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The “Società Magna Grecia” in Fascist Italy*

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The “Società Magna Grecia” in Fascist Italy* Anabases Traditions et réceptions de l’Antiquité 9 | 2009 Varia The “Società Magna Grecia” in Fascist Italy Nathalie de Haan Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/anabases/367 DOI: 10.4000/anabases.367 ISSN: 2256-9421 Publisher E.R.A.S.M.E. Printed version Date of publication: 1 March 2009 Number of pages: 113-125 ISSN: 1774-4296 Electronic reference Nathalie de Haan, « The “Società Magna Grecia” in Fascist Italy », Anabases [Online], 9 | 2009, Online since 01 March 2012, connection on 20 October 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ anabases/367 ; DOI : 10.4000/anabases.367 © Anabases Anabases 9 (2009), p. 113-125. The “Società Magna Grecia” in Fascist Italy* NATHALIE DE HAAN The serious crisis that troubles Italy, still tormented after years of war, makes it difficult for the government to fulfil its task of satisfying the spiritual needs of the Country. […] Nowadays it is an act of real Italianità to support, even on a small scale, not only social initia- tives, but also those that focus on the conservation and valorisation of the country’s natural beauty and cultural heritage. That is why we, Friends of the Mezzogiorno, plan to found a Society that aims at the protection of one of the richest, but also most forgotten regions of our country : ancient Magna Grecia. This statement was published in October 1920, in a circular letter sent to nume- rous members of the upper class of Italian society 1. This letter announced the founding of the Società Magna Grecia, and was a call for membership 2. The actual initiative was * I am very grateful to the board of ANIMI and to Dott.ssa C. Cassani for permission to access the archives of Umberto Zanotti Bianco and the Società Magna Grecia, housed in the office of ANIMI at Rome. What is presented here is part of a larger research project that hopefully will result in a biography of Zanotti Bianco. I warmly thank the colleagues of the Équipe de Recherche ERASME, Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, in particular Prof. Corinne Bonnet and Prof. Philippe Foro, for the inspiring Journée d’études. Last but not least, I thank Malena B. McGrath (Rome), who kindly corrected my English. 1 The text of the letter can be found in U. ZANOTTI BIANCO, “Paolo Orsi e la Società Magna Grecia”, in Paolo Orsi. Suppl. a Archivio Storico per la Calabria, Rome, 1935, p. 324-325. 2 For the Società Magna Grecia see M. PAOLETTI, “Umberto Zanotti Bianco e la Società Magna Grecia”, Bollettino della Domus Mazziniana 38 (1992), p. 5-30 ; N. DE HAAN, Anabases 9.indd Sec5:113 3/03/09 8:55:36 NATHALIE DE HAAN taken by Umberto Zanotti Bianco and Paolo Orsi, supported by a group of friends. In the first fourteen years of its existence, the Società Magna Grecia financed and initi- ated numerous excavation and restoration projects in Southern Italy focusing on the archaeo logical remains of the Greek and Byzantine past. The Società Magna Grecia was an autonomous society that worked together with the state controlled soprintendenze. This contribution starts with a brief portrayal of the “founding fathers” of the Società Magna Grecia, Umberto Zanotti Bianco and Paolo Orsi. Their objectives are explored, followed by a description of the way the Società organized its projects. A sketch of the network of individuals behind the Società is necessary as well. Finally, the way the fascist regime reacted to the Società Magna Grecia, ultimately dissolved in 1935, is discussed briefly. As I have argued elsewhere, this reaction was various and incoherent, seeming to reflect the troubles the regime had in ways to evaluate the Greek past of Italy 3. The regime’s inconsistent treatment of the Società Magna Grecia provided room for Zanotti Bianco, the director, and many of his friends, who were in part antifascist. At the same time, the antifascist position of some of its leading members, Zanotti Bianco in primis, seems to have been one of the main reasons for the suppression of the Società by the fascist government. Umberto Zanotti Bianco and Paolo Orsi Umberto Zanotti Bianco was born in 1889 on the island of Crete as the son of an Italian father, a diplomat, and a Scottish mother 4. The aristocratic Zanotti Bianco family was financially well off : Umberto was never on anyone’s payroll. His aristocratic and his international family background would turn out to be of vital importance in his later life. After the devastating earthquake that struck large parts of Sicily and Calabria in December 1908, young Zanotti Bianco travelled to Calabria early in 1909. He was encouraged to do so by one of his schoolteachers in Turin, Padre Semeria, and by Antonio Fogazzaro, a well-known writer who inspired Zanotti Bianco a great deal. “Umberto Zanotti Bianco and the Archaeology of Magna Graecia During the Fascist Era”, in N. DE HAAN, M. EICKHOFF, M. SCHWEGMAN (eds.), Archaeology and National Identity in Italy and Europe 1800-1950. Proceedings of the International Round Table at the Royal Netherlands Institute, Rome, 21-22 February 2007, Fragmenta. Journal of the Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome, 2 (2008), p. 233-249. 3 DE HAAN, “Umberto Zanotti Bianco”. Some overlap between this article and the present one has been inevitable. 4 Cf. J. TORRACA, “Profilo di Umberto Zanotti Bianco”, Nuova Antalogia 85 (1953), p. 78-87 (reprinted and up-dated in Archivio Storico per la Calabria e la Lucania 34 [1965- 1966], p. 3-15) ; A. MEDEA, “Vita di Zanotti Bianco”, Il Ponte 19 (1963), p. 1422-1432 ; S. SETTIS, “Archeologia, tutela, sviluppo. La lezione di Umberto Zanotti Bianco”, in S. SETTIS, M.C. PARRA (a cura di), Magna Graecia. Archeologia di un sapere, Milan, 2005, p. 322-328. 114 Anabases 9.indd Sec5:114 3/03/09 8:55:36 THE “SOCIETÀ MAGNA GRECIA” IN FASCIST ITALY Zanotti Bianco was shocked by the poverty that he found on his first stay in Southern Italy. It was obvious that the misery he saw was not only the outcome of a natural disaster, but to a large extent the result of structural neglect. For Zanotti Bianco, who was raised with the intellectual legacy of Giuseppe Mazzini, the enormous social prob- lems of Southern Italy were a serious obstacle for a truly united Italy. Action, in the Mazzinian sense, was not seen as a choice, but as a duty. As a result, in 1910, Umberto Zanotti Bianco founded, together with Giovanni Malvezzi and Tommaso Gallarati Scotti, the Associazione Nazionale per gli Interessi del Mezzogiorno d’Italia (the National Association for the Interests of the Mezzogiorno in Italy, ANIMI) 5. The three of them knew each other in the circle of admirers around Fogazzaro and had been close friends since 1908, especially after their travel together in Calabria 6. During that same stay, Zanotti Bianco met Giuseppina Le Maire, who he would work with on many social and cultural projects until her death in 1937. It is obvious from the outset that Zanotti Bianco, despite his young age, had great organisational abilities and that he was very talented in mobilising others for his ideals. Senator Leopoldo Franchetti, for example, willingly agreed to act as president of ANIMI. Very soon Zanotti Bianco was working fulltime for the Association while also studying law in Rome. He spent most of his time in Reggio Calabria, where ANIMI opened an office in 1911, living off a small allow- ance from his father. He worked with great passion, constantly travelling in Calabria, founding infant and elementary schools and libraries. The first adult literacy campaigns were also soon started. From the beginning, Zanotti Bianco drove the educational and cultural programs of ANIMI. In his view, cultural education was an important tool for the emancipation of the people. Decisive in this respect had been his encounter with the archaeologist Paolo Orsi in 1911, on board a steamship in the Strait of Messina 7. Paolo Orsi (1859-1935) was at that time soprintendente of Sicily and Calabria and director of the Archaeological Museum at Syracuse 8. Undoubtedly, Orsi was impressed by this young man who devoted his time and energy to this region of Italy, probably because Orsi himself had dedicated most of his archaeological career to the cultural 5 U. ZANOTTI BIANCO, L’Associazione Nazionale per gli Interessi del Mezzogiorno d’Italia nei suoi primi cinquant’anni di vita, Rome, 1960 ; M. ROSSI DORIA, “Il Meridionalista”, in Umberto Zanotti Bianco (1889-1963). Atti del convegno su Umberto Zanotti Bianco, Roma 26-27 gennaio 1979, Rome, 1980, p. 9-28. 6 M. ROSSI DORIA, “Il Meridionalista”, p. 9-10. 7 Cf. U. ZANOTTI BIANCO, “Paolo Orsi e la Società Magna Grecia”, Archivio Storico per la Calabria e la Lucania 5 (1935), p. 317. 8 On Orsi see U. ZANOTTI BIANCO, “Paolo Orsi” ; M. BARBANERA, L’archeologia degli italiani. Storia, metodi e orientamenti dell’archeologia classica in Italia, Rome, 1998, p. 80-82 ; M. PAOLETTI, “Paolo Orsi : la “dura disciplina” e il “lavoro tenace” di un grande archeo- logo del Novecento”, in SETTIS-PARRA, Magna Graecia, p. 192-197. See also P.E. ARIAS, “Zanotti Bianco and Paolo Orsi”, Nuova Antologia 125, fasc. 2174 (1990), p. 395-400. 115 Anabases 9.indd Sec5:115 3/03/09 8:55:36 NATHALIE DE HAAN heritage of Southern Italy, especially Sicily and Calabria. In fact, Paolo Orsi and Umberto Zanotti Bianco had a lot in common. Both men came from Northern Italy (Orsi was born in Rovereto) and shared a deep love for the Mezzogiorno. For both of them, committed citizens of the still young Italian nation, it was only logical to devote their time and energy to the benefit of that nation.
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