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Linking Genotypic Diversity Within Solidago Altissima to Communities and Ecosystems

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Linking Genotypic Diversity Within Solidago Altissima to Communities and Ecosystems University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2009 Linking genotypic diversity within Solidago altissima to communities and ecosystems Gregory M. Crutsinger University of Tennessee Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Crutsinger, Gregory M., "Linking genotypic diversity within Solidago altissima to communities and ecosystems. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2009. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5991 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Gregory M. Crutsinger entitled "Linking genotypic diversity within Solidago altissima to communities and ecosystems." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Nathan Sanders, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Gregory M. Crutsinger entitled “Linking genotypic diversity within Solidago altissima to communities and ecosystems.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. _____________________________ Nathan Sanders, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: _______________________ Aimee Classen _______________________ Daniel Simberloff _______________________ James Fordyce Accepted for the Council: ______________________________ Carolyn R. Hodges, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) Linking genotypic diversity within Solidago altissima to communities and ecosystems. A Dissertation presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Gregory M. Crutsinger May 2009 Copyright © 2009 by Gregory M. Crutsinger All rights reserved ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the memories of Timothy Barhite and Caleb Clark. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many great people who deserve the credit for my graduate education. First and foremost, my doctoral advisor, Nathan Sanders, has been an excellent mentor. Nate was incredibly supportive and generous with him time and patience throughout my dissertation. I can‟t imagine a better advisor for me and I look forward to having him as my friend and collaborator throughout my ecological career. I was also very fortunate to have great people on my committee. Aimée Classen provided solid advice at the ecosystem scale, where boxes and arrows prevail over species nomenclature. Aimée has also become a close friend to turn to for both personal and professional advice. Jim Fordyce was fantastic for bouncing ideas off of and for encouragement to push the boundaries of the field. I feel very privileged to have Dan Simberloff as a committee member. Dan provided a wealth of wisdom about ecology, old-time music, and surströmming. If there is ever someone who deserved a National Academy membership over the likes of Jared Diamond, it is Dan. Warren “Abe” Abrahamson was an unofficial member of my committee, but is an ecological legend in the field of plant-insect interactions. I couldn‟t have done my work on goldenrod without his vast knowledge of the goldenrod system. Rob Dunn was the postdoc during my first year in graduate school when there were no other students in the new lab. Rob provided the encouragement and wisdom I needed at a critical time in my scientific career. I credit Rob‟s valuable advice and friendship for keeping me sane. My numerous collaborators, Lara Souza, Jen Schweitzer, Marc Cadotte, Michael Collins, Chris Nice, Nick Reynolds, Zach Gompert, Benedicte Albrectsen, Ilka iv Abreu, Sharon Strauss, Jay Stachowitz, Marc Johnson, and Jennifer Rudgers all added greatly to my projects and papers. In particular, I am grateful to David Wardle and Jay Stachowitz who allowed me to visit their labs and treated me like one of their own students. My undergraduate mentors Erik Jules and Mike Messler at Humboldt State University laid the groundwork for my advancement in ecology with their excellent teaching. David Moyer, Alan Channing, Jessica Hellmann, Rebecca Irwin, and Mike Kaspari provided valuable research experience as an undergraduate. My labmates JP Lessard, Matt Fitzpatrick, Maggie Patrick, Tara Sackett, Jarrod Blue, Mariano Rodriguez-Cabal, Katie Stuble, Windy Bunn, and Kristin Lane. provided much needed comradery in grad school. They were my daily support in doing science. Jason Robinson, the future of aquatic insect taxonomy and North Carolina bluegrass, was incredibly helpful is all ways. Martin Nuñez was always there to talk ecological shop. I am very thankful to Jessica Hite who was there throughout for both encouragement and botanical support. I‟d like to thank my numerous undergraduate field assistants for all their hard work in Tennessee old fields, Kerri Crawford, Mark Genung, Melissa Habenicht, Luke Zachmann, and Dana Glore. v Rich Norby, Stan Wullschleger, Lee Gunter, Virginia Dale, Hector Castro, Dave Weston, Jim Evans, Harry Quarles and Joann Ledford at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Department of Energy provided excellent support for all of my research. Phyllis Bice, Jaime Call, and Cheryl Lynn from the EEB office were fantastic is smoothing out just about any problem one can think of in school. Chris Boake was EEB department head during most of my tenure and provided excellent support. Ken McFarland was a great help in cultivating all the plants and finding greenhouse space for my experiments. Funding for my dissertation work was graciously provided by the EPA STAR fellowship, the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship, the University of Tennessee Hilton Smith Fellowship, the Department of Energy, and the UTK Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. My family believes that, just like with raising a child, when it comes to education, it takes a village to get it done right. I thank my family for their emotional, logistical, and financial support for my education. vi ABSTRACT For almost two decades, ecological studies have addressed the importance of plant species diversity for associated animal diversity and the functioning of ecosystems. Recently, a burgeoning focus of research in ecology is on how population-level diversity scales up to affect patterns and processes at the community- and ecosystem-level. In this dissertation, I present results from a series of common garden experiments in which I manipulated genotypic diversity of tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima) to address a suite of questions about how intraspecific variation in a dominant old-field plant species shapes communities of associated arthropods and ecosystem processes. In these studies, I found that host-plant genotypic diversity had non-additive effects on insect herbivore and predator diversity and that incorporating temporal dynamics into community genetics studies is essential for predicting how different community members perceive and respond to genetically variable host-plant traits. I found that variation among host-plant genotypes had strong effects on the diversity and composition of foliage-based arthropods, but only weak effects on litter-based microarthropods. Additionally, I found strong effects of instraspecific genetic variation in goldenrod functional traits on primary productivity, litter quality, decomposition rate, nitrogen release, and community invasibility. Together, my results indicate that within-species variation is an important, but all to often overlooked, influence on the structure and dynamics of communities and ecosystems. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2 References ........................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER II. Plant genotypic diversity predicts community structure and governs an ecosystem process......................................................................................................... 7 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................... 10 Results ..............................................................................................................................
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