Georgia Climate Facts and Policy

GEORGIA CLIMATE FACTS AND POLICY

16 MILLION tCO2e POLICIES AND PROCESSES 4.4 TONNES PER CAPITA Policy framework Strategy for regional development for 2010-2020 Climate change strategy until 2030 EU-Georgia Association agreement Assistance in mitigation, adaptation, carbon trading, low-carbon technologies, and climate mainstrea- ming 2030 targets and INDC Mitigation Unconditional reduction of GHG emissions by 15 per cent below the business as usual (BAU) scenario for 2030 Conditional reduction of GHG emissions by 25 per cent below BAU for 2030 with international financial support

Adaptation priorities Agriculture, forests, costal zones, early warning system for climate-related extreme events GHG inventory of all sectors and gases Third national communication to UNFCCC First biennial update report to UNFCCC National inventory report to UNFCCC 3.7 3,796 MILLION US $ POPULATION PER CAPITA 69% GDP OF TOTAL ENERGY CLIMATE ACTIONS CONSUMPTION FROM FOSSIL FUELS GHG emissions and energy efficiency Low emission development strategy on GHG emission reductions starting in 2020 National energy efficiency action plan under preparation Sources: Third national communication (2015); latest population, energy and economic data from World Development Adaptation initiatives Indicators of World Bank: Assessment of risks and losses, drought and flood response plans, irrigation management, coastal zone http://data.worldbank.org/indicator protection, agriculture, forests

NAMAs Sustainable energy in rural areas, low-carbon buildings, urban transport sector

Local initiatives Sustainable energy action plans established in 10 cities 13 Georgian cities signatories to Covenant of Mayors

CLIMATE FINANCE EU Rehabilitation of the Enguri hydropower plant Sustainable pasture management (ClimaEast project), climate resilience of forest ecosystems EBRD Over US $100 million for Dariali hydropower plant (with carbon offsetting through reforestation) and Gori wind power plant (20 MW)

Eastern Europe Energy Efficiency and Environment Partnership (E5P) Tbilisi bus project

GEF Sustainable transport in Batumi and Ajara cities, renewable energy, climate resilience of agriculture, production and use of biomass fuel USAID Low emission development strategy Institutionalization of climate change adaptation and mitigation at local and national levels Waste management technologies

UNDP - Adaptation Fund Climate resiliency and flood management Tuapse Psebay Tuapse Psebay Khabez Ust-Dzheguta Georgiyevsk Kurskaya Khabez Ust-Dzheguta Georgiyevsk Kraynovka Kurskaya TuapseTuapse Pyatigorsk Kraynovka PsebayPsebay Pregradnaya Uchkeken Pregradnaya Pyatigorsk KhabezKhabez Ust-DzhegutaUst-Dzheguta Kislovodsk GeorgiyevskGeorgiyevskNovopavlovsk Uchkeken Novopavlovsk KurskayaKurskaya Kislovodsk Karachayevsk KarachayevskKizlyar KraynovkaKraynovka Kizlyar PregradnayaPregradnaya PyatigorskPyatigorsk Sochi UchkekenUchkeken Prokhladny Mozdok k KislovodskKislovodsk NovopavlovskNovopavlovskSochi re Prokhladny Mozdok k e re T e KarachayevskKarachayevsk KizlyarKizlyar T Mayskiy Mayskiy SochiSochi NalchikProkhladnyProkhladny MozdokMozdok k k Nalchik re re e e T T S MayskiyMayskiy ulak Sula RUSSIANalchikNalchik Grozny Gudermes RUSSIASulak Grozny Gudermes k Sulak

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Ganja Goychay Energy and emissions IjevanIjevan Shamkir Dilijan Gumushane Gyumri Vanadzor Mingachevir Yevlax Agdash Energy and emissions Dilijan ShamkirShamkirGanja KarsMingachevirMingachevirGoychayArtik Sevan Gadabay Xanlar Gumushane GyumriGyumri VanadzorVanadzor GanjaGanja AgdashGoychayGoychay EnergyEnergy and and emissions emissions Kars Artik DilijanDilijan Gadabay Yevlax Dashkasan GumushaneEnergyGumushane and emissions Fossil fuel energy installationsSevan and carbon emissions Xanlar YevlaxYevlaxAgdashAgdashRenewable energyCharentsavan installationsHrazdan and plans KarsKars ArtikArtik Bayburt SevanSevan GadabayGadabay XanlarXanlar Tartar Fossil fuel energy installations and carbon emissions Renewable energy installationsHrazdan and plans Dashkasan Sarikamish Gavar Barda Kelkit COCharentsavan emissions from thermal power plants (coal/oil/gas),DashkasanDashkasan million tonnes per year: Lake Sevan FossilFossil Bayburtfuel fuel energy energy installations installations and and carbon carbon emissions emissions RenewableRenewable energyCharentsavan 2energyCharentsavan installations installationsHrazdanHrazdanGavar and and plans plans Tartar Barda Wind Kelkit BayburtBayburt Sarikamish TartarTartarKagizman Ejmiatsin Yerevan Vardenis CO emissions from thermal power plants (coal/oil/gas), million SarikamishtonnesSarikamish per year: Wind GavarGavar Lake Sevan BardaBarda Armavir KelkitKelkit 2 Kagizman Lake SevanLake Sevan Tsovinar Agcabadi CO2 COemissions2 emissions from from thermal thermal power power plants plants (coal/oil/gas), (coal/oil/gas), million million tonnes tonnes per peryear: year: WindEjmiatsinWindmore thanAshkale Yerevan0.5 Thermal powerPasinler plantVardenis (coal/oil/gas)Horasan Large hydropowerMasis Kalbacar KagizmanKagizman ArmavirEjmiatsinEjmiatsin YerevanYerevan VardenisVardenis Artashat Agdam Tsovinar Agcabadi (more thanA 100 MW installed capacity) ArmavirArmavir Masis Kalbacar Igdir ra more thanAshkale 0.5 Thermal powerPasinler plant (coal/oil/gas)Horasan Erzincan Large hydropower TsovinarTsovinarErzurum AgcabadiAgcabadi s moremore than thanAshkale 0.5Ashkale 0.5 ThermalThermal powerPasinler power Pasinlerplant plant (coal/oil/gas) Horasan(coal/oil/gas)Horasan LargeLarge hydropower hydropowerMasisMasisArtashat KalbacarKalbacar Agdam Vedi Xankandi Uzumlu (moreIgdir0.1 than —A r0.5 100Artashat MWArtashat installed capacity) AgdamAgdam Ararat Yeghegnadzor Erzurum (more(more than Athan 100asA 100 MW MWinstalled installed capacity) capacity) (Stepanakert) Erzincan E IgdirIgdir ra ra Agri Solar (under planning) Beylaqan ErzurumErzurum uph s s Vedi Xankandi Shusha (Shushi) ErzincanErzincan rate VediVedi XankandiXankandi Uzumlu 0.1 — 0.5 s 0.001 — 0.1 Ararat Yeghegnadzor (Stepanakert) Fuzuli UzumluUzumlu 0.1 0.1— 0.5 — 0.5 Agri Solar (under planning)AraratArarat YeghegnadzorYeghegnadzor (Stepanakert)(Stepanakert) Beylaqan Sharur s Eup Agri Agri SolarSolar (under (under planning) planning) Shusha (Shushi)BeylaqanBeylaqan Dogubeyazit ra hraEu Eu ShushaShusha (Shushi) (Shushi) Sisian Goris A tepshr phr ates ates 0.0010.001 —0.001 0.1— 0.1 — 0.1 Fuzuli Sharur FuzuliFuzuli s Dogubeyazit SharurSharur s Asra Shahbuz DogubeyazitDogubeyazit SisianSisianSisian Goris Ara Ara Qubadli GorisGoris Maku ShahbuzVartoShahbuzShahbuz Nakhchivan Kapan Tunceli QubadliQubadliQubadli Forests (highMakuMaku COMaku2 absorption potential) Zangilan Varto Karakochan Nakhchivan Kapan Ercish Siah Khoda Afarin Tunceli VartoVarto SolhanNakhchivanNakhchivan KapanKapan Muradiye TunceliTunceli t ForestsForests Forests(high (high CO (high CO absorption COabsorption absorption potential) potential) potential) Mura Zangilan Karakochan 2 2 2 Bingol ZangilanZangilanKhodaKhodaKhoda Afarin Afarin Afarin Pareh Ordubad Meghri KarakochanKarakochan SolhanSolhanSolhan ErcishErcishKovancilarErcish SiahSiahSiah Adilcevaz Culfa MuradiyeMuradiyeMuradiye Ahlat Q at t t Sogutlu a ur ura ura Mush r BingolBingolBingolM M M e ParehParehPareh OrdubadOrdubadOrdubad MeghriMeghri h

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Maden h h h Tatvan Ahar

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Haskoy u u LL a a k k e eL a VV k a ae nn V a n The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the cen- u Marand MadenTheMaden Ministry of Environment andGuroymak GuroymakNaturalGuroymak Resources Protection Ergani KhvoyKhvoyKhvoy Bitlis Maden(MENRP) is the main coordination body TatvanonTatvan climateTatvan change. With- VanVantrallyVan planned economyQoturQoturQotur in the early 1990s caused a significantAharAharAhar Sufian Chermik Silvan MarandMarandMarand Salmas ErganiErganiin theErgani MENRP, the Climate Change ServiceBitlisBitlis actsBitlis as the main im- reduction in national GHG emissions with the lowest level reach- plementing entity and the National Environmental Agency is the ing 8.8 million tCO e in 1995. In 2011, Georgia’sSufianSufianSufian GHG emissions Bashkale ChermikChermikChermik SilvanSilvanSilvan Salmas2 Salmas Tabriz Diyarbakir Salmas Siirt L a k e U r m i a Sarab main source for climate data and studies. Georgia has recently were 16 million tCO2e, 33 Batmanper cent of the 1990 emissions level of BashkaleBashkale TabrizTabriz finalized and submitted the Third national communication (with 48 millionBashkale tCO2e. Tabriz DiyarbakirDiyarbakir SiirtSiirt L a k eL a U k re m Ui ar m i a SarabSarab BatmanBatman Siirt L a k e U r m i a Sarab DiyarbakirGHG inventory for 1990-2011),Batman the First biennial update report and the National inventory report for 2010-2013 to UNFCCC. Georgia largely depends on imported energy resources and 69 per cent of total energy consumption comes from fossil fuel. At The Strategy for regional development for 2010-2020 covers the same time, Georgia relies heavily on hydropower for elec- climate change adaptation and sustainable development, and tricity production and plans to satisfy 100 per cent of electricity promotes renewable energy. Georgia has a Climate change demand by hydropower in the future. The country has confirmed strategy until 2030, and in 2016 finalized a Low emission devel- financing for several large (over 100 MW), medium, and small opment strategy (LEDS), which is a key instrument in guiding the hydropower plants, some of which are already in the construc- achievement of Georgia’s GHG emissions reduction target. In tion phase. In addition, Georgia is interested in developing other addition, the socioeconomic development strategy, approved in renewable energy potential such as solar, wind, geothermal and 2014, aims for energy savings and energy efficiency measures, biomass. Georgia has become a full member of the Energy Com- to be supported by relevant legislative mechanisms in line with munity and complies with EU targets on energy security. European Union norms. In April 2016 Georgia signed the Paris agreement on climate The MENRP has developed a roadmap for EU approximation in change and its ratification is expected. In its INDC, Georgia plans response to the climate action goals stated in the EU-Georgia to unconditionally reduce GHG emissions by 15 per cent below Association agreement. The roadmap, which is already being the business as usual scenario for 2030. This is equal to a reduc- implemented, pays special attention to the development and im- tion in emission intensity per unit of GDP of approximately 34 per plementation of a National adaptation plan of action (NAPA), a cent from 2013 to 2030. The 15 per cent reduction target will be Low emissions development strategy, and measures to promote increased up to 25 per cent, subject to international support and technology transfer and phase-out of ozone-depleting substanc- technology transfer. This target is equal to a reduction of emis- es and fluorinated greenhouse gases. sion intensity per unit of GDP of approximately 43 per cent from Tuapse Psebay Khabez Ust-Dzheguta Georgiyevsk Kurskaya Kraynovka Pregradnaya Pyatigorsk Tuapse Psebay Uchkeken Kislovodsk Novopavlovsk Khabez KarachayevskUst-Dzheguta Georgiyevsk Kizlyar Kurskaya Sochi Prokhladny Mozdok k Kraynovka Pregradnaya Pyatigorsk re Uchkeken e Kislovodsk NovopavlovskMayskiy T Karachayevsk Nalchik Kizlyar Sochi Prokhladny Mozdok k re e Sula RUSSIAMayskiy Grozny GudermesT k Sulak Nalchik A b k h a z i a S Grozny ulak RUSSIAVladikavkaz Gudermes SulakMakhachkala Sukhumi A b k h a z i a Lentekhi Vladikavkaz BuynakskMakhachkala Sukhumi

uri Lentekhi Eng Zugdidi Buynaksk bi Ambrolauri S o u t h Levashi ho uriK Gunib Eng ZugdidiSenaki O s s e t i a Kutaisi Tskhinvali B l a c k S e a bi Ambrolauri S o u t h Levashi ho Gunib Madzhalis Poti RKioni Senaki O s s e t i a B l a c k S e a Kutaisi Zestaponi KhashuriTskhinvali Gori Supsa A Madzhalis Poti Rioni Kura Telavi laz ani ZestaponiG E KhashuriO R Gori G I A Supsa A Batumi Kura Telavi Gurjaanilaz Balakan AkhaltsikheG E O R G Tbilisi I A ani Rustavi BalakanZaqatala Rutul Batumi Akhaltsikhe Marneuli Gurjaani Akhalkalaki Tbilisi Qax Zaqatala Rutul Marneuli Rustavi Dedoplistsqaro Pazar Artvin Akhalkalaki Qax Vakfikebir i Ku Dedoplistsqaro Shaka h Ardahan ra k Oguz Pazar o Tashir r Artvin Qazax Vakfikebir 0 50 km TURKEYo h K Tonya i Lake Childir u Shaka C h Ardahan ra k ARMENIA A Z E R B A I J A N Oguz o Tashir Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, January 2017 r Qazax 0 50 km TURKEYo Ijevan Tonya h Lake Childir C ARMENIA A Z E R Shamkir B A I J A N Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, January 2017 Gyumri Vanadzor Ijevan Mingachevir Impacts of climate change Dilijan Ganja Goychay Gumushane Shamkir Agdash Kars ArtikGyumri Vanadzor Gadabay YevlaxMingachevir ImpactsImpacts of climate of climate change change SevanDilijan GanjaXanlar Goychay Gumushane Agdash Sea and coastal areas: increase of sea level, salinization of coastal areas, Artik Intensifying landslidesHrazdan Gadabay Dashkasan Yevlax deficit of safe drinking water, reduction of quality and diversity of fisheries Kars Charentsavan Sevan Xanlar Bayburt Gavar Tartar Sea and coastal areas: increase of sea level, salinization of coastalSarikamish areas, IntensifyingMud slides landslidesHrazdan Dashkasan Barda Kelkit deficit of safe drinking water, reduction of quality and diversity of fisheries Charentsavan Lake Sevan RiskBayburt of floods Kagizman Gavar Tartar Barda Kelkit Sarikamish EjmiatsinMud slides Yerevan Vardenis Armavir Intensifying glacier melt TsovinarLake Sevan Risk of floods Kagizman Masis Vardenis Kalbacar Agcabadi Flash floodsAshkale Pasinler Horasan EjmiatsinIntensifying glacierYerevan melt Armavir Intensifying stormsArtashat Tsovinar Agdam Agcabadi Flash floods Igdir ArMasis Kalbacar Ashkale Erzurum Pasinler Horasan as Erzincan Heatwaves Intensifying stormsArtashatVedi Agdam Xankandi Igdir Ar Uzumlu Erzurum Land degradationas Ararat Erzincan Heatwaves Agri Vedi Yeghegnadzor Xankandi(Stepanakert)Beylaqan Eup Droughts Shusha (Shushi) hra Uzumlu Land degradationArarat Yeghegnadzor tes Agri (Stepanakert)Beylaqan Eu Shusha (Shushi) ph Droughts Fuzuli s rate Dogubeyazit Sharur ra s Sisian Goris Fuzuli A Dogubeyazit Sharur ras Shahbuz Sisian Goris A Qubadli Shahbuz Maku Qubadli Varto Maku Nakhchivan Kapan Tunceli Varto Nakhchivan Kapan Tunceli Zangilan Karakochan Solhan Ercish Siah Khoda Afarin Muradiye Zangilan Khoda Afarin GeorgiaKarakochan scorecardt Solhan Ercish Siah Bingol Mura Muradiye Meghri at Pareh Ordubad Kovancilar Bingol Mur Adilcevaz Pareh CulfaOrdubad Meghri Ahlat Q Kovancilar Sogutlu Adilcevaz Culfa a r Mush Q Ahlat e Sogutlu a h

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L a k e V a n Haskoy S Maden Country’s share of globalGuroymak emissions L a k e V a n National climate policyKhvoy actors u Maden GuroymakTatvan Van Qotur Khvoy Ahar Country’s emissions per capitaTatvan Van Qotur Marand Ahar Ergani Bitlis Policy leadership: Ministry of EnvironmentMarand and Natural Ergani Bitlis Sufian Chermik GeneralSilvan climate action ambition Resources ProtectionSalmas (MENRP) Sufian Chermik Silvan Salmas Bashkale UNFCCCBashkale focal point: Climate Change ServiceTabrizTabriz of the Diyarbakir Siirt L a k e U r m i a Sarab Diyarbakir Batman Siirt L a k e U r m i a Sarab Mitigation commitment:Batman MENRP Emissions reduction GHG inventory: Climate Change Service of the MENRP Decoupling from population growth Climate technology network coordination: Govern- Decoupling from economic growth ment Coordination Committee on Low emissions devel- Renewable energy prospects opment strategy

Adaptation action Greenhouse gas emissions and projections for Georgia Million tonnes 50

40

-15% 30 -25%

20

10

0 Projections

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2020 2030 -10

Land use, land use change Energy Industrial processes Agriculture Waste and forestry* Lower range Higher range

Projections are based on Georgia’s national targets and INDC

* The LULUCF values between 1992 and 2004 differ from the official data submitted by Georgia to the UNFCCC

due to a 2004 redefinition of the boundaries of perennial orchards and crops in the state land cadastre. © Zoï Environment Network (2017)

2013 to 2030. The 25 per cent reduction below the BAU scenario able energy and energy efficiency. Georgia is also a participant in would also ensure that Georgian GHG emissions by 2030 remain the Eastern Europe Energy Efficiency and Environment Partner- 40 per cent below the 1990 levels. ship. Several donors such as the Adaptation Fund, EU and USAID fund climate resiliency and adaptation measures. Georgia is currently drafting a National energy efficiency action plan, which can have significant mitigation potential. In addition, the voluntary reduction of GHG emissions by Georgian cities that have joined the Covenant of Mayors will contribute further to pre- and post-2020 mitigation in the country. Sources of information for the scorecard National climate-related reports: INDC, Third national communication, Georgia is seeking to prioritize adaptation measures and is iden- GHG National inventory report, Roadmap for EU approximation in environ- tifying associated financial needs (domestic and external). Sea ment and climate action, EU ClimaEast project level rise impacts are projected to cause multiple negative con- sequences in the coastal zone of the country. The second Tech- Analytical materials and expertise of Zoï Environment Network, as well as nology needs assessment recommends a combination of coast- Georgian organizations and experts al zone protection technologies to prevent significant damage by rising levels of the Black Sea. In the absence of adaptation measures, losses in the tourism sector alone are estimated at This publication has been pro- duced with the assistance of the US $2 billion by 2030. For the agricultural sector, planned ad- European Union. The contents aptation measures include development of emergency response of this publication are the sole plans for droughts and floods; innovative irrigation management; responsibility of the authors and implementation of site-specific anti-erosion measures; and the can in no way be taken to reflect establishment of information centres that provide guidance on the views of the European Union. adaptive agriculture. The designations employed and the presentation do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or region or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Climate finance

Accessing adaptation funding is crucial for Georgia. Econom- ic losses in the absence of adaptation measures for 2021-2030 are estimated at US $10-12 billion, while adaptation measures for coastal infrastructure, water management, agriculture and forest management are estimated to cost US $1.5-2 billion.

The development of the Low emission development strategy was financed by USAID while the EU and Germany provided support for the preparation of Georgia’s INDC. The EU, EBRD and GEF provide significant funding for hydropower development, renew-