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World Health Organization Who/Vbc/85.917 Organisation WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO/VBC/85.917 ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE 1 ENGLISH ONLY lf' 1~ UPDATE OF ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PAPERS RELATING TO THE CONTROL OF MOSQUITOS BY THE USE OF FISH FOR THE YEARS 1965-1981 by John B. Gerberichl• 2 An annotated bibliography of papers relating to the control of mosquitos by the use of fish was published as a WHO mimeographed document in 1966 and by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, in 1968 (Gerberich & Laird, 1966, 1968). This is an update covering the years 1965-1981. The first purposeful use of larvivorous fish was against container-breeding mosquitos, Aedes aegypti, for the control of yellow fever in Havana, Cuba, at the turn of the century. The first long-distance transportation of the mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard), from its native southern United States, Texas, to Hawaii, was in 1905. In 1921, G. affinis was successfully introduced into Spain from the United States, then in the early 1920s to Italy where it became established and propagated. The resultant Italian stock was then transplanted to Yugoslavian islands in the Adriatic in 1924. Later still, Gambusia has been transferred to some 60 countries. For more detailed historical records, one is referred to Gerberich & Laird (1966, 1968). Some of the acclimatizations were well conceived against a background of sound ecological information, others were not. Examples of G. affinis simply being placed in mosquito larval habitats without any prior reference to the ecological parameters (Hubbs, 1972) of the species produced partial or complete failure. Some of the failures were due to the lack of available experimental information on the ecological parameters of the fish. Many annotated references have been collected3 pertaining to research on fish ecology, behaviour and biology. Annual fish may be used in restricted habitats which dry out seasonally. Also, a species may function as coexisting or anti-existing in a common habitat. Finding the limiting ecological factor for the species' existence and propagation is of vital importance. For example, Poecilia reticulata cannot tolerate as low a temperature as G. affinis, although it can withstand a greater degree of pollution. / Research in the last 10 to 15 years has introduced many studies dealing with the economics and methods of mass rearing of fish, mass transportation of fish, fish release strategies and studies related to the maintenance of effective densities of larvivorous fish. 1 Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States of America. 2 The author is indebted to the library staff at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire for their unlimited help. 3 Biological Abstracts, Review of Applied Entomology, Series B, Mosquito News, Journal of Parasitology and many other journals as cited. The issue of this document does not constitute Ce document ne constitue pas une publication. formal publication. lt should not be reviewed, 11 ne doit faire l'objet d'aucun compte rendu ou abstracted, quoted or translated without the resume ni d'aucune citation ou traduction sans agreement of the World Health Organization. l'autorisation de !'Organisation mondiale de la Authors alone are responsible for views expressed Sante. Les opinions exprimees dans les articles in signed articles. signes n'engagent que leurs auteurs. ~IO/VBC/85.917 page 2 Another ecological factor should be included in the study of mass handling of fish. This is the parasites of fish, especially those fish which are or have been used for mosquito control. This parameter should include studies of propagation stocks, effects of exotic stocks, maintenance of indigenous colonies, effect of the distribution of pathogens via fish on the indigenous food chain and possibility of dispersal of potential human parasites. Many references have been cited pertaining to the integrated use of fish with chemicals and biological insecticides. This has opened a new era of mosquito control. All materials cited in the bibliography are cross-referenced by category in the Appendix. Request for notification of omissions and corrections: The author concedes that many pertinent references are likely to have been overlooked, especially where information on larvivorous fish has been included in the body of a paper primarily devoted to a broader topic. Notification of such omissions would be greatly appreciated, as would corrections to incomplete or otherwise imperfect literature citations. Such information could be mailed to the author. WHO/VBC/85.917 page.3 001 Abdil'Daev, M. A. (1976) Med. Parazitol. i Parazit. Bolezni, ~ (1): 97-100 [Rus.] The catching and transportation of species of fish suitable for control of blood-sucking Diptera. Catches of Pseudorasbora parva and Aplocheilus latipes were transported successfully by car and plane. 002 Abdil'Daev, M. A.,; Zolotukhin, S. M. (1975) Med. Parazitol. i Parazit. Bolezni, 44 (6): 677-681 [Rus.] The laboratory rearing of Aplocheilus latipes (Temminck & Schlegel). Three-year study on the rearing of Aplocheilus latipes in both laboratory and field conditions for control of anopheline larvae. 003 Abdulazizov, A. I. (1976) Materialy II Vsesoyuznogo Syezda Protozoologov Chast'2. Med. Protozoologiya, 8-9 [Rus.]. The successful use of Gambusia in rice cultivation in Dagestan, USSR. 004 Ahmed, W.; Washino, R. K.; Gieke, P. A. (1970) Calif. Mosquito Control Assoc. Proc., 38: 95-97. Further biological and chemical studies on Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) in California. Feeding pattern of G. affinis in rice fields found the chief food to be Crustacea and chironomid larvae. Exposure of Gambusia to 6 p.p.m. methylparathion for 72 hours caused no mortality. Exposure of 0.05 p.p.m. parathion for 24 hours caused no mortality, whereas exposure to 0.3 p.p.m. for 24 hours caused complete mortality. 005 Alls, R. T. (1969) M.S. Thesis University of Delaware 73 pp. Killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) predation of mosquitos in low level impounded Delaware salt marshes. 006 Armstrong, R. C. (1975) Calif. Mosquito Control Assoc. Proc., 43: 47-48. Economic analysis of a mosquito-fish programme. 007 Armstrong, R.C. (1975) Calif. Vector Views, 22 (5): 40-42. An annotated bibliography of disease problems affecting piscine mosquito larvivores in aquaculture operations. 008 Armstrong, R. C. (1977a) Calif. Mosquito and Vector Contr. Assoc. Proc., 45: 103-104. Dispersal rates of mosquito fish through cattails in drainage ditches. G. affinis was well able to penetrate dense growths of Typha spp., Scirpus spp. and Polygonum sp., moving at speeds of up to 350 ft/hr. Whole fish populations did not move at the same rate. Concluded that the governing factor was water depth rather than current speed or vegetation density. 009 Armstrong, R. C. (1977b) Calif. Mosquito and Vector Contr. Assoc. Proc., ~: 99-100. The effects of different control methodologies on mosquito production in water seepage areas in the Sutter-Yuba Mosquito Abatement District. Biological control, stocking rate of Gambusia affinis in excess of 0.6 lb fish/acre, required less frequent checking, nearly identical cost, and was less dependent on the configuration of the ground than was source reduction by draining. 010 Armstrong, R. C. (1979) Sutter-Yuba Mosquito Abatement District, Yuba City, California 95991, United States of America. The cost of biocontrol versus chemical in selected mosquito habitats. Biological control costs more initially than a single chemical application but any chemical treatment that has to be repeated on the same site costs more than biological control by means of G. affinis. 011 Armstrong, P. B.; Child, J. S. (1965) Biol. Bull., 128: 143-168. Stages in the normal development of Fundulus heteroclitus.--- WHO/VBC/85.917 page 4 012 Ataur-Rahim, M. (1981) Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 75 (3): 359-362. Observations on Aphanius dispar (Ruppell, 1928), a mosquito larvivorous fish in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cyprinodontid fish Aphanius dispar is indigenous with few predators in Riyadh and proved a successful larvivore. 013 Avault, J. W., Jr.; Smitherman, R. 0.; Shell, E. W. (1968) FAO Fisheries Reports, 44: 109-122. Evaluation of eight species of fish for aquatic weed control. The authors evaluated eight species of fish for effectiveness in conjunction with or as a larvivorous fish. The fish studied were: Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Tilapia melanopleura, T. nilotica, T. mossambica, T. heudeloti, Carassius auratus and Ictalurus punctatus. 014 Bailey, R. G. (1973) Afr. J. Trop. Hydrobiol. Fish., ! (2): 33-43. Observations on the Biology of Nothobranchius guentheri. Cyprinodontidae an annual fish from the coastal region of East Africa. 015 Balaraman, K.; Hoti, S. L.; Manonmani, L. M. (1981) Current Science, 50 (4): 199-200, India. An indigenous virulent strain of Bacillus thuringiensis (VCRC B-17) highly pathogenic and specific to mosquitos. In tests of the pathogen against non-target organisms, a dose 10 times that required to kill mosquito larvae, effective larvicide treatment was 16 x 10S viable spores/litre, caused no mortality of larvivorous fish. 016 Balling, S. S.; Stoehr, T.; Resh, V. H. (1979) Calif. Mosquito and Vector Control Assoc. Proc., ~: 88-89. Species composition and abundance of fishes in ditched and unditched areas of a San Francisco Bay salt marsh. Ditched areas contained a wider variety of fish species, greater density and higher proportion of immature individuals. Ditches improve conditions for the fish through temperature moderation and increased accessibility. 017 Balling, S. S.; Stoehr, T.; Resh, V. H. (1980) Calif. Fish and Game, 66 (1): 25-34. The effects of mosquito control recirculation ditches on the fish com;unity of a San Francisco Bay salt marsh. Recirculation ditches drain depressed areas in marsh surfaces, doubles the number of fish species and fish density and increases the number of immature Gambusia. 018 Bang, Y. H.; Msangi, H. S.; Wright, J. W. (1973) World Health Organization, WHO/VBC/73.438.
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