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THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE A GUIDE FOR TEACHERS SKYDECK

PROPERTY MANAGED BY U.S. EQUITIES ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC WELCOME TO SKYDECK CHICAGO AT WILLIS TOWER THE NATION’S TALLEST SCHOOL When you get back to your school, we hope your students will send us photos or write or create There are enough impressive facts about the Willis artwork about their experiences and share them Tower to make even the most worldly among us with us (via email or the mailing address at the end say, “Wow!” So many things at the Willis Tower can of this guide). We’ve got 110 stories already, and we be described by a superlative: biggest, fastest, would like to add your students’ experiences to our longest. But there is more to the than all collection. these “wows”: 1,450 sky-scraping, cloud-bumping feet of glass and steel, 43,000 miles of telephone One photo will be selected as the “Photo of the cable, 25,000 miles of , 4.56 million Day” and displayed on our Skydeck monitors for all square feet of space and a view of four states. to see. Artwork and writing will posted on bulletin boards in the lunchroom area. Your students also Behind the “wows” are lots of “hows” and “whats” can post their Skydeck Chicago photos to the Willis for you and your students to explore. In this Tower or Skydeck Chicago pages on flickr, a free guide you will be introduced to the building—its public photo-sharing site: http://www.flickr.com/ beginnings as the Tower and its design, photos/tags/willistower/ or http://www.flickr.com/ construction and place in the pantheon of photos/skydeckchicago/ . Its name was recently changed to the Willis Tower, proudly reflecting the name of As you get ready for your trip, please call us with the global insurance broker who makes the Tower any questions at (312) 875-9447. We aim to make its Chicago . You will also learn about the your visit to the Nation’s Tallest School your best Skydeck view of Chicago, a view unlike any other school trip ever. anywhere.

Included are other sections geared to the interests of your students and the needs of your curriculum, such as art, environmental efforts and our “city within a city.”

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THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com Harrison Harrison IN THIS GUIDE A AMONG SKYSCRAPERS ACTIVITIES AND QUESTIONS FOR STUDENTS That Almost Wasn’t...... 4 Try This: Spot the Willis Tower on Your Way into Chicago. . . 22 The First “Sears Tower” . 5 Role-Play This: What Problems Must Where Does the Willis Tower Rank You Solve to Build a Tower This High? ...... 22 Among the Word’s Tallest ? . 5 Calculate This: How Many “Yous” Would Have to be Skyline of the World’s Tallest Buildings...... 6 Stacked Head to Toe to Equal the Height of the Willis Tower? . 22 Discuss This: What Do the Shapes Mean?. 22 DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING THE WORLD’S Design This: Make Your Own “Universe” ...... 22 TALLEST BUILDING Consider This: What Business Would You Include in the Willis Tower?. 23 A Thumbnail History of the Skyscraper...... 7 Dare This: Walk Out on The Ledge. 23 Meeting the Design Challenges...... 8 Picture This: Try Collaborative Photography The Tower Takes Shape. 9 to Create a Panoramic View...... 23 From the Ground Up...... 10 Discuss This: What Would It Be Like to “Fly Blind?”. . . . . 23 Sears Tower to Willis Tower: Timeline. 11 Try This: Create Your Own Souvenir...... 24 Figure This: How Long Is Your Ride? . 24 ART AND ARTISTRY AT THE WILLIS TOWER Try This: Help the Environment at Your School...... 24 Our Front ...... 12 Our Indoor “Universe” by . 12 YOU AND THE VIEW ACTIVITY SHEETS Find This Outside: Landmarks to Locate by Day. 25 OUR CITY WITHIN A CITY Find This Outside: Landmarks to Locate by Night...... 26 The Vertical Village. 13 I Spy on High . 27 Down Under...... 13 Indoor Scavenger Hunt: Look, Listen and Interact!. 28

THE WORLD FROM THE TOP “COME RAIN OR COME SHINE” FIELD TRIP PLANS Everything Is at Your Feet...... 14 Start Every Trip This Way...... 29 How Many Different Languages Do You Hear?...... 15 Sunny Day Trip...... 29 Walking on Air: The Ledge. 16 Clear Evening Trip...... 30 Rainy Day/Rainy Evening Trip. 31 HOW IT ALL WORKS: SAFETY, SYSTEMS AND MAINTENANCE FOR MORE INFORMATION: AN ANNOTATED The Command Center. 17 BIBLIOGRAPHY Safety at the Willis Tower...... 17 Books. 32 People and Places . 17 Videos on DVD/VHS...... 33 Electricity, Plumbing and Phone Service . 18 Online Resources...... 34 All the Ups and Downs...... 18 Software ...... 35 Keeping Cool and Staying Warm. 19 Washing the Outside...... 19 MORE ABOUT YOUR TRIP Getting Here...... 36 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFORTS AT THE WILLIS TOWER Local Map/Bus and Automobile Parking ...... 36 Reducing, Reusing and Recycling...... 20 Entering Skydeck Chicago . 36 The Shrinking Carbon Footprint . 20 Accessibility . 36 How the Willis Tower Reduces Waste. 21 Meals and Snacks . 36 What’s Recycled at the Willis Tower...... 21 Numbers to Know . 36 What’s Thrown Away at the Willis Tower ...... 21 Hours ...... 36 A New Kind of Heat Exchange. 21 Our Fine Feathered Hunters...... 21

3 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com A SKYSCRAPER AMONG SKYSCRAPERS Look at any photograph of Chicago, and there it THE SKYSCRAPER THAT ALMOST WASN’T is: the Willis Tower. This building, formerly known as the Sears Tower, says Chicago in the same way Planning for new office space for the Sears, the says Paris and the Empire State Roebuck Co. began in the late 1960s, when Building says . Sears was generating 1 percent of the annual value of all the goods and services produced in The tallest building in the , the nation, according to The Sears Tower by Craig the Willis Tower stands out from the rest of the and Katherine Doherty. A huge company needed a city’s skyline, even though Chicago includes some huge headquarters. The company figured it would of the most spectacular anywhere. need enough for more than 13,000 Chicago- As architecture critic Paul Goldberger put it a few area employees to meet its projected growth years ago, “What brownstone has ever been the through the end of the century. symbol of New York that the is, what lakefront park the icon that the Sears After interviewing many architects, Sears hired Tower has become?” Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, the architecture firm that recently had completed Chicago’s John Yet if the Sears, Roebuck Co. had followed Hancock Center. The team included Bruce Graham through on its initial thoughts for a new office as lead architect and Fazlur Khan as structural building, the Willis Tower would have been less engineer, a man later called the “Einstein of of, well, a tower. And the city would have lost its .” most recognizable landmark.

The tall building is of our age. —Ada Louise Huxtable 4 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com Sears envisioned a building with enormous , some of which would be rented out to other businesses before Sears needed them for its own THE FIRST “SEARS TOWER” employees. Indeed, the first plan would have made When business partners Richard Sears the Sears “tower” 40 stories of 110,000 square feet and Alvah Roebuck decided to build the first each. This would have been just fine for Sears, but national headquarters for the Sears, Roebuck not for the other, much smaller businesses Sears Co. in 1905, they looked to the skies. had hoped would rent space. The first “Sears tower” stood 12 stories Each new plan called for an increasingly vertical high, overlooking the neighborhood around design, offering more floors with less space. When Homan and Arthington Roads in northwest the building design finally called for 104 stories, Chicago. Originally designed as a water tower, someone suggested that only six more would the 250-foot-high structure in 1924 became create the world’s tallest building at 110 stories. a broadcasting for a Sears-owned Thus, a skyscraper among skyscrapers—and the radio station, WLS, whose call letters stood icon of Chicago—was conceived. for “World’s Largest Store.” A year later, the company opened its first retail store in the WHERE DOES THE WILLIS TOWER brick complex adjacent to the tower. Sears RANK AMONG THE WORLD’S TALLEST Holdings, one of the nation’s largest retailers, continues to bear the famous name. BUILDINGS? The Willis Tower is #1 in height in the nation and Western Hemisphere and #6 in the world. According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, a building’s height can be measured in several different ways. The Willis Tower qualifies as the tallest building in the nation in:

»» Height to highest occupied floor (1,431 ft.)

»» Height to the top of the (1,450 ft.)

»» Height to the top of or antenna (1,730 ft.)

While the Willis Tower is no longer the tallest building in the world, it does have the globe’s longest elevator ride. You are whisked up 1,353 feet to the highest building observation on Earth. Unless, of course, you want to quibble over that point with Toronto’s CN (Canadian National) Tower, which is not exactly a “building” but a 1,815-foot high “self-supporting structure.” Its is 1,465 feet off the ground.

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EISENHOWER EXPRESSWAY CONGRESS PA RKWAY My kind of town, Chicago is. BUS ll s We Financial —Frank Sinatra Harrison Harrison 5 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com SKYLINE OF THE WORLD’S TALLEST BUILDINGS | N Building State Empire Completed 1931 | 1,472 feet (448.7 meters) tall meters) 1931 | 1,472(448.7 feet Completed tall meters) (384 feet | 1,260 1996 Completed | S Square Hing Shun (391.1 feet tall | 1,282 1997 meters) Completed | G Plaza CITIC | H Center Finance 2 International tall (451.9 meters) feet | 1,483 1998 Completed tall | 1,614meters) (492 feet 2008 Completed | S Center Financial World | T Completed 2003 | 1,364 feet (415.8 tall feet meters) | 1,364 2003 Completed tall meters) (420.5 feet | 1,380 1998 Completed Tower Mao Jin | S Towers | K tall meters) (509.2 | 1,671 feet 2004 Completed tall (527.3 1973 | 1,730 feet meters) Completed U Tower | Chicago, Willis | D Burj Completed 2009 | 2,682 feet (818 meters) tall (818 feet meters) | 2,682 2009 Completed aipei, T aipei, ubai, U ubai, uangzhou, uangzhou, hanghai, China hanghai, aiwan uala L uala nited Arab E Arab nited henzhen, China henzhen, nited S nited ew Y umpur, M ork, U ork, tates mirates ong K ong alaysia nited S nited hanghai, China hanghai, ong, China ong, tates

6 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING THE WORLD’S TALLEST BUILDING A THUMBNAIL HISTORY OF THE SKYSCRAPER The first skyscrapers were built about a century ago. Driving the need for ever and ever larger buildings were the growing businesses of America. But the only way to remain in of cities— near the rails, ports and customers that businesses needed—would be to grow up, and not out, in size.

Two innovations made the quest for the sky possible: the steel frame and the elevator. Making buildings with steel skeletons—or steel-reinforced —to bear the weight made it possible to reach up beyond 15 or 20 stories. One of the last tall buildings with load-bearing was built in 1891, the 16-story in Chicago. Its seven-foot-thick walls bore the weight of all the floors above. A building with load-bearing walls to handle the weight of a 60-story building would have to be so thick on the bottom floors that there would be no room for office space.

The perfection of the safety elevator by Elisha Otis made it much more appealing to build taller buildings. What seems at first consideration to be a luxury is a necessity. No one wants to climb steps to a 40th floor, much less to a 110th floor (more than 2,232 steps up!).

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7 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com MEETING THE DESIGN CHALLENGES Using the 75-foot tubes cut both the potential weight and cost of the building. If the Sears The challenge of building the world’s Tower had been built as a traditional skyscraper, tallest building is contending with two the steel would have weighed about 50 pounds forces of nature: gravity and wind. per square foot. The steel used in Khan’s design One, of course, is a vertical force and weighs only 33 pounds per square foot. The the other, horizontal. overall weight of the steel frame, however, is still impressive: 76,000 tons, or enough to build The solution to both in the Sears more than 52,000 cars.

Tower was an elegant design that Adams ea Sears Adams Tower had the serendipitous result of being The variations in the heights disrupt P Quincy Quincy Skydeck cost-effective as well. Fazlur Khan, the force of the wind. Interior cross Entrance the structural engineer from Skidmore, braces on several floors also help stiffen Bus Loading Ar Jackson Owings & Merrill, already had figured the building to make it more windproof. d out how to build 100 stories at the John Two models were tested in wind tunnels acker Des Plaines erson Je ff Clinton W Hancock Center. For that building, he before the design was made final and Franklin ll s We Financial La Salle used a steel tube with exterior cross construction began. The final building Van Buren

braces instead of the traditional steel was designed to sway up to 6 inches ARKIN G P skeleton of most skyscrapers. in the strongest winds. EISENHOWER EXPRESSWAY CONGRESS PARKWAY

But to go still higher and create a The final design also solved another BUS

distinctive look for the Tower, Khan problem facing the architects: how to ll s We Financial came up with a “bundled tube” design allow tenants of different sizes to use Harrison Harrison that handled both wind and gravity. At c the building efficiently until Sears was the ground level and on up to the 50th ready to occupy the whole building. level, the building is nine tubes of rigid The final design allowed Sears to take steel -and-beam construction. the larger, lower floors and lease the Each measures 75 feet by 75 feet, smaller, upper floors to tenants. yielding 50,000 square feet of space per floor. If you look at the side of the Tower at the ground level, each side is three tubes wide (see a).

At the 50th level, two of the tubes—on the northwest and southeast corners— b end (see b). At the 66th floor, two more tubes—this time on the northeast and southwest corners—end (see c). The remaining five tubes—forming a plus sign with one in the middle and one on each side—stretch together to level 90, where three more tubes end. (see d). The last two reach the 109th floor. This is the floorplate you will experience when you visit the 99th and 103rd floor Skydecks. a The 110th floor is a small penthouse structure housing one of the wash robots that helps keep the outside of the building clean.

8 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com THE TOWER TAKES SHAPE The Sears Tower took roughly three years and $175 million to build. The builders broke ground in August 1970 and set the first section of steel for the bundled tubes in place in June 1971.

Starting with a hole 100 feet deep, builders laid the of 200 circular caissons set into the bedrock. Prefabricated steel in 15-foot by 25-foot sections—called “Christmas trees”—were put into place, rising at a rate of about two floors a week. Four derrick cranes moved higher with each floor to lift the “Christmas trees” into position.

The builders put enough concrete into the building to make an eight-lane highway five miles long. Some 2 million cubic feet of concrete went into the foundation and all of the floor slabs. Special were created to take the concrete mixed on site to heights above.

When it took too much time for workers on the upper floors to go down and eat their meals at ground level, special were created to feed them on two floors part way up. They endured temperatures up to 20 degrees colder at the top than at ground level. Practically the only thing that could stop construction was the wind, which blew so hard at the highest points that the workers could not even stand up, much less move across the beams.

By May 3, 1973, the last beam was put into place. It was signed by 12,000 construction workers, Sears employees and Chicagoans who wanted their names on the world’s tallest building, a title the Sears Tower would hold for 23 years.

She towers so high. — Sears Tower workers singing as they put the last beam in place 9 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com

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Harrison Harrison FROM THE GROUND UP On the Sides and at the Center When you look at the Willis Tower, you notice the A Giant Footprint Is a First Step huge number of . Across the face of the entire building are 16,100 tinted windows and 28 Such a tall building needs a good-sized place to acres of black aluminum panels (with the color sit. How about three acres in downtown Chicago? chosen to hide the city’s dirt). The building glows Fifteen smaller buildings on two city blocks were bronze at certain times of day, depending on how razed for the Tower. And a section of Quincy the sun hits it. Street—bought from the city of Chicago for $2.7 million—was swallowed up. All of the real These windows and panels make up the curtain estate was in Sears’ hands about nine months , or exterior, of the building. At the center of the before ground was broken for construction to bundle of tubes are the elevator banks, washrooms begin in the summer of 1970. and areas on each floor for the plumbing, electrical wires and heating and cooling apparatus. The people working in the offices need the best views. Underneath It All

Supporting the millions of square feet of floor Over Your Head area in the Willis Tower are deep concrete bedrock caissons. Each of the Tower’s nine tubes At the very top of the building are 287-foot extends down three levels where it is connected antennas with airline warning strobe lights that to circular foundation supports anchored in flash 40 times a minute. Visible to pilots over limestone bedrock. The foundation supports are all great distances, the lamps are changed about connected to a huge concrete raft that acts as the every 18 months by a climber who scales the lowest floor. The 30-inch thick concrete antenna towers. New digital antennas were recently wall around the concrete raft keeps the basement installed for Chicago’s major television stations so dry. Even when hundreds of building in they could offer high-definition TV. the flooded with water In the past, the antenna towers also have served as in 1992, the Tower’s basement stayed dry. lightning rods, with grounding cables running from the top down to the ground, where electrical energy Tell Me a Story is safely dissipated. More recently, the antennas have featured a spiked circular lightning deterrent A story, sometimes spelled , is the space system, which prevents static electricity from between one floor and the next. The height of one building up and being discharged as lightning. story at the Willis Tower is 14 feet, but the average height on a typical office floor is about 8 feet, 8 inches. The rest is taken up by mechanicals such as heating, cooling and electrical systems.

The Willis Tower has 110 stories, with the first story being at the Franklin Street plaza level. Three more levels extend 48 feet underground below Franklin. Basement and floor levels usually are not considered to be stories.

10 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com FROM THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SEARS TOWER TO TODAY’S WILLIS TOWER

1886 Richard Sears sells watches by 1994 Aldrich, Eastman, and Waltch become mail order. owners of the Sears Tower.

1887 Sears hires Alvah Roebuck to repair 2000 The 103rd floor Skydeck is renovated. the watches he sells. It now provides not only a great view, but also a fabulous overview 1893 Sears and Roebuck become partners of Chicago’s history. and move to Chicago. 2004 The Tower is purchased by 1906 Sears and Roebuck move to Homan 233 S. LLC, a real estate and Arthington Roads on Chicago’s group formed to buy the building. northwest side, where the first Sears Tower—a water tower—is a 2007 U.S. Equities Realty becomes the neighborhood landmark. building’s exclusive leasing and management company. 1925 Sears and Roebuck open their first retail store there. 2009 All of the Skydeck entry areas are revitalized to bring the city of Chicago 1969 The world’s largest retailer, Sears, to life even before people take the trip Roebuck Co., purchases 3 acres of to the 103rd floor. There are exciting land to create a new headquarters. new interactive exhibits about Chicago favorites, from the museums to sports 1970 Design of Sears Tower is unveiled in (and don’t forget the hot dogs and deep July. Ground is broken for the Sears dish). The 103rd floor Skydeck gets an Tower in August. exciting new feature—The Ledge—that lets you stand 4.3 feet away from the 1971 First steel is erected in June. side of the building on a 1.5-inch glass floor high above Wacker Drive and look 1973 Last steel is put into place in May. below, above, front and side to side. First Sears employees move into the It’s like you are in a bubble floating 103 Tower in September. stories high above the bustle below. The building is named the Willis Tower after the Willis Group, a -based Public areas are renovated. New 1982 global insurance broker. antenna sections are added to make present total Sears Tower height of 1,730 feet.

1988 Sears moves out of the building.

1990 Lobbies and public areas are renovated. The Skydeck pavilion is created.

11 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com

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Harrison Harrison ART AND ARTISTRY AT THE WILLIS TOWER OUR FRONT DOOR OUR INDOOR “UNIVERSE” The public areas of the Willis Tower, redesigned BY ALEXANDER CALDER by Chicago architects DeStefano and Partners in The whole “Universe” is contained in the of the 1980s, draw your attention to the construction the Willis Tower. of the building. Enter from Wacker Drive, and you step down to the The beams and of the tube at the four-story at whose center is “Universe,” Wacker Drive front entrance are clad in lavishly a kinetic sculpture designed by Alexander Calder decorated brushed and polished stainless steel. (1898-1974), a noted American sculptor. Italian marble creates a rich yet neutral backdrop. The elevators are polished so shiny that This massive sculpture features seven elements, they are mirrors. each of which is driven by its own motor at its own speed. In red, yellow, blue and black are three Inset into the large red granite floor tiles are flowers, a spine, a helix, the sun and a pendulum. stainless steel medallions of varying sizes. The medallions are representations of the construction The total composition weighs 16,000 pounds of the building. See for yourself! and stretches 55 feet wide and 33 feet high. It was prefabricated in a foundry in France before In the warm months, planters are filled with being brought to this country for installation in flowering plants both inside the lobby and out. The 1974 in the Willis Tower lobby. Calder, an red granite plaza outside features seasonal outdoor engineering draftsman before he became an seating and is often filled with people enjoying the artist, flipped the switch himself to begin the sunshine, listening to the summer series or movement of the sculpture. picking up fresh produce from the farmers market. In December, an enormous decorated evergreen tree graces the Wacker Drive lobby.

The Skydeck entrance pavilion off of Jackson Boulevard is a light-filled area that beckons to the thousands of visitors who stop by every day. You may even see the 20-foot-high Willis Tower built entirely from LEGO® bricks by our visitors (see page 27 for details).

12 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com OUR CITY WITHIN A CITY THE VERTICAL VILLAGE DOWN UNDER With more than 4.5 million square feet of space, The first lower level of the Willis Tower is where the Willis Tower is a “vertical village.” all of the “stuff”—the mail, the , the equipment, the food for the restaurants, you Imagine a city the size of 78 football fields, including name it—comes into the building. the end zones, and you have an idea of how large the Tower’s space is. The only larger office building Fifteen loading and unloading bays handle all in the world is the Pentagon, the U.S. military’s the bringing material to and from the headquarters just outside , D.C. building. Trucks and delivery vehicles enter from Lower Wacker Drive, which runs underneath More than 25,000 people a day come through the South Wacker Drive, just in front of the building. on their way to work or to visit the Skydeck Some 200 cars can be parked underneath the or one of the many businesses in the building. While building at one time. the Willis Tower is home to many different kinds of businesses, it has been especially attractive to companies in insurance (including the namesake Willis Group), health care, law and accounting.

With hundreds of thousands of pieces of mail coming in each year, the Willis Tower has its own U.S. Post Office. There are numerous restaurants, from a coffee shop to fine dining. You can handle just about all of your day-to-day needs, such as getting breakfast, lunch and dinner, working out, doing your banking, getting a haircut and buying a gift or book or other sundries. And you can visit your doctor, chiropractor, broker or lawyer. All without going outside!

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Harrison Harrison ... Show me another city ... so proud to be alive ... —Carl Sandburg, poet, in “Chicago” 13 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com THE WORLD FROM THE TOP EVERYTHING IS AT YOUR FEET East On a clear day, you can see up to 50 miles from the Look east and feast your eyes on the stunning view top of the Skydeck into four states: , , of one of the world’s largest freshwater lakes, Lake and . Michigan. The land along this truly great lake is home to beautiful parks and cultural attractions, The lake sparkles to the east, and the roads in and including Millennium and Grant parks, the Shedd out of Chicago are filled with travelers. Nightfall Aquarium and the . Due east, brings a different glittering view to the Skydeck, across the water you just might see the shore of and everything seems closer. There’s no better Michigan. view anywhere. Look for:

South »» Center

Peer south and enjoy views of some of Chicago’s »» favorite attractions—from historic to »» the Field Museum and the Museum of Science and Industry. On a clear day, you may even spy the »» smokestacks around the bend of »» Buckingham that mark the industrial city of Gary in neighboring Indiana. »»

Look for: »» Adler Planetarium

»» The Field Museum »» Northerly Island »» Soldier Field North »» McCormick Place To the north, you will see many of the other notable »» Hyde Park skyscrapers that help make up Chicago’s iconic »» The Museum of Science and Industry skyline. You also will see the Chicago River, Zoo and world-famous . Look to the horizon and you will start to see how the city’s growth has bridged the border to blend with the cities of southern Wisconsin.

Look for:

»» Wrigley Field

»»

»»

»» Center

»»

14 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com West HOW MANY DIFFERENT LANGUAGES Looking west, you will see the constant air traffic of DO YOU HEAR? O’Hare and Midway airports. The west side of the The Skydeck draws 1.3 million visitors a year, city is also home to renowned University of Illinois’ many from around the world. Listen as you take the Chicago campus, the , Oprah’s Harpo elevator and walk around the Skydeck. How many and historic Little Italy and Greektown. different languages do you hear being spoken? If But the true highlights of the western view are you’re at the Skydeck on a big tour day, you’ll think the spectacular sunsets and The Ledge with its the United Nations has moved to Chicago. unbelievable views straight down 1,353 feet.

Look for:

»» Midway Airport

»» Little Italy

»» University of Illinois Chicago Pavillion

»» Greektown

»» United Center

»» Harpo Studios

»» O’Hare Airport

15 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com WALKING ON AIR: THE LEDGE The Skydeck’s newest view surrounds you: above, below, to the sides and right in front of you. The Ledge boxes extend 4.3 feet from the Tower itself and stand 1,353 feet above Wacker Drive. Look between your feet and see the people walking below. Look straight down the Chicago River. There is nothing like it anywhere. Exhilarating, exciting and scary—all in one.

The inspiration for The Ledge came from the hundreds of forehead prints visitors left behind on Skydeck windows every week. From the memorable scene in the movie “Ferris Bueller’s Day Off” to curious children going right up to the , visitors are constantly trying to catch a glimpse below. Now they have a unique and unobstructed view of the city.

The Chicago office of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, the building’s original designers, drew up the innovative plans for this architectural and engineering achievement. The Ledge is designed so that the fully enclosed glass boxes rest between conveyer belts. The boxes retract into the building, allowing easy access for cleaning and maintenance.

Experts in international structural glass design, Halcrow Yolles, fully designed and detailed all the glass and steel components. Beginning with the architect’s original concept, the engineers took the design one step further by eliminating all perimeter structural steel at the sides and along the floor of the glass enclosures and creating a near-invisible support system.

MTH Industries, the Chicago-based 120-year- old glass and architectural metal contractor that installed Cloud in Millennium Park, installed The Ledge’s glass panels. Each glass box is comprised of three layers of glass laminated into one seamless unit. The low-iron, clear glass is fully tempered and heat-soaked for durability. In addition, the motorized system that projects and retracts the boxes from the building utilizes steel LinearBeams. The result is both beauty and strength.

16 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com HOW IT ALL WORKS: SAFETY, SYSTEMS AND MAINTENANCE

THE COMMAND CENTER While are unlikely in the Chicago area, the Willis Tower is capable of resisting significant The Willis Tower is fully automated. A command forces. The closely spaced columns center helps the building engineers and security built to withstand high winds also would give the staffers keep watch over the building. A huge bank building great strength in an earthquake. of screens relays images from cameras located in all the public areas of the building. Another set of If there were a power failure, two diesel generators screens monitors all of the systems that keep the would provide emergency power for the elevators building heated and cooled, the water running and and lights. (The building has never experienced the electricity humming. a blackout in its entire history.) There is a public address system throughout the building and Command center staff can tell the temperature of hotlines to both police and fire stations. each floor and the electricity being used as well as which elevators are in use and where they’re going. Even the sidewalks are heated to keep snow All of the images and data are recorded. and ice from building up and posing a hazard to passersby and people heading into the building. Office workers who want the temperature a little cooler or a little warmer can just call the command center for assistance. PEOPLE AND PLACES Keeping a building of this size running smoothly SAFETY AT THE WILLIS TOWER takes a lot of machinery and an army of people working around the clock. Safety is top priority at the Willis Tower. Every system has been designed for the safety of the The building employs a platoon of security people who work in and visit the building. guards, 99 full-time housekeepers, 28 maintenance engineers, six electricians, six Security personnel are on duty 24 hours a day, technicians, five elevator technicians, three monitoring the building in the command center and carpenters and a locksmith. Contractors also patrolling the public areas. Guards are posted at are used for special jobs. the loading docks, the public areas, the Skydeck and throughout the building. Each floor has some and equipment, but the major pieces are housed in “physical The Willis Tower was the first building to have plants” on seven floors. These floors feature automatic sprinklers covering every square foot electrical substations, water- and air-handling of space. In addition, all of the steel is fireproofed. equipment and elevator motors. In addition, some Advanced smoke detectors on every floor can of these floors feature cross bracing for the tubes. pinpoint the source of any smoke and alert a You will notice some of these floors from the computer in the command center that activates outside, as some of them have (or the exhaust system for that area and reduces the slotted covers) instead of windows. flow of air that might fuel a fire. There also are fire pumping stations at many levels and four stairwells for use in case of fire.

17 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com ELECTRICITY, PLUMBING ALL THE UPS AND DOWNS AND PHONE SERVICE One-hundred-and-four elevators carry people The power for the Willis Tower comes through and freight up and down the Willis Tower. a 13,200-volt substation. Some 2,000 miles of Fourteen double-deck units carry passengers cable—enough to reach from Chicago to Los nonstop to the 33rd-34th floor or the 66th-67th Angeles—carry enough electricity throughout the floor sky lobbies, which are transfer points for the building to serve a town of about 35,000 people. single-deck elevators. These single-deck elevators Eight o’clock means lights out for the building, travel a maximum of eight floors so that riders s Adam except where tenants are still working and the P Sears don’t have to wait while an elevator stops at Quincy r owe T ea cleaning crews are doing their jobs. Skydeck n Jackso Entrance dozens of places.

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The phones required 43,000 miles of telephone When you’re riding an elevator, just about the last cable, enough to circle the globe one and three- thing you’re thinking about is the wind outside. At quarters times. the Willis Tower, a wind of 60 miles per hour can make the top of the building sway a little; it was designed to sway about 6 inches. While you would not even notice that, the small amount of sway could jam an elevator. To accommodate the sway, the speed of the longest elevators is reduced.

Six freight elevators also serve the building. And 14 escalators help people reach the lower mezzanine levels and floors and the two-story sky lobbies.

18 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com KEEPING COOL AND STAYING WARM WASHING THE OUTSIDE Each day heat builds up inside the skin of the Six automatic window robots clean the outside of Willis Tower. Sunlight pours in the windows the building eight times a year. (despite their tinting); computers and other This system, unique to the Willis Tower, uses electrical equipment generate heat; and all machines on tracks on the outside of the building. those warm people help push the temperature up. Moving down in its track, each cleans A sophisticated air-handling system cools, about 45 feet a minute, first spraying the building filters and circulates air throughout the building. with water and detergent, then brushing the The air comes in and out of each floor through windows and aluminum panels to remove the ceiling vents. dirt, and finally vacuuming up the dirty water. The machine then cleans and filters the water Sometimes heat is needed on the shady side of the to repeat the process on another stretch of wall. building. Or perimeter heating is needed all over on cold winter days. At the direction of the command The 5,000-pound wash robots are located in center, air can be filtered and exchanged between roundhouses on rails on the roof setbacks when the warm and cool areas of the building or electric they are not moving down the sides of the building. boilers can supply heat throughout the offices on Two are at level 50, two at level 66, one at level 90 the perimeter. and one in the penthouse at level 110. Each has to clean a face of the building clear down to just On the main are enormous above street level. . These large refrigerator units cool water to chill the air and pump it to major physical plant The all-glass enclosures that make up The Ledges areas throughout the building, where it is then on the 103rd floor were built to retract into the circulated to each floor. Four large cooling towers building so the cleaning robots can do their job. three stories high on the 106th-109th levels take You can see the rails when you look back at the water already used by the chillers and cool it down side of the building while standing on The Ledge. using fans as the water runs down the inside of Down on the ground, a special small-scale “street each tower. The work of the chillers and cooling sweeper” machine is used to clean the plaza areas. towers is monitored by the command center.

19 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com ENVIRONMENTAL EFFORTS AT THE WILLIS TOWER REDUCING, REUSING AND RECYCLING The Tower began its recycling program in June 1993 by recycling 241 tons of paper. Who knew that the true color of the Willis Tower Today the building recycles 445 tons a year— was green? The Willis Tower not only is an enough to save more than 3,500 trees annually. innovator in promoting green practices among its Some 12 tons of office electronics, such as tenants, but also stands as a leader among tall computers and printers, are recycled each year. buildings in increasing energy and water efficiency and reducing waste. Being a green leader is not just about making the planet safe—it’s about caring for the people in Over the past 20 years, the Tower has reduced the building. The Willis Tower implemented green annual electricity consumption by 34 percent by cleaning programs to reduce the use of harsh installing enhanced systems and controls chemicals. The building offers incentives for people and adopting special conservation practices. to ride their bikes to work, such as providing The building saves 10 million gallons of water, shower and changing facilities and indoor bike or the equivalent of 156,448 bathtubs full, each parking. Tenants who drive hybrid vehicles may year by relying on reduced water-flow fixtures. park at a reduced fee. If people have an off-site These successes are spurring the building to look meeting or just want to take a spin up to into certification as a LEED (Leader in Energy Millennium Park, they can hop on loaner bikes and Environmental Design) building and explore provided by the building during biking season. renewable energy resources, such as and wind power. One day there might be “green roofs” Ongoing education of all the people in the building covered with vegetation (the tallest green roof in has contributed to the success of the recycling and the nation, anyone?) to conserve energy. source reduction program at the Willis Tower. Each different kind of business in the Willis Tower tailors the program to meet its needs.

The maintenance crew collects trash and The shrinking carbon footprint recyclables daily, emptying the trash into The Willis Tower has reduced its carbon compactors on the lower level and sorting emissions by 51 million pounds a year since recyclables into special bins for carting 1987. That’s the equivalent of planting away to be recycled. 4.4 million trees or taking 4.418 cars off the road each year.

20 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com HOW THE WILLIS TOWER WHAT’S THROWN AWAY AT THE REDUCES WASTE WILLIS TOWER

»» Using reduced-flow faucets and »» Food products water fixtures »» Food containers, utensils and wrappers »» Using long-life, energy-efficient light » Any waste paper contaminated by bulbs and electrical fixtures with timers » food or liquid and controls

»» Double-sided copying »» Reusing laser printer and copier toner A NEW KIND OF HEAT EXCHANGE cartridges The Willis Tower has a unique heat-salvage system »» Sending email rather than printed memos that takes heat from the electrical transformers in »» Replacing disposable with reusable items the basement levels and uses it to heat water for (such as coffee mugs for foam cups) the rest of the Tower. This “by-product” heat is enough to create hot water for the equivalent of »» Using renewable, refillable or returnable 1,000 . This exchange saves energy. containers »» Donating or recycling surplus office OUR FINE FEATHERED HUNTERS materials Finding a hunting perch at the Willis Tower are the peregrine falcons introduced to the city many years ago to control the pigeon population.

While the birds make their nests at lower levels WHAT’S RECYCLED AT THE on other nearby buildings, they rely on the Willis WILLIS TOWER Tower to look for prey. They sit up at the 66th and 90th levels, which are set back from the rest of the »» Paper building, to hunt. Upon spotting their prey, they will swoop down, catch it and bring it back up to »» Cardboard and chipboard the same spot to eat it. Sometimes the falcons will »» Aluminum hover on the updrafts along the building, seemingly making no effort to stay afloat many stories above »» Plastic (#1 PET and #2 HDPE) the street. »» Glass

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Harrison Harrison Look for the Willis Tower as you drive closer to Chicago. How far away are you when you first spot the Tower? Ask the bus driver to clock the distance and have your students use roadway mile signs to estimate. CALCULATE THIS: HOW MANY “YOUs” WOULD HAVE TO BE STACKED HEAD TO TOE TO EQUAL On a clear day, the airline safety strobe lights on THE HEIGHT OF THE WILLIS TOWER? top of the Tower can be seen from as far away as Milwaukee, Wisc., Joliet, Ill., and Michigan City, The Willis Tower is 1,450 feet (442 meters) to the Ind. We’ve also been told that the antenna towers roof. How many of you could stand head to toe can be seen from Holland, Mich. The lights atop next to the Tower and touch the roof? the antenna towers are focused on the horizon, so they are not as easy to see on the ground as they are from the air. The lights blink 40 times a minute, ART AND ARTISTRY AT THE shining 200,000 candelas during the day and 1,000 WILLIS TOWER candelas at night.

Try the same activity on your way home. DISCUSS THIS: WHAT DO THE SHAPES MEAN? Take your students to look at “Universe.” Let them DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING it a while before you ask any questions. Have them look away when they tell you what is THE WILLIS TOWER most memorable about it. Does it make them feel anything in particular? What do the shapes mean ROLE-PLAY THIS: WHAT PROBLEMS MUST YOU to them? Why might Calder have chosen them? SOLVE TO BUILD A TOWER THIS HIGH? What does “universe” mean here? Why might he have chosen the colors he did? Why do they think Ask your students to assume the role of architects the sculpture is here in the midst of a busy office and engineers given the assignment of creating the building? What kind of music, if any, seems to fit world’s tallest building, which the Willis Tower was this sculpture? when it was built as the Sears Tower. What would they have to consider? What DESIGN THIS: MAKE YOUR OWN “UNIVERSE” questions would they ask the Sears, Roebuck Co.? What problems would they have to solve? When you’re back in the classroom, have your What challenges might they face 10 years after students make mobiles of their own, using the construction? shapes Calder used or ones of their design. Required materials would be fishing line or thin You could role-play this question, with several string, a hole punch, scissors, construction students acting as the Sears executives and others paper and items to serve as supports for holding playing the role of the architects and engineers. the dangling shapes (such as hangers, dowels, Students could use blocks, building bricks or the chop sticks or twigs). What would they call computer to “construct” their creations. their masterpieces?

22 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com OUR CITY WITHIN A CITY PICTURE THIS: TRY COLLABORATIVE PHOTOGRAPHY TO CREATE A PANORAMIC VIEW

CONSIDER THIS: WHAT BUSINESSES WOULD Have your students take digital photos of the YOU INCLUDE IN THE WILLIS TOWER? scenery, either using a regular digital camera or a cell phone camera, overlapping the photos to Ask your students what businesses they would like create a customized wide view of the city. Each to see at the Willis Tower. Check the businesses in student could be responsible for a portion. When the concourse and lower levels (just around either you get back to school, you can overlap them using corner from the Skydeck lobby). photo software or by printing them out and taping What’s the “city within a city” missing, if anything? them over each other on the wall. Email the finished Where should your students’ businesses be product to us, and it may be selected as the Photo located? Who would their customers be? If you’re of the Day for display on our Skydeck monitors. not from Chicago, would those same businesses fit in your hometown? Why or why not? DISCUSS THIS: WHAT WOULD Ask them to draw their business operations and IT BE LIKE TO “FLY BLIND?” describe them. At your school, you could create Head up to the Skydeck when visibility is low to a bulletin board with their businesses located on give students an idea of what it must be like to the floors they choose. The computer game, Sim be pilots who “fly blind” with only instruments to Tower, lets them choose businesses for their Tower guide them. How would they feel doing this? What (see page 33 for details). are the clues that your students can find to orient themselves? How could compasses help? What THE WORLD FROM THE TOP other information would they need to fly safely?

DARE THIS: WALK OUT ON THE LEDGE

Ask your students to describe in one word how they would feel being in a clear bubble high atop the city looking at the ground 1,353 feet below them. If you do this ahead of time, have them write it down. Once you’re in the Skydeck, recruit volunteers to walk out on The Ledge and give a different one-word answer. What changed? Who can come up with the best word to describe the experience? You also can ask them to write paragraph or short poem about what they felt being out there.

23 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com TRY THIS: CREATE YOUR OWN SOUVENIR ENVIRONMENTAL EFFORTS Create your own souvenir of the Willis Tower by AT THE WILLIS TOWER doing a “rubbing” of the steel medallions in the first floor lobbies. The medallions are inlaid in the TRY THIS: HELP THE ENVIRONMENT granite floors. AT YOUR SCHOOL

Can your students tell what the design represents? If you don’t already have a program to recycle Use a crayon or the side of a soft pencil on paper and help cut down on waste in your school, placed over the design. Rub lightly and you will your students can start one. Call your local have the design to take home with you. town or city government and ask what programs are already in place in your community. HOW IT ALL WORKS: See how your school can fit in. SAFETY, SYSTEMS AND MAINTENANCE Start with a brainstorm among your students. Ask them to name something they can do that FIGURE THIS: HOW LONG corresponds to each letter of the alphabet (A is for IS YOUR ELEVATOR RIDE? recycling aluminum cans, B is for avoiding bottled water in favor of drinking tap water....). Make The Willis Skydeck elevators travel 1,800 feet “reduce, reuse, recycle” the first thing they see in per minute. You get on the elevator on the second the morning—and keep it top of mind during the lower level, which is 28 feet below the ground floor day. Your students can urge their friends to bring from which the height of the building is measured. their lunch to school in reusable containers. Your The observation deck is 1,353 feet high. How art projects could involve scrap materials used in many feet did you travel? And how long was new ways. You can even have the class calculate your elevator ride? Time your trips. Were the and trade representative carbon credits for walking, times what you predicted? riding a bike, taking a bus or driving to school. This list is endless.

A source of helpful information in the Chicago area is Keep Chicago Beautiful, Inc. (KCB), which offers seminars for teachers on solid waste management and recycling and programs for children and community groups. For information, call (312) 984-0448 or visit the Web site: http://www.kcb.org.

24 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com YOU AND THE VIEW FIND THIS OUTSIDE: LANDMARKS TO LOCATE BY DAY Check off each landmark as you find it and circle the direction in which you were looking (N =North, E = East, S= South and W = West).

 Two parks named after presidents  Four museums n E S W n E S W n E S W n E S W n E S W  Another work of art by Alexander Calder n E S W n E S W  A lighthouse near Navy Pier  Two train stations n E S W n E S W  Two churches n E S W n E S W n E S W  A theater that’s a curly ribbon of metal in millennium Park n E S W  Concert venue where an airport once stood n E S W  A high-altitude statue of the “Goddess of Grain”  Twin circular buildings n E S W n E S W

 Four sports arenas  Two buildings with unusual shapes on top n E S W (circle, diamond, triangle, etc.) n E S W n E S W n E S W n E S W n E S W  Inmates playing ball or exercising on a prison rooftop  A newcomer to the skyline named after donald Trump n E S W n E S W  Your favorite building from on high n E S W

25 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com YOU AND THE VIEW FIND THIS OUTSIDE: LANDMARKS TO LOCATE BY NIGHT Check off each landmark as you find it and circle the direction in which you were looking (N =North, E = East, S= South and W = West).

 The baseball fields of University of Illinois  Merchandise Mart at Chicago n E S W n E S W  United Center  A red buoy light n E S W n E S W  McCormick Place  The n E S W n E S W  A building with lighted -like “”  The Water Tower, which survived the n E S W Chicago fire (Hint: it’s not labeled on your map but you can see it near the Hancock Center!)  The building that looks like ’s n E S W () n E S W  The traffic cloverleaf (“spaghetti bowl”) that connects Chicago’s Dan Ryan and Kennedy expressways n E S W

26 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com I SPY ON HIGH (For younger children.) Find these famous landmarks.

 Soldier Field, where the play

 Millennium Park, with a curly metal theater

 The Water Tower, which survived the

 The United Center, where the play

 The Field Museum, where Sue the dinosaur rules

 The Chicago River, with boats floating up and down

 Midway Airport, with planes flying in and out

 The Hancock Building, with its famous X-marks on the sides

 U.S. Cellular Field, where the play

27 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com INDOOR SCAVENGER HUNT: LOOK, LISTEN AND INTERACT!

Enjoy the museum of Chicago today in the Skydeck entry area. Can you answer these questions in your indoor scavenger hunt??

 1. Who signed the football on the wall?  7. How long are the artificial vines that the ______Lincoln Park Zoo’s great apes enjoy? ____ feet

2. How many photos do you see of basketball   8. Find an overhead shot of a ship on a beach. great ? ____ bonus: What’s his jersey number? ____  9. How many meters high is the ? ____ meters  3. Find at least two Tyrannosaurus Rex dinosaurs (Hint: There are three)  10. Find the world’s biggest 103! then climb on it.  4. Who said, “Less is more?” ______ 11. How many languages are spoken in the Skydeck on an average day? ____  5. How many films have have been made in Chicago? ____  12. Find something delicious to eat that’s topped with gooey cheese.  6. Find Cloudgate, the shiny “bean” sculpture in Millennium Park. (Hint: There are two images)

28 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com “COME RAIN OR COME SHINE” the highest roof? Or the height from the sidewalk FIELD TRIP PLANS to the highest tip (either a spire or an antenna)? These questions have been debated by the Council Here are three great trips for you and your on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat: http://www. students. Even if visibility at the Skydeck is ctbuh.org/HighRiseInfo/TallestDatabase/Criteria/ down to zero, there’s still plenty to do at the tabid/446/language/en-US/Default.aspx. What do Nation’s Tallest School. your students think? You also can do role-playing about the design and START EVERY TRIP THIS WAY construction of the Willis Tower. Your students might use wooden blocks or plastic building bricks Focus your students on the trip by allowing them to (or the computer) to create their own designs. choose (as individuals, pairs or teams) the names of Chicago landmarks. Depending on the grade and capabilities of your class, ask them to do research ON THE DAY OF YOUR TRIP, YOU CAN: on the history and stats of the buildings and what the buildings are used for today. Perhaps they can »» Find the Willis Tower antennas on your build “their” buildings out of paper, cardboard, way into town. sugar cubes or found objects from nature, such »» Use the map to locate the appropriate parking as seeds, stones, twigs, etc. Get inspiration for spot and come in the Skydeck entrance off of re-creating Chicago in found natural objects by Jackson Boulevard. looking at photos of the Chicago Botanic Garden’s Wonderland Express that operates during the »» Be sure to check out the model of the Willis holiday season: http://www.chicagobotanic.org/ Tower in the lobby by LEGO® Architecture wonderland/about.php. artist Adam Reed Tucker. He led teams of Skydeck visitors in building the 20-foot replica They’ll be more engaged in your trip if they have a out of 50,000 LEGO® bricks over two days in building they “own” as you all look out on the city September 2008. from the Skydeck. They can photograph “their” building from there. Once you’re back in school »» Go down to lower level 2 to engage with our rich after your trip, they can present their buildings interactive exhibits on Chicago’s sports, arts, to each other and you can re-create the city with music, pop culture, architecture, world-class everyone’s photos. attractions and people. »» Enjoy the nine-minute presentation of SUNNY DAY TRIP “Reaching for the Skies” in the theater. Supplies you will need: paper, crayons or pencils, »» Go up our high-speed elevators to the and enough copies of the “Find This Outside: Skydeck, passing the heights of the world’s Landmarks to Locate by Day” for each student or tallest structures along the way in a brand-new team of students (print this before you leave). educational presentation.

Prepare your students before your trip with a »» Enjoy the tremendous view. discussion about how to determine the tallest »» Take turns stepping out on The Ledge (noting buildings in the world. Should a building be judged what you see all around you and how you feel!) by the number of occupied floors? The height of the “architectural top,” including but not »» Create your class’s custom panoramic photo. communication antennas? The height to the top of

Make big plans. Aim high in hope and work. —, architect and planner of Chicago 29 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com »» Find the landmarks on the list or play ON THE DAY OF YOUR TRIP, YOU CAN: “I Spy on High.” »» Find the Willis Tower on your way into town. »» Go down the elevators (timing how fast the ride is, if you want). »» Use the map to locate the appropriate parking spot and come in the Skydeck entrance off of »» Go out of the Skydeck pavilion and turn Jackson Boulevard. right to go around to the front entrance of the Willis Tower. »» Be sure to check out the model of the Willis Tower in the lobby by LEGO® Architecture »» Enter and note the construction of the building artist Adam Reed Tucker. He led teams of and see and talk about Calder’s “Universe.” Skydeck visitors in building the 20-foot replica out of 50,000 LEGO® bricks over two days in »» Head back to your school and have your students write back to us about their visit. September 2008. Email us your photos for possible display as »» Go down to lower level 2 to engage with our Photo of the Day on Skydeck monitors. rich interactive exhibits on Chicago’s sports, arts, music, pop culture, architecture, world- CLEAR EVENING TRIP class attractions and people. Supplies you will need: paper, crayons or pencils, »» Enjoy the nine-minute presentation of and enough copies of the “Find This Outside: “Reaching for the Skies” in the theater. Landmarks to Locate by Night” for each student »» Go up our high-speed elevators to the or team of students (print this before you leave). Skydeck, passing the heights of the world’s As you would for a daytime trip, prepare your tallest structures along the way in a brand-new students before your trip with a discussion about educational presentation. how to determine the tallest buildings in the world. »» Enjoy the tremendous night-time view. Should a building be judged by the number of occupied floors? The height of the “architectural »» Take turns stepping out on The Ledge (noting top,” including spires but not communication what you see all around you and how you feel!) antennas? The height to the top of the highest »» Create your class’s custom panoramic photo. roof? Or the height from the sidewalk to the highest tip (either a spire or an antenna)? These »» Find the landmarks on the list or play questions have been debated by the Council on Tall “I Spy on High.” Buildings and Urban Habitat: http://www.ctbuh.org/ HighRiseInfo/TallestDatabase/Criteria/tabid/446/ »» Go down the elevators (timing how fast the ride language/en-US/Default.aspx. What do your is, if you want). students think? »» Go out of the Skydeck pavilion and turn You also can do role-playing about the design right to go around to the front entrance of the and construction of the Willis Tower. Your students Willis Tower. might use wooden blocks or plastic building bricks »» Enter and note the construction of the building (or the computer) to create their own designs. and see and talk about Calder’s “Universe.”

»» Head back to your school and have your students write back to us about their visit. Email us your photos for possible display as Photo of the Day on Skydeck monitors.

30 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com RAINY DAY/RAINY EVENING TRIP »» Enjoy the nine-minute presentation of “Reaching for the Skies” in the theater. Supplies you will need: paper, crayons or pencils, and enough copies of the “Indoor Scavenger Hunt: »» Go up our high-speed elevators to the Look, Listen And Interact!” for each student or Skydeck, passing the heights of the world’s team of students (print this before you leave). tallest structures along the way in a brand-new educational presentation. Prepare your students before your trip with a discussion about how to determine the tallest »» See if Mother Nature will let you see the tops of buildings in the world. Should a building be judged the , John Hancock Center and any by the number of occupied floors? The height of others breaking through the clouds. the “architectural top,” including spires but not »» Talk about what it would be like to be an airplane communication antennas? The height to the top of pilot in zero visibility. the highest roof? Or the height from the sidewalk to the highest tip (either a spire or an antenna)? »» Take turns stepping out on The Ledge These questions have been debated by the Council (and seeing how you feel!). You might even try on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat: http://www. a “superhero moment” by lying face down on ctbuh.org/HighRiseInfo/TallestDatabase/Criteria/ the floor of The Ledge. It’s as if you are flying tabid/446/language/en-US/Default.aspx. What do through the sky! your students think? »» Go down the elevators (timing how fast the ride You also can do role-playing about the design and is, if you want). construction of the Willis Tower. Your students »» Go out the Skydeck pavilion and turn right to go might use wooden blocks or plastic building bricks around to the front entrance of the Willis Tower. (or the computer) to create their own designs. »» Enter and note the construction of the building ON THE DAY OF YOUR TRIP, YOU CAN: and see and talk about Calder’s “Universe.” »» Talk about the businesses in the Tower and what »» Find the Willis Tower on your way into town. your students would add. It may be shrouded in clouds! »» Head back to your school and have your »» Use the map to locate the appropriate parking students write back to us about their visit. spot and come in the Skydeck entrance off of Email us any photos for possible display as Jackson Boulevard. Photo of the Day on Skydeck monitors. »» Be sure to check out the model of the Willis Tower in the lobby by LEGO® Architecture artist Adam Reed Tucker. He led teams of Skydeck visitors in building the 20-foot replica out of 50,000 LEGO® bricks over two days in September 2008.

»» Go down to lower level 2 to engage with our rich interactive exhibits on Chicago’s sports, arts, music, pop culture, architecture, world-class attractions and people.

»» Start the “Indoor Scavenger Hunt: Look, Listen And Interact!”

31 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com FOR MORE INFORMATION: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following resources are available through Giblin, James Cross. The Skyscraper Book. New public libraries or online. Some also may be York: Thomas Y. Crowell Junior Books, 1981. purchased through Skydeck stores. Please call Book for older elementary and middle-school for availability: 1-(312) 993-3716. students on the development of skyscrapers. Offers interesting anecdotes about what inspired early developers. Includes “Fabulous Facts” about BOOKS skyscrapers and architectural terms. Excellent Adams, Robert. Buildings: How They Work. bibliography. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.,1995. Goldberg, Paul. The Skyscraper. New York: Offers an overview of building through the ages Alfred Knopf, 1981. An adult-reading-level book and the that has changed where that comments on the “greatest of American people live and work. building forms, the skyscraper.” Compares New Bennett, David. Skyscrapers, Form & Function. York and Chicago rivalry in designs and forms of New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. A glossy, skyscrapers. Abundant in photos and illustrations. beautifully photographed, oversized book geared to Huxtable, Ada Louise. The Tall Building Artistically adults and older students. Includes a 24-hour diary Reconsidered: The Search for a Skyscraper Style. of life at the Sears Tower and large foldout of the New York: Pantheon Books, 1982. A discussion building. Covers the development of skyscrapers of skyscrapers as products of art, business, and over the years. Includes an excellent bibliography politics in the past and the future. For adults or of sources for advanced students. sophisticated students. Curlee, Lynn. Skyscraper. New York: Atheneum Ingoglia, Gina. The Big Book of Real Skyscrapers. Books for Young Readers, Simon & Shuster, 2007. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1989. Illustrated Gorgeous illustrations propel the older student children’s book on the history, structure and along. It closes with illustrations of the “Tribute of building of skyscrapers. Includes an excellent Light” marking the Twin Towers of the World Trade glossary. Center and the Freedom Tower that will stand in their place. “To build well is an act of peace,” Macaulay, David. Unbuilding. Boston: Houghton architect Kevin Roche is quoted as saying at the Mifflin Co., 1980. A fantasy dismantling of the book’s conclusion. Empire State Building, revealing how it is made. With wonderful detailed illustrations. Doherty, Craig A., and Doherty, Katherine M. The Sears Tower. Woodbridge, CT: Blackbirch Press, Macaulay, David. Building Big. Boston: Houghton Inc., 1995. Children’s book on the history of the Mifflin Co., 2000. Companion to the video originally Sears Tower and how it was designed and built. shown on PBS. Illustrated in fine detail for all ages, Includes glossary, chronology, and suggestions for showing skyscrapers as a building marvel. further reading and full library source notes. Masengarb, Jennifer, and Kinsner, Jean. Gibbons, Gail. Up Goes the Skyscraper! New York: Schoolyards to Skylines: Teaching with Chicago’s Macmillan Publishing Co., 1986. A very simple and Amazing Architecture. Chicago: Chicago clear illustrated children’s book about the building Architecture Foundation: 2002. This 500-page of a skyscraper. Key words are in boldface. loose-leaf-bound resource books offers a K-8 Older children might like it for its clarity about curriculum aligned to Illinois State Goals and the building process. Chicago Academic Standards and adaptable nationwide. Uses architecture as a way to teach social sciences, science, mathematics, language arts, and fine arts.

32 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com Nash, Paul. Super Structures. Ada, OK: Garrett The Learning Channel. Super Structures of the Educational Corporation, 1989. A children’s book World: Skyscrapers. Farmington Hills, MI. Asks if that considers the Sears Tower among other tall or Frank Lloyd Wright’s idea of building a mile-high large world structures, such as the Great Temple building today might not be the “futuristic folly” it of Abu Simbel, the Sydney Opera and the was in his time. Color photos. Includes a chapter Great Buddha of Nara. Photographs with short on the World Trade Center and the attacks on descriptions. Sept. 11, 2001.

Peet, Creighton. The First Book of Skyscrapers. Wilson, Forrest. Architecture: A Book of Projects New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1964. Children’s for Young Adults. New York: Van Nostrand book with photos. Dated, but offers a thorough Reinhold Co., 1968. Offers 33 projects for older look at the basics of building a huge structure. students to build to test ways of designing and building structures. Illustrated. Pridmore, Jay. Sears Tower, A Building Book from the Chicago Architectural Foundation. Rohnert Younker, Richard. On Site: The Construction of a Park, CA: Pomegranate Communications, Inc., High-Rise. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1980. 2002. Devotes its 64 pages to our favorite building, Covers construction of tall buildings at six different calling it “the spiritual center of twentieth-century Chicago sites. Photographs show roles of workers American architecture.” Perfect for older students and sequence of events. Lots of detail about how interested in the art and science of the building. teamwork produces a building.

Pridmore, Jay, and Larson, George A. Chicago Architecture and Design. New York. Harry N. VIDEOS ON DVD/VHS Abrams, Inc., 2005. Provides an overview of Building Big with David Macaulay: Skyscrapers. Chicago architecture for teachers and other adults. Boston: WGBH Science Unit and Production Beautiful photos. Group, Inc., 2000. (DVD/VHS.) An engaging tour Roza, Greg. A Kid’s Guide to Incredible of world’s tallest buildings, from Gothic cathedrals Technology, The Incredible Story of Skyscrapers. to the Eiffel Tower to the Empire State Building to New York: PowerKids Press, 2004. Offers good and more. David Macaulay, the basic information with lots of facts and figures author of The Way Things Work, gives this video and a glossary. Directs the reader to up-to-date its sparkle. Suitable for later elementary grades. links online. Comes with an activity guide for making a paper skyscraper with two sheets of newspaper. Check Severance, John B. Skyscrapers: How America out the companion book mentioned in this guide as Grew Up. New York: Holiday House, 2000. Starts well as this Web site with activities: http://www.pbs. by noting the Great Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt org/wgbh/buildingbig/skyscraper/ could have been the first skyscraper with its height of 50 stories. Provides great storytelling about How Do They Build Skyscrapers? Popular innovation in building for middle-graders. Mechanics for Kids, Hearst Corp. Troy, MI: Anchor Entertainment, 1996. (VHS only.) A good Terranova, Antonino. Skyscrapers. Vercelli, Italy: overview of building a “baby skyscraper” of 20 Barnes & Noble Books with arrangement with stories. Features “Pop,” a workman character in White Star, 2003. Oversized, emphasizing stunning all of the Popular Mechanics videos talking with a architectural photography. Provides a world tour for preadolescent boy. Good for elementary to middle- older students and adults. school students. Your students’ favorite sequences will be the buildings being blown up at the end.

33 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com Skyscraper. The History Channel. New York: A&E http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower Television Networks, 2006. (DVD.) Explores the use Offers a wealth of up-to-date information including of the following tools used to create skyscrapers: facts, history, future plans and other tidbits on the the foundation drill rig, the tower crane, the Willis Tower. impact wrench, the power trowel and the total http://us.factory.lego.com/gallery/ station. Looks at construction of Chicago’s Trump buildinginstructions/Sears%20Tower.aspx International Hotel and Tower, among others. Provides step-by-step instructions on how to Modern Marvels: The Sears Tower. The History construct the Willis Tower using LEGO® bricks. Channel. New York: A&E Television Networks, (Note: LEGO® also makes a Sears Tower model kit 2007. (DVD.) Explores the history of the building as part of its Architecture series. It was designed from its conception in the late 1960s through its by LEGO® Architecture artist Adam Reed Tucker construction and the various changes it has seen who also built the 20-foot replica in the Willis Tower throughout the years. Offers facts and interviews lobby. You can purchase it in the Skydeck stores or with original architects and engineers as well as by visiting the Skydeck merchandise section of the current staff. Skydeck Web site at http://www.theskydeck.com.)

http://www.searstower.org/articles.html ONLINE RESOURCES Features news clippings from throughout the building’s history. Skydeck Chicago Chicago Architecture http://www.theskydeck.com/ http://www.architecture.org/ Be sure to check out our pages on Facebook.com http://www.architecture.org/schoolyards.html and MySpace.com. And you can follow us The Chicago Architecture Foundation’s Web site on Twitter by going to twitter.com. offers information on architectural tours around the city, lectures, exhibitions, symposiums and other Willis Tower/Sears Tower programs and events. Provides dozens of links to other architecture-related sites. View sample http://www.som.com/content.cfm/sears_tower lessons from its Schoolyards to Skylines teacher This page on the Web site of Skidmore, Owings & resource guide (covered above in the book section). Merrill, LLP, the architecture firm that designed the Sears Tower, offers key facts, awards received and http://www.chicagoarchitecture.info a small image gallery. Provides information and photographs of roughly 1,000 buildings around Chicago. Each building’s http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/skydeck/ page offers a place where visitors can leave http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/willistower/ comments and rate the buildings. The site also http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/searstower/ features an interactive map populated with the Searching flickr, a free, public photo sharing location of each building in the database. service, for images tagged with “skydeck,” “willistower” or “searstower” yields thousands http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=1,53 of photos uploaded by different users. This is a WTTW’s televised documentary tour of our great way to view the building from many different city’s magnifiicent lakefront is called perspectives, locations and times of day. “Chicago’s Lakefront.” Watch the videos by Geoffrey Baer online.

34 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/Tours/Tours.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_ Features virtual tours of many Chicago historic buildings_and_structures_in_the_world landmarks including tall buildings, residential Provides lists of the world’s tallest structures. structures, parks, etc. Also offers historic image http://www.emporis.com/en/ galleries of the buildings cited. Provides an extensive searchable database of http://www.chicagoarchitecturetoday.com/ buildings around the world. buildingdirectory.htm http://www.GreatBuildings.com/gbc.html Offers a pictorial directory of Chicago’s buildings, Provides a searchable database of buildings. links to articles about architecture around the city, an extensive glossary of architecture terms and more. SOFTWARE http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/ LEGO® provides a free software program called Encyclopedia of Chicago, supported by the LEGO® Digital Designer that allows you to build 3D , the Newberry Library models using virtual LEGO® bricks. It is a simple and Northwestern University, offers historical program and is easy to use. After a model is built, photos of Chicago and its architecture. you can order the bricks directly from LEGO® as a kit to build in real life. You can also share http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_ your model online with other users. Find more Chicago information and a link to download here: Provides a brief history of architecture around http://ldd.lego.com/ Chicago as well as a timeline and links to notable buildings Have your students try SimTower. This computer game, first created by Maxis in 1995 and now Tall Buildings available free online (just do an online search for it) allows your students to create mixed-use tall http://skyscraperpage.com/ buildings, solving many of the problems that real Features information and detailed diagrams and designers and building managers do. The program illustrations comparing skyscrapers and their prompts designers to add features, such as a respective cities. recycling program and restaurants. They also might try the somewhat more challenging Yoot Tower http://www.skyscrapernews.com/ published by Sega in 1999. Students can choose Regularly publishes news stories on tall buildings and name their businesses. Again, search for a free around the world. download online. http://www.moma.org/interactives/ exhibitions/2004/tallbuildings/ Though a few years old, this microsite presents relevant information on design issues that architects and engineers must take into account when designing super-tall structures. http://www.ctbuh.org/ The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat maintains databases of the world’s tallest buildings, including images, presentations, videos and audio. This group sets the criteria for defining and measuring tall structures.

35 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com MORE ABOUT YOUR TRIP GETTING HERE MEALS AND SNACKS It’s easy to find us at 233 South Wacker Drive in Your group may arrange for meals on weekdays Chicago. Just visit the directions page of our Web or for seating for brown bag lunches or snacks by site: http://www.theskydeck.com/directions.asp. calling (312) 875-9447. We have a new lunchroom with plenty of tables and seating. LOCAL MAP/BUS AND Food is not permitted in the Skydeck areas. AUTOMOBILE PARKING Buses may unload and load on South Wacker NUMBERS TO KNOW Drive in front of the building, with main bus parking For school group reservations, call group sales on Franklin Street between Van Buren Street and during regular business hours at 1-877-SKY-DECK Congress Parkway, with additional spots between (759-3325) or (312) 875-9447 or email Congress and Harrison. [email protected]. Special rates are available Self-parking for the Skydeck is at Tower Self Park, for groups of 20 or more. You will need to present 211 West Adams Street. Please enter on Adams, your tax-exemption certificate. Franklin or Wells. For more information, call (312) 782-5570. HOURS The Skydeck is open seven days a week, 365 days a year. Adams Sears Adams ea Tower P From October through March, the Skydeck is open Quincy Quincy Skydeck from 10 a.m. until 8 p.m., with the last ticket being Entrance

Bus Loading Ar Jackson sold at 7:30 p.m. From April through September, the Skydeck is open from 9 a.m. until 10 p.m., with the last ticket being sold at 9:30 p.m. acker ll s We Clinton W Franklin La Salle Financial erson Je ff Des Plaines

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Harrison Harrison firm headquartered in Chicago. The company serves as strategic real estate advisors to clients throughout the and in South America. Founded in 1978, U.S. Equities is recognized for its highly skilled ENTERING THE SKYDECK professional staff, broad-based capabilities You will enter the Skydeck pavilion off of and commitment to customer service. Jackson Boulevard between South Wacker Drive and Franklin Street, where you will be directed to an elevator down to the start of your Skydeck adventure.

ACCESSIBILITY The Willis Tower and Skydeck Chicago are fully accessible. Please use automated doors next to the revolving doors at the Skydeck entrance on Jackson Boulevard. 36 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com FOR SCHOOL GROUP RESERVATIONS OR MORE INFORMATION, call 1-877-SKY-DECK (759-3325) toll free or (312) 875-9447. You also may email [email protected].

Skydeck Chicago The Nation’s Tallest School 233 South Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60606 http://www.theskydeck.com/

This book may be reproduced, in sections or in its entirety, for educational purposes only. Any trademarks are the property of their respective companies.

Published by U.S. Equities Realty in 2009 (second edition).

Written by Kelley Fead. Designed by Michael Cole. 37 THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER www.theskydeck.com