Upholdling the Guidng Principle of Chicago

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Upholdling the Guidng Principle of Chicago Upholdling the guidng principle of Chicago architecture, form break, the pavillion promotes the exchange of ideas via a free and eas- between the city and its inhabitants. In keeping with Millenium follows function. The trellis that seems to float above the pa- ily accesible forum. Park as a whole, Pritzker Pavillion creates a theater not only villion eliminates the need for cumbersome, view blocking for performing arts but also, most importantly, a theater for pylons. Furthermore, musicians rave about the sound qual- The democratic aspects of the space and its cutting edge the unbiast celebration of human interaction and creativity. ity. The acoustic enhancement system delivers sound from the contemporary style echo the usonian ethos established a century The pavillion praises the sometimes contradictory notions of side and the rear of listeners which helps mitigate peripheral earlier by one othe fathers of Chicago architecure, Frank Lloyd Wright. equality and individuality, rewarding unorthodox design ideas noises. The trellis allows for what Ghery refers to as “demo- The trellis could be seen as a kind of futuristic car port, blurring the if such ideas have the power to unite more than shock. In cratic” sound, defining the “space on the grass as an outdoor lines between interior and extrior, creating a seamless marriage true democratic fashion, Ghery’s design demands inquiry and room.”(Millenium Park: Creating a Chicago Landmark, Timothy between inside and outside. Surrounded by towering architectrual debate and promotes discourse and deliberation. And from J. Gilfoyle, Univeristy of Chicago Press, 2006, pg. 238.) Thanks icons that include the Aon Center, One and Two Prudential Plaza and that process will come new forms and creations that continue to consistent sound quality and informed site design, even the Smufit Stone Building, the Pritzker Pavillion earns the respect of to adapt to and communicate with their ever changing people at the back of the lawn feel visually engaged with the such intimidating neighbors. The bandshell pushes the boundaries surroundings and inhabitans. stage. Whether watching a performance or taking a lunch of contemporary archtitecturl design, establishing a new relationship JAY PRITZKER PAVILLION CHICAGO, ILLINOIS FRANK GHERY, 2004 The construction of the pavillion began in 2001, composed of concrete with a steel shell. The pavillion is a bandshell that hosts concerts and other performing arts events and serves as the centerpiece of Millenium Park, located within the larger Grant Park. The venue accepts a total of 11,000 people (4,000 fixed, 7,000 lawn) and fulfills the city’s hopes of creating a worthy home for the Grant Park Music Festival. The festival began in 1935 and continues to be the nation’s only free outdoor classical musical program. The park also is the home of two other sculptural icons, Cloud Gate and Crown Fountain, interactive works of art that beg visitor interaction and require no fee for participation. Although the park has been critisized for lacking aesthetic cohesion, due to the private donors and independent commissions, the design of the park as well as the pavillion demands public interest and inquiry and fosters a sense of community and cultural investigation. As recently as 1997, the site of the future pavillion was a Chicago eyesore, home to the Illinois Central Rail Yards, serving more as a storage facility than any kind of inner- city oasis. In contrast, the new Millenium park is a highly interactive landscape, one in which viewers enter the frame and become apart of the scenery.” (Architectural Record, 2005 . , V. 193 n.1, pg. 139.) Breaking away from the more traditional, Olmsteadian model, visitors are not passive onlookers surveilling their surroundings, hoping to achieve some kind of visual nostrum. Rather, the pavillion and the accompanying works of art encourage a dialogue, a physical communication with the environment. The bandshell rises an impressive 120 feet and the trellis, housing sound and lighting, measures 600 feet long and 320 feet wide. The pavillion is readily accesible from multiple entrances on Randolph Street, Monroe Street, and Michigan Avenue. On the east side of the park, there is a sinous, snake- like bridge that weaves its way across Columbus Drive not only providing acces to Bicentennial Plaza, but also offering park views and acting as an important noise barrier to the eight lane vehicular cacophony that is Columbus Avenue. .
Recommended publications
  • Catalog of State Assistance to Local Governments
    Catalog of State Assistance to Local Governments Sixteenth Biennial Edition October 2015 Illinois General Assembly Legislative Research Unit JOINT COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATIVE SUPPORT SERVICES Speaker of the House & Chairman Rep. Michael J. Madigan House Republican Leader Rep. Jim Durkin Senate Republican Leader Sen. Christine Radogno President of the Senate Sen. John J. Cullerton LEGISLATIVE RESEARCH UNIT Co-Chairperson Sen. Pamela J. Althoff Co-Chairperson Vacant Executive Director Alan R. Kroner Associate Director Jonathan P. Wolff Senators Representatives Thomas Cullerton Adam Brown Napoleon Harris III La Shawn K. Ford Mattie Hunter Chad Hays Sam McCann Barbara Wheeler Jim Oberweis Vacant The Legislative Research Unit is the central general research agency for the General Assembly. A board of 12 legislators, ap- pointed by the Joint Committee on Legislative Support Services, supervises its operations. A staff of researchers handles inquiries from legislators, legisla- tive committees, and partisan staff. The staff’s areas of expertise include law generally, science and technology, taxation, educa- tion, local government, economics and fiscal affairs, and the political and social history of Illinois. Legislative Research Unit 222 S. College, Suite 301 Springfield, Illinois 62704-1894 Phone: 217/782-6851 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ilga.gov/commission/lru/lru_home.html Catalog of State Assistance to Local Governments SIXTEENTH BIENNIAL EDITION October 2015 Publication No. 393 Proofing by Tara Burke, Office Associate/Proof Reader Foreword The Legislative Research Unit is pleased to present the sixteenth edition of its Catalog of State Assistance to Local Governments. This catalog is published biennially and de- scribes state programs providing financial and technical assistance to counties, munici- palities, townships, and special districts (excluding school districts).
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Budget Overview
    City of Chicago 2016 Budget Overview Mayor Rahm Emanuel The Government Finance Officers Association of the United States and Canada (GFOA) presented a Distinguished Budget Presentation Award to City of Chicago, Illinois for their Annual Budget beginning January 1, 2015. In order to receive this award, a governmental unit must publish a budget document that meets program criteria as a policy document, as an operations guide, as a financial plan, and as a communications device. 2016 Budget Overview Letter from the Mayor Dear Fellow Chicagoans, Four years ago, the City of Chicago faced an uncertain financial future. With a commitment to stabilize the City’s finances, we have made great progress by challenging the status quo. We have reduced the structural deficit to its lowest point since 2008, cutting it by two thirds. Instead of raiding the City’s rainy day fund as had been done in years past, we have placed money in our long term reserves in every budget. And, we have made city government smaller, all while working to serve our residents more effectively and efficiently. Our 2016 budget continues to build on our progress in charting a new course for Chicago’s future. While continuing to reform government, we have invested in after-school and early education opportunities, increased neighborhood services such as paving, tree trimming, and graffiti removal. We have launched transformative projects, such as the 606 trail and parks, the new Riverwalk, La Villita Park in Little Village, and the regional gymnastics and ice skating center in Morgan Park. We continue to invest in the education of our children, the safety of our streets, and the quality of life in our neighborhoods.
    [Show full text]
  • City Council Agenda
    CITY of NOVI CITY COUNCIL Agenda Item D December 18, 2017 SUBJECT: Approval of recommendation from the Consultant Review Committee to award the Agreement for Civil Engineering Private Development Field Services to Spalding DeDecker for a five-year term and adoption of associated fees and charges, effective December 18,2017. SUBMITTING DEPARTMENT: Department of Public Services, Engineering Division CITY MANAGER APPROVAL: ~~ BACKGROUND INFORMATION: The contract with the City's current consultant for civil engineering field services for private development projects, Spalding DeDecker Associates, Inc. (SDA), expires on December 17, 2017. This consultant primarily provides engineering services related to private development, such as review of residential plot plans, construction inspection, project closeout paperwork assistance, and the completion of record drawings. The current contract was awarded at the April 23, 2012 City Council meeting and became effective on May 1, 2012 as a two-year contract. This contract has been extended four times, most recently on February 6, 2017. The pending expiration of the contract resulted in the City issuing a Request for Qualifications (RFQ) to consulting engineering firms. Listing minimum qualifications helped to ensure the responding firms met certain critical criteria, such as staff credentials, number of qualified staff, distance from the City, and relevant municipal experience. The RFQ was posted publicly and resulted in responses from three firms. The review process consisted of two components: 1) reviewing and scoring each of the qualifications; and 2) opening sealed fee proposal forms from the most qualified firm(s). The three submittals were evaluated by staff from Public Services, Community Development and Finance Departments, using the Qualifications Based Selection (QBS) process, with an emphasis on each firm's experience and understanding of the scope.
    [Show full text]
  • List of World's Tallest Buildings in the World
    Height Height Rank Building City Country Floors Built (m) (ft) 1 Burj Khalifa Dubai UAE 828 m 2,717 ft 163 2010 2 Shanghai Tower Shanghai China 632 m 2,073 ft 121 2014 Saudi 3 Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel Mecca 601 m 1,971 ft 120 2012 Arabia 4 One World Trade Center New York City USA 541.3 m 1,776 ft 104 2013 5 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 509 m 1,670 ft 101 2004 6 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai China 492 m 1,614 ft 101 2008 7 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong Hong Kong 484 m 1,588 ft 118 2010 8 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 452 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 8 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 452 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 10 Zifeng Tower Nanjing China 450 m 1,476 ft 89 2010 11 Willis Tower (Formerly Sears Tower) Chicago USA 442 m 1,450 ft 108 1973 12 Kingkey 100 Shenzhen China 442 m 1,449 ft 100 2011 13 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou China 440 m 1,440 ft 103 2010 14 Dream Dubai Marina Dubai UAE 432 m 1,417 ft 101 2014 15 Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago USA 423 m 1,389 ft 98 2009 16 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai China 421 m 1,380 ft 88 1999 17 Princess Tower Dubai UAE 414 m 1,358 ft 101 2012 18 Al Hamra Firdous Tower Kuwait City Kuwait 413 m 1,354 ft 77 2011 19 2 International Finance Centre Hong Kong Hong Kong 412 m 1,352 ft 88 2003 20 23 Marina Dubai UAE 395 m 1,296 ft 89 2012 21 CITIC Plaza Guangzhou China 391 m 1,283 ft 80 1997 22 Shun Hing Square Shenzhen China 384 m 1,260 ft 69 1996 23 Central Market Project Abu Dhabi UAE 381 m 1,251 ft 88 2012 24 Empire State Building New York City USA 381 m 1,250
    [Show full text]
  • Vanity Height: the Empty Space in Today's Tallest
    Tall Buildings in Numbers Vanity Height: the Empty Space in Today’s Tallest Vanity Height Non-occupiable Space 39% We noticed in Journal 2013 Issue I’s case study on Kingdom Tower, Jeddah, that a fair non-occupiable amount of the top of the building seemed to be an unoccupied spire. This prompted height us to explore the notion of “vanity height ” in supertall1 buildings, i.e., the distance Highest Occupied between a skyscraper’s highest occupiable fl oor and its architectural top, as Floor: 198 meters determined by CTBUH Height Criteria.2 Note: 1Historically there have been 74 completed supertalls (300+ m) in the world, including the now-demolished 61% One and Two World Trade Center in New York. occupiable 2 For more information on the CTBUH Height Criteria, visit http://criteria.ctbuh.org height Occupiable Space World’s Ten Tallest Vanity Heights (as of July 2013 data) Top Architectural to Height Below are the ten tallest “Vanity Heights” in today’s completed supertalls. Burj Al Arab With a vanity height of nearly 124 meters within its architectural height of 321 244 m | 29% meters, the Burj Al Arab has the highest non-occupiable * The highest occupied fl oor height as datum line. height ** The highest occupied fl oor height. non-occupiable-to-occupiable height ratio among completed supertalls. 39% of its height is non-occupiable. 133 m | 30% 200 m non-occupiable 131 m | 36% height non-occupiable 124 m | 39% height non-occupiable 113 m | 32% height non-occupiable 99 m | 31% height 150 m non-occupiable height 97 m | 31% 96 m | 29% non-occupiable
    [Show full text]
  • Signature Redacted Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 21, 2015
    TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS OVER THE PAST DECADE ARCHIVES 1 by MASSACM I 1TT;r OF 1*KCHN0L0LGY Wenjia Gu JUL 02 2015 B.S. Civil Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 LIBRAR IES SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2015 C2015 Wenjia Gu. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known of hereafter created. Signature of Author: Signature redacted Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 21, 2015 Certified by: Signature redacted ( Jerome Connor Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted bv: Signature redacted ?'Hei4 Nepf Donald and Martha Harleman Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Chair, Departmental Committee for Graduate Students TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS OVER THE PAST DECADE by Wenjia Gu Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering on May 21, 2015 in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree Requirements for Master of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering ABSTRACT Over the past decade, high-rise buildings in the world are both booming in quantity and expanding in height. One of the most important reasons driven the achievement is the continuously evolvement of structural systems. In this paper, previous classifications of structural systems are summarized and different types of structural systems are introduced. Besides the structural systems, innovations in other aspects of today's design of high-rise buildings including damping systems, construction techniques, elevator systems as well as sustainability are presented and discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Quantities
    MODULE 5 DESCRIBING VARIABILITY OF QUANTITIES The lessons in this module build on the data displays that you have used in elementary school, namely line plots, bar graphs, and circle graphs. You will be introduced to the fi eld of statistics, the study of data, and the statistical problem-solving process. You will calculate numerical summaries to describe a data set. You will also learn what separates mathematical and statistical reasoning—the presence of variability. Topic 1 The Statistical Process M5-3 Topic 2 Numerical Summaries of Data M5-67 CC01_SE_M05_INTRO.indd01_SE_M05_INTRO.indd 1 11/12/19/12/19 88:17:17 PMPM CC01_SE_M05_INTRO.indd01_SE_M05_INTRO.indd 2 11/12/19/12/19 88:17:17 PMPM TOPIC 1 The Statistical Process On average, one out of every 25 sheep has black wool. A quick way to estimate the size of a fl ock of sheep is to count the black sheep and multiply by 25. Lesson 1 What's Your Question? Understanding the Statistical Process . M5-7 Lesson 2 Get in Shape Analyzing Numerical Data Displays . M5-25 Lesson 3 Skyscrapers Using Histograms to Display Data . M5-47 CC01_SE_M05_T01_INTRO.indd01_SE_M05_T01_INTRO.indd 3 11/12/19/12/19 88:17:17 PMPM CC01_SE_M05_T01_INTRO.indd01_SE_M05_T01_INTRO.indd 4 11/12/19/12/19 88:17:17 PMPM Carnegie Learning Family Guide Course 1 Module 5: Describing Variability of Quantities TOPIC 1: THE STATISTICAL Where have we been? PROCESS In grade 1, students were expected to In this topic, students are introduced to organize, represent, and interpret data with the statistical problem-solving process: up to three categories.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hows, Whats and Wows of the Willis Tower a Guide for Teachers Skydeck Chicago
    THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER A GUIDE FOR TEACHERS SKYDECK CHICAGO PROPERTY MANAGED BY U.S. EQUITIES ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC WELCOME TO SKYDECK CHICAGO AT WILLIS TOWER THE NATION’S TALLEST SCHOOL When you get back to your school, we hope your students will send us photos or write or create There are enough impressive facts about the Willis artwork about their experiences and share them Tower to make even the most worldly among us with us (via email or the mailing address at the end say, “Wow!” So many things at the Willis Tower can of this guide). We’ve got 110 stories already, and we be described by a superlative: biggest, fastest, would like to add your students’ experiences to our longest. But there is more to the building than all collection. these “wows”: 1,450 sky-scraping, cloud-bumping feet of glass and steel, 43,000 miles of telephone One photo will be selected as the “Photo of the cable, 25,000 miles of plumbing, 4.56 million Day” and displayed on our Skydeck monitors for all square feet of floor space and a view of four states. to see. Artwork and writing will posted on bulletin boards in the lunchroom area. Your students also Behind the “wows” are lots of “hows” and “whats” can post their Skydeck Chicago photos to the Willis for you and your students to explore. In this Tower or Skydeck Chicago pages on flickr, a free guide you will be introduced to the building—its public photo-sharing site: http://www.flickr.com/ beginnings as the Sears Tower and its design, photos/tags/willistower/ or http://www.flickr.com/ construction and place in the pantheon of photos/skydeckchicago/ skyscrapers.
    [Show full text]
  • Image and Perception of the Top Five American Tourist Cities As Represented by Snow Globes Caitlin Malloy
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Architecture Undergraduate Honors Theses Architecture 5-2017 Image and Perception of the Top Five American Tourist Cities as Represented by Snow Globes Caitlin Malloy Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/archuht Part of the American Popular Culture Commons, Architectural History and Criticism Commons, Marketing Commons, Other Architecture Commons, and the Tourism and Travel Commons Recommended Citation Malloy, Caitlin, "Image and Perception of the Top Five American Tourist Cities as Represented by Snow Globes" (2017). Architecture Undergraduate Honors Theses. 19. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/archuht/19 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Architecture at ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Architecture Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. IMAGE AND PERCEPTION OF THE TOP FIVE AMERICAN TOURIST CITIES AS REPRESENTED BY SNOW GLOBES A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Honors Program of the Department of Architecture in the School of Architecture + Design Caitlin Lee Malloy May 2017 University of Arkansas at Fayetteville Professor Frank Jacobus Thesis Director Professor Windy Gay Doctor Ethel Goodstein-Murphree Committee Member Committee Member ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am so grateful for my time at the Fay Jones School of Architecture + Design – during the past five years, I have had the opportunity to work with the best faculty and have learned so much. My thesis committee in particular has been so supportive of my academic endeavors. My deepest appreciation for my committee chair, Frank Jacobus.
    [Show full text]
  • John Hancock 600000 Visitors Aon Center Unlimited
    Aon iconic Pathwayto Possible Chicago, IL Lakeshore east facts Lakeshore East N Cityfront Plaza Dr r D r e w E Hubbard St o L e r N Park Dr N Rush St N New St o e 13,210,000 SF v E Lower No A rth W ater St E North Water St office space n N Wabash Ave t a e S N McClurg Ct zi g E Kin i h N Lake Sh c i 41 r M E River Dr we Chicago River o N Columbus Dr 63,790 L N business population e v A n E Irv Kupcinet Brg E Low W er W l a acker D cker r e Dr ga i v e h L c Chicago i E W e ack M er c Se 8,063 rvi E Wacker Dr i ce Le r vel v E Wacker Dr e r residential units e p p S U n o N N s Breakwater Acc t e t S E Waterside Dr Dr N E Wacker Pl E South Water St N Field Dr s 3,839Lake E Lower South Water St u b hotelMichigan rooms m E South Water St N Westshore Dr u l E Haddock Pl o C N r N Harbor Dr e Lake Shore L w t a e o k C r b v East Park N H e L a d o A S n 1,532,565 SF r E Lake S t N N Park Dr h a h S l s o r e y a SF New Developments a r t r i b e E Benton Pl v r G a i o D N Field Blvd c N W h e r t u N L A E Benton Pl e T 41 v I e S l N A N Stetson Ave N Beaubien Ct $124,000 R T Average INcome o g E Lower Randolph St E R andolph St a t c N Upper Columbus Dr S h St i E Upper Randol p h E Randolp h E Randolph St C N Cultural M Millenium Grant i Center c h 15,000 i Park Park g an Daily Park Visitors A v Date: 8/20/2015 e E Washington St N Columbus Dr Miles 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 2 Data contained herein was compiled from sources deemed to be reliable.
    [Show full text]
  • Narrative Section of a Successful Proposal
    Narrative Section of a Successful Proposal The attached document contains the narrative and selected portions of a previously funded grant application. It is not intended to serve as a model, but to give you a sense of how a successful proposal may be crafted. Every successful proposal is different, and each applicant is urged to prepare a proposal that reflects its unique project and aspirations. Prospective applicants should consult the program guidelines at www.neh.gov/grants/education/landmarks-american-history-and- culture-workshops-school-teachers for instructions. Applicants are also strongly encouraged to consult with the NEH Division of Education Programs staff well before a grant deadline. The attachment only contains the grant narrative and selected portions, not the entire funded application. In addition, certain portions may have been redacted to protect the privacy interests of an individual and/or to protect confidential commercial and financial information and/or to protect copyrighted materials. Project Title: The American Skyscraper: Transforming Chicago and the Nation Institution: The Chicago Architecture Foundation Project Director: Jennifer Masengarb Grant Program: Landmarks of American History and Culture Workshops 1100 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Rm. 302, Washington, D.C. 20506 P 202.606.8500 F 202.606.8394 E [email protected] www.neh.gov THE AMERICAN SKYSCRAPER: TRANSFORMING CHICAGO AND THE NATION Chicago Architecture Foundation NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION INTELLECTUAL RATIONALE Skyscrapers define the physical landscape and shape social life of major cities. High‐rise construction is a symbol of innovation, industrial architecture and infrastructure. Chicago’s history as a center for development of the skyscraper from the late 19th through mid‐20th centuries positions the city as an ideal place to explore the tall building’s relationship to urbanization.
    [Show full text]
  • Typologies and Evaluation of Outdoor Public Spaces at Street Level of Tall Buildings in Chicago
    TYPOLOGIES AND EVALUATION OF OUTDOOR PUBLIC SPACES AT STREET LEVEL OF TALL BUILDINGS IN CHICAGO Abstract Authors Zahida Khan and Peng Du Outdoor public spaces are key to human interactions, promoting Illinois Institute of Technology public life in cities. The constant increase in world population has led Keywords to increased tall urban conditions making the study of outdoor public Public spaces, tall buildings, urban forms, rating system spaces around tall buildings very popular. This paper outlines typol- ogies for outdoor public spaces occurring at street level of tall build- ings in downtown Chicago, the birthplace of skyscrapers and an ideal case study for an American city. The study uses online data archives, Google Maps, and on-site surveys as research techniques for the analysis. The result depicts around 50% of all the tall buildings in Chicago foster public life at its street level through public spaces. The other key finding is the outline of seven typologies based on their position around the tall building. Further, a comparative analysis is conducted using one example of each typology based on three crite- ria adopted from ‘Project for Public Spaces,’ namely (1) Accessibility; (2) Design and Comfort, and (3) Users and Activities. Prometheus 04 Buildings, Cities, and Performance, II Introduction outdoor public spaces, including: (A) Accessibility, (B) Design & Comfort, (C) Users & Activities, (D) Environ- Outdoor public spaces at street level of tall buildings play mental Sustainability, and (E) Sociable. The scope of this a significant role in sustainable city development. The research is limited to the first three design criteria since rapid increase in world population and constant growth of the last two require a bigger timeframe and is addressed urbanization has led many scholars to support Koolhaas’ for future research.
    [Show full text]