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Secretaria Nacional De Ciencia Y Tecnologia-Senacyt CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA -CONCYT- SECRETARIA NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA-SENACYT- FONDO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA -FONACYT- FACULTAD DE AGRONOMIA UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA –FAUSAC- ASOCIACION GUATEMALTECA DE EXPORTADORES –AGEXPORT- INFORME FINAL CARACTERIZACIÓN DE PLAGAS MICROBIANAS Y DE ARTRÓPODOS EN SEIS CULTIVOS ORNAMENTALES DE EXPORTACIÓN PROYECTO FODECYT No. 054-2013 GUSTAVO ADOLFO ALVAREZ VALENZUELA Investigador Principal GUATEMALA, JULIO DE 2016. Agradecimientos La realización de este trabajo, ha sido posible gracias al apoyo financiero dentro del Fondo para el Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico –FODECYT-, otorgado por la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología –SENACYT- y el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología –CONCYT- INDICE GENERAL Contenido Pág. RESUMEN 1 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 2 PARTE I ..................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................... 3 1.2 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA ................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Antecedentes en Guatemala ................................................................................. 5 1.3 OBJETIVOS E HIPOTESIS ...................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Objetivos ............................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1.1 Generales ....................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1.2 Específicos .................................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Hipótesis ............................................................................................................... 7 1.4 METODOLOGIA ....................................................................................................... 8 1.4.1 Estacionalidad ....................................................................................................... 9 1.4.2 Etapas de trabajo ................................................................................................... 9 1.4.3 Localización y descripción de las unidades de producción por empresa. ............ 9 1.4.3.1 AGRO MARIALINDA S. A. ........................................................................ 9 1.4.3.2 AGROEXPORTADORA VERAPAZ S. A. ............................................... 10 1.4.3.3 AGROPECUARIA MARSO, S.A .............................................................. 10 1.4.3.4 ARMENIA FARMS .................................................................................... 11 1.4.3.5 ARMENIA LORENA ................................................................................. 11 1.4.3.6 CONCEPCION LA CIENAGA .................................................................. 12 1.4.3.7 DISTRIBUIDORA JARCH S. A. ............................................................... 12 1.4.3.8 FOLLAJES LA FAUNA S. A. ................................................................... 12 1.4.3.9 GUATEXOTIC ........................................................................................... 13 1.4.3.10 INVERSIONES NORDICAS ..................................................................... 13 1.4.3.11 IVAGRO S. A. ............................................................................................ 14 1.4.3.12 LA FLORESTA CROPS DE GUATEMALA. ........................................... 14 1.4.3.13 LA FLORESTA ORNAMENTALES ......................................................... 14 1.4.3.14 PLANTAS ORNAMENTALES LOS TARRALES S.A ............................ 15 1.4.3.15 QUELETZU S. A. LA CONQUISTA ........................................................ 15 1.4.3.16 SAUSALITO FARM .................................................................................. 16 1.4.3.17 TUCAN EXPORTERS/LA FLORESTA ................................................... 16 1.4.3.18 TUCAN EXPORTERS/MASAGUA .......................................................... 16 1.4.3.19 VITAFARMS .............................................................................................. 17 1.4.3.20 ZION PLANTS S. A. .................................................................................. 17 1.4.4 El Método ........................................................................................................... 17 1.4.4.1 Fase de campo ............................................................................................. 18 1.4.4.1.1 Toma y traslado de muestras en áreas de producción ............................. 18 1.4.4.2 Fase de laboratorio ...................................................................................... 22 1.4.4.3 Análisis de la información........................................................................... 24 1.4.5 La Técnica Estadística ........................................................................................ 24 2 PARTE II .......................................................................................................................... 25 2.1 MARCO TEÓRICO ................................................................................................. 25 2.1.1 CULTIVOS BAJO ESTUDIO ........................................................................... 25 2.1.1.1 Crotón (Codiaeum variegatum) ................................................................... 25 2.1.1.2 Dracaena (Dracaena L.) .............................................................................. 26 2.1.1.3 Hiedra (Hedera helix)................................................................................. 27 2.1.1.4 Pothos (Epipremmum aureum) ................................................................... 28 2.1.1.5 Schefflera (Schefflera actinophylla)............................................................ 29 2.1.1.6 Tillandsia sp. ............................................................................................... 30 2.1.2 PLAGAS EN ORNAMENTALES ..................................................................... 31 2.1.2.1 CONCEPTO DE PLAGA ........................................................................... 31 2.1.2.1.1 PLAGAS ASOCIADAS A PLANTAS ORNAMENTALES ................ 32 PARTE III ................................................................................................................................ 95 3 RESULTADOS ................................................................................................................ 95 3.1 Discusión de Resultados ........................................................................................... 95 3.1.1 Obtención de muestras y análisis realizados por unidad productiva .................. 95 3.1.2 Agentes plaga detectados.................................................................................... 99 3.1.3 Incidencia de plagas por cultivo entre unidades productivas ........................... 101 3.1.3.1 Crotón (Codiaeum variegatum) ................................................................. 101 3.1.3.2 Dracaena (Dracaena L.) ............................................................................ 111 3.1.3.3 Hiedra (Hedera helix L.) ........................................................................... 121 3.1.3.4 Pothos (Epipremmum aureum) ................................................................. 129 3.1.3.5 Tillandsia ................................................................................................... 141 3.1.3.6 Schefflera .................................................................................................. 152 4 PARTE IV. ..................................................................................................................... 162 4.1 CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................. 162 4.2 RECOMENDACIONES ........................................................................................ 163 Referencias ............................................................................................................................. 165 INDICE DE CUADROS Contenido Pág. Cuadro 1. Empresas que participaron de la investigación, ubicación geográfica y cultivos que producen. .................................................................................................................................... 8 Cuadro 2. Referencia de geoposicionamiento de las unidades productivas muestreadas durante el desarrollo del proyecto. ........................................................................................... 95 Cuadro 3. Plagas detectadas en el cultivo de Croton, Codiaeum variegatum procedentes de cuatro unidades productivas durante el periodo de enero a diciembre de 2014. .................... 102 Cuadro 4. Plagas detectadas en el cultivo de Dracaena, Dracaena sp., procedentes de tres unidades productivas durante el periodo de enero a diciembre de 2014. ............................... 112 Cuadro 5. Plagas detectadas en el cultivo de Hiedra, Hedera hélix, procedentes de siete unidades productivas durante el periodo de enero a diciembre de 2014. ............................... 122 Cuadro 6. Plagas detectadas en el cultivo de Pothos (Epipremmum aureum),
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