 Revision: 2 Archaeology South-East Units 1 & 2 2 Chapel Place Portslade East Sussex BN41 1DR Archaeology South-East Land At Craylands Lane / London Road, Little Swanscombe, Kent Historic Buildings Record SUMMARY In April 2016 Archaeology South-East (a division of the Centre for Applied Archaeology, UCL) carried out a programme of historic building recording of the buildings and tramway tunnels adjacent to Craylands Lane and London Road, Little Swanscombe, Kent, DA10 0LP, prior to the proposed redevelopment of the site for residential use. This recording exercise forms a detailed survey of the extant tramway tunnels at Historic England Level 3 (English Heritage 2006a). The wider site was subject to a Level 1 record, for contextual purposes. A desk-based assessment has previously been produced for the site by Archaeology South-East (ASE 2005). The site was established as a quarry in the early 20th century, forming part of the Swanscombe Works. The Swanscombe Works was one of the largest cement producers throughout the 20th century, and at its closure in 1990 was the oldest cement producer in the world. -
Different Types of Building Limes
Different types of building limes Natural hydraulic limes are made from limestone that contains impurities such as clay or silicates. Unlike lime putty which is non-hydraulic lime, NHLs can set in damp conditions, indeed they require water for a minimum period of around 72 hours to gain maximum strength. They also have some free lime available for carbonation. There are three European classifications NHL 2, NHL3.5 and NHL5 based on the compressive strength of laboratory mortars after 28 days. These are often somewhat misleadingly termed feebly hydraulic, moderately hydraulic and eminently hydraulic. We generally recommend the use of NHLs where the need for breathability and lower strength is outweighed by the desire for an earlier and harder set such as working on bedding hard masonry, wall copings, chimneys and slate floors. In some circumstances hydraulic lime mortars can be used for rendering or plastering. The strength of a hydraulic lime mortar (HLM) varies depending on the manufacturer of the hydraulic lime as some NHL will be high in the band or low. HLM will also vary depending on the ratio of lime binder to aggregate and the type of aggregate or sand used. Natural Hydraulic Lime (NHL) NHL or Natural Hydraulic Lime, comes from limestone that has natural impurities of clay and other minerals, the amount of impurities within it determines how hard it will set. NHL works by setting in the presence of water, hence the term Hydraulic: Natural hydraulic lime powders come in 3 European grades: GRADE STRENGTH(MPa) EXAMPLES OF USE NHL2 >2 to <7 Pointing internally or with soft masonry, plastering NHL3.5 >3.5 to <10 Bedding, pointing NHL5 >5 to <15 Flooring, below DPC or chimney flaunchings NHL's can be used when speed is essential as it sets much quicker than a Lime Putty based mortar. -
The Effect of Linseed Oil on the Properties of Lime-Based Restoration Mortars
Allma Mater Studiiorum – Uniiversiità dii Bollogna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA Science for Conservation Ciclo XXII Settore/i scientifico disciplinari di afferenza: CHIM/12 TITOLO TESI THE EFFECT OF LINSEED OIL ON THE PROPERTIES OF LIME-BASED RESTORATION MORTARS Presentata da: Eva Čechová Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore Prof. Rocco Mazzeo Prof. Ioanna Papayianni Esame finale anno 2009 Abstract THE EFFECT OF LINSEED OIL ON THE PROPERTIES OF LIME-BASED RESTORATION MORTARS The traditional lime mortar is composed of hydrated lime, sand and water. Besides these constituents it may also contain additives aiming to modify fresh mortar´s properties and/or to improve hardened mortar´s strength and durability. Already in the first civilizations various additives were used to enhance mortar´s quality, among the organic additives, linseed oil was one of the most common. From literature we know that it was used already in Roman period to reduce water permeability of a mortar, but the mechanism and the technology, e.g. effects of different dosages, are not clearly explained. There are only few works studying the effect of oil experimentally. Knowing the function of oil in historical mortars is important for designing a new compatible repair mortar. Moreover, linseed oil addition could increase the sometimes insufficient durability of lime-based mortars used for reparation and it could be a natural alternative to synthetic additives. In the present study, the effect of linseed oil on the properties of six various lime- based mortars has been studied. Mortars´ compositions have been selected with respect to composition of historical mortars, but also mortars used in a modern restoration practise have been tested. -
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY the Effect of Egg and Lime on The
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING The Effect of Egg and Lime on the Compressive Strength of Mortar By: - Neima Yesuf Advisor: - Dr. Esayas G/Yohannes A thesis submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Structural Engineering August 2014 1 Acknowledgment First of all I would like to thank Addis Ababa institute of Technology for giving me this opportunity to conduct this interesting research. And I would like to thank Dr Esayas G/yohannes for giving me great advices during this research. And I would like to give my gratitude for W/t Yewubdar Eshetu, Ato Daniel Kibret, Ato Getachew Asrat, Ato Sirahbizu W/senbet, Ato Wubale, my family and close friends and all those that contributed in different ways in making this research happen. 2 ABSTRACT The Effect of Egg and Lime on the Compressive strength of Mortar Neima Yesuf Addis Ababa University, 2014 In Ethiopia there is a saying that tells buildings like Fasiledes castle of Gondar were built from materials that did not include cement. This saying describes the buildings as made from stones using lime mortar, consisting of sand, lime and egg parts, as a binder. This saying gave a motivation for this research to investigate the effect of egg parts on the compressive strength of mortar. This research concentrates on the effect of egg albumin and egg shell on the compressive strength of mortar since there is already good known material on lime and the effect of the egg albumin and egg shell with regards to cement can be studied on mortar without the addition of aggregates. -
Characterisation and Consolidation of Historical Lime Mortars in Cultural Heritage Buildings and Associated Structures in East Africa
Characterisation and Consolidation of Historical Lime Mortars in Cultural Heritage Buildings and Associated Structures in East Africa Athuman M. K. Ngoma TRIKA-BKN. Bulletin 101, 2009 ISSN 1103-4270 ISRN KTH/BKN/B--101--SE Doctoral Thesis The Artichoke At first glance it seems unappetizing, even forbidding, with the meagre edible matter in its hard exterior. The reward, however, comes in taking it apart, devouring it leaf by leaf. Its leaves slowly become more tender and tastier, until you arrive at the succulent heart. ii ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................viii PREFACE ................................................................................................................................ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background and Problem Identification .................................................................... 1 1.2 Restoration of Historical Structure............................................................................. 3 1.3 Objectives, Limitations and Method .......................................................................... 3 CHAPTER TWO: MORTAR AND MORTAR DAMAGE................................................. 5 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... -
NHL Lime Plaster
NHL Lime Plaster St Astier Limes and Mortars telephone: 0800 783 9014 Lime Plaster using St Astier NHL Using St. Astier NHL plastering mortars instead of non hydraulic putty mortars reduces the working time by about 50%. NHL mortars offer similar vapour exchange qualities as putty mortars but are more robust, can be sprayed and used for decorative plasterwork without the addition of gypsum. Requiring less after care than putty, it can be applied in 2 coats on good level backgrounds. Mortar. Plastering in hydraulic lime mortar normally consists of two or three-coat work. Lime plaster made with feebly or moderately hydraulic lime and sand is the basis for this guide. This type of lime sets and hardens predominantly by an hydraulic set and re-absorption of Carbon Dioxide from the air. By its nature the drying and absorption process is slower than gypsum plasters, therefore lime plaster curing should not be hurried allowing approximately 3-5 days per coat depending on the hydraulic lime used. Background. When applying Lime Plaster on the hard, the background will normally be brick or stone. The surface should be clean, free from dust and any organic materials such as lichens etc. Test the surface of masonry backgrounds for dust by applying a piece of masking tape to the background and immediately remove, examine the sticky side for traces materials that may affect the bond between the plaster and the wall. Internal walls can be uneven and rough, often with areas that have been altered. Different background conditions are therefore common and this needs to be addressed before plastering. -
How Limestone, Rocks, and Volcanic Ash Built the Modern World
26/11/2017 The Rock Solid History of Concrete ALEXANDERVANLOON/WIKIMEDIA The Rock Solid History of Concrete By Jonathan Schifman Oct 12, 2017 1.5k HOW LIMESTONE, ROCKS, AND VOLCANIC ASH BUILT THE MODERN WORLD. The story of concrete is so ancient that we don't even know when and where it begins. It is a story of discovery, experimentation, and mystery. Emperors and kings became legends for erecting great concrete structures, some of which are still a mystery to engineers today. Many of history's most skilled architects found inspiration in slabs of the gray building material. Common bricklayers advanced the technology, and a con man played a crucial role in the development of concrete recipes. Today, the world is literally filled with concrete, from roads and sidewalks to bridges and dams. The word itself has become a synonym for something that is real and tangible. Press http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a28502/rock-solid-history-of-concrete/ 1/22 26/11/2017 The Rock Solid History of Concrete your handprints into the sidewalk and sign your name to history. This is the story of concrete. The First Cement—and Maybe Concrete? Let's get this out of the way right here: cement and concrete are not the same thing. Cement, a mixture of powdered limestone and clay, is an ingredient in concrete along with water, sand, and gravel. Concrete's invention was made possible by the development of cement, and to trace the history of cement, we must trace the use of its components. ADVERTISEMENT - CONTINUE READING BELOW The earliest known use of limestone in a structure has been dated back about 12,000 years. -
Portland Cement
International Conference on Transport, Civil, Architecture and Environment engineering (ICTCAEE'2012) December 26-27, 2012 Dubai (UAE) Portland Cement Alireza Baghchesaraei1 , Omid Reza Baghchesaraei2 kiln is fired by coal, the ash of the coal acts as a secondary raw Abstract— portland cement is the most common type of cement material. in general usage in many parts of the world, as it is a basic ingredient Portland cement was developed from cements (or correctly of concrete, mortar, stucco and most non-specialty grout. There are hydraulic limes) made in Britain in the early part of the different standards for classification of Portland cement. The two nineteenth century, and its name is derived from its similarity major standards are the ASTM C150 used primarily in the U.S. and to Portland stone, a type of building stone that was quarried on European EN-197. EN 197 cement types CEM I, II, III, IV, and V do the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. Joseph Aspdin, a not correspond to the similarly-named cement types in ASTM C 150. Portland cement manufacture can cause environmental impacts at all British bricklayer, in 1824 was granted a patent for a process stages of the process. When cement is mixed with water a highly of making a cement which he called Portland cement. His alkaline solution (pH ~13) is produced by the dissolution of calcium, cement was an artificial hydraulic lime similar in properties to sodium and potassium hydroxides. the material known as "Roman Cement" (patented in 1796 by James Parker) and his process was similar to that patented in Keywords—New,Material,Portland Cement 1822 and used since 1811 by James Frost who called his cement "British Cement". -
Concrete Story-Telling (By New-Territories)
Concrete Story-Telling (by New-Territories) 1 ) Concrete in general Concrete is a material used in building construction, consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance, known as an aggregate (usually made from different types of sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and water. The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as the bonding substance or cement*1. The Egyptians used lime and gypsum cement. In 1756, British engineer, John Smeaton made the first modern concrete (hydraulic cement) by adding pebbles as a coarse aggregate and mixing powered brick into the cement. In 1824, English inventor, Joseph Aspdin invented Portland Cement, which has remained the dominant cement used in concrete production. Joseph Aspdin created the first true artificial cement by burning ground limestone and clay together. The burning process changed the chemical properties of the materials and Joseph Aspdin created a stronger cement than what using plain crushed limestone would produce. *1 cement : the word “cement” traces to the Romans, “caementicium”= masonry made from crushed rock with burnt lime as bindern referred to as “cementum,” “cimentum,” “cäment” and cement. The other major part of concrete besides the cement is the aggregate. Aggregates include sand, crushed stone, gravel, slag, ashes, burned shale, and burned clay. Fine aggregate (fine refers to the size of aggregate) is used in making concrete slabs and smooth surfaces. Coarse aggregate is used for massive structures or sections of cement. Concrete that includes embedded metal (usually steel) is called reinforced concrete or ferroconcrete. Iron reinforced concrete was invented (1849) by Joseph Monier, who received a patent in 1867. -
Lime Mortars for the Repair of Masonry
Lime mortars for the repair of masonry HTC 1:2020 June 2020 Heritage Technical Codes Cover image A 150-year-old lime mortar high up in an exposed church tower. The large lumps of lime show that it was made in the traditional way by sand-slaking (i.e. slaking quicklime with sand). The mortar is beginning to erode, particularly from perpendicular joints which are less well-compacted. Repointing with a similar lime mortar will ensure compatibility with the bricks. Acknowledgment We acknowledge and respect Victorian Traditional Owners as the original custodians of Victoria's land and waters, their unique ability to care for Country and deep spiritual connection to it. We honour Elders past and present whose knowledge and wisdom has ensured the continuation of culture and traditional practices. We are committed to genuinely partner, and meaningfully engage, with Victoria's Traditional Owners and Aboriginal communities to support the protection of Country, the maintenance of spiritual and cultural practices and their broader aspirations in the 21st century and beyond. © The State of Victoria, Heritage Council of Victoria 2020; and David Young 2020 All photographs and diagrams by David Young ISBN 978-1-76105-177-7 (pdf/online/MS Word) Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. -
I on the Historv Oi Portland After 1 150 Years
Christopher Hall De~artmentof Bulldlnq I On the Historv oi Portland after University of Manchester . Institute of Science and Technology Manchester. England M60 1QD 1 150 Years Cementitious building materials have a long history, and began to build the third Eddystone lighthouse off the the date 1824, traditionally taken as the origin of portland southwest coast of Britain (4),apparently a labor of Hercu- cement, is in fact only the date of a patent (I) granted to les in the absence of a good hydraulic cement. Smeaton, ap- Joseoh Asodin (1778-1855) of Leeds. Eneland. who mav preciating the need to obtain the best component materials not at that'time have made portland cemeit at all. ~oday; fur the lime-pozzolana cement he intended to use, exam- cement is the successor to a line of materials with a historv ined a number of mixtures, and found that the quality de- reaching hack to the ancient world; it has a chemistry o? pended on the limestone (5). He made the important dis- perhaps unsurpassed complexity amongst major inorganic covery that the best mortars were made from limes con- industrial materials and is still the subject of intense study. taining clay impurities. We recognize now that the alumi- At some ~ointin the second quarter of the 19th century, nosilicate clay minerals are closely related to those in the about 150 ago, the cement as we know it now was fir& pozzolana, with this essential difference: that they are produced. burned intimately with the lime in the calcining process. It The very simplest of the mineral cements are those based soon emerged that certain heavily clay-bearing limestones on gypsum, hydrated calcium sulfate. -
Background Facts and Issues Concerning Cement and Cement Data
Background Facts and Issues Concerning Cement and Cement Data By Hendrik G. van Oss Open-File Report 2005-1152 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey ii U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey P. Patrick Leahy, Acting Director For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. iii Preface This report is divided into two main parts. Part 1 first serves as a general overview or primer on hydraulic (chiefly portland) cement and, to some degree, concrete. Part 2 describes the monthly and annual U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) cement industry canvasses in general terms of their coverage and some of the issues regarding the collection and interpretation of the data therein. The report provides background detail that has not been possible to include in the USGS annual and monthly reports on cement. These periodic publications, however, should be referred to for detailed current data on U.S. production and sales of cement. It is anticipated that the contents of this report may be updated and/or supplemented from time to time.