DOCSLIB.ORG

Enlightened Defense: the National Security *Policy of Thomas Jefferson

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Enlightened Defense: the National Security *Policy of Thomas Jefferson Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2006 Enlightened defense: The national security *policy of Thomas Jefferson Robert R. Leonhard West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Leonhard, Robert R., "Enlightened defense: The national security *policy of Thomas Jefferson" (2006). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4244. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4244 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Enlightened Defense: The National Security Policy of Thomas Jefferson LTC(R) Robert R. Leonhard Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Michal McMahon, Phd., Chair Mary Lou Lustig, Phd. Kenneth Fones-Wolf, Phd. Jack Hammersmith, Phd. Robert DiClerico, Phd. Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2006 Keywords: Jefferson, Military, US History Copyright 2006 Robert R. Leonhard The triumph of Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans in 1800 left the deposed Federalists aghast at what this Francophile, antinationalist, reputedly atheistic president might do to the country. Despite Jefferson’s impulses toward pacifism, national isolation, the diffusion of political power, and healing faction, the eight years of his two administrations were destined to be as calm as a hurricane. The turbulent situation in Europe had already made a mockery of Washington’s advice to avoid entanglement, and during Jefferson’s presidency, the dangers only increased. Jefferson’s ideas on national security were diametrically opposed to those of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists. Jefferson was an advocate of states’ rights, but Hamilton of centralized power. Jefferson wanted to avoid debt, while Hamilton thought debt was a positive and unifying factor. Jefferson believed in maintaining a minuscule standing military in favor of state militias, whereas Hamilton called for a huge, regular army and a sea-going navy. The debate was not an academic one: the young nation was literally surrounded by enemies and potential enemies. Spain had a stranglehold on New Orleans, and the slightest pressure there could (and sometimes did) throttle the entire economy of the American west. Britain, with a firm hold on Canada and total domination of the high seas, bullied the Americans with seemingly unfair commercial practices. When Napoleon began to restrict trade as well, Jefferson and his countrymen faced economic calamity and the threat of wars they would not likely win. Jefferson introduced legislation that altered the structure of both the army and navy, established the military academy at West Point, and changed the political constitution of the defense establishment. He fought a long, frustrating war with Tripoli, fended off insults from Europe, and struggled to formulate an Indian policy that would protect native Americans while dealing with the reality and inevitability of white domination of the continent. Jefferson also pulled off the most spectacular land deal in history: the Louisiana Purchase—an accretion that doubled the size of the young republic and sowed the seeds for the eventual triumph of Jefferson’s strategic calculations. By the end of his second term, however, Jefferson’s initial successes had been eclipsed by the disappointing results of his embargo against Great Britain. Historians roundly condemn the embargo as both ineffective and a direct violation of Jefferson’s own ideas on governance. His handling of the military has also been criticized, particularly in the light of America’s martial mediocrity in the War of 1812—shortfalls that can be partially attributed to Jefferson’s under- funding of the army and navy. This essay looks critically at the military and national security policies of Thomas Jefferson with a view to penetrating beyond traditional interpretations. By examining closely the political, economic, social, and military context of the times—especially the delicate domestic situation—it is possible to see Jefferson’s policies with a new appreciation of how enlightened and ultimately effective they really were. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the faculty and staff of West Virginia University’s History Department for their friendship, encouragement, and instruction. I want to thank Dr. Ken Fones-Wolf, Dr. Robert DiClerico, Dr. Jack Hammersmith, and especially Dr. Mary Lou Lustig and Dr. Michal McMahon for their wisdom, guidance, and patience throughout this project. I also want to thank Mr. Duncan Brown and Dr. Ron Luman of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory for giving me the time to finish the project. iii DEDICATION For Suzanne iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: That ‘Whimsical, Phylosophic President 1 Chapter 1: The Origins of a Military Policy 14 The Education of a Revolutionary 16 Documenting Tyranny 21 Condolences 28 Making a Wise Man Mad 31 The Society of the Cincinnati 39 An Honorable Rebellion 43 The Chief of a Gang of Robbers 47 Conclusion 51 Chapter 2: Hamilton, Jefferson, and the Path to a Republican Military Policy 53 The Algerine War 56 Alexander Hamilton and the formation of Federalist military policy 65 The Wild, Wild West 75 The Number 13 82 Growing Concerns 89 John Adams Takes the Helm 94 The Revolution of 1800 103 Chapter 3: Laying the Foundation—Institutional Changes During Jefferson’s First Term: 1801-1804 110 v Jefferson Takes Over 114 Jefferson and West Point 124 Jefferson and the Navy 136 Chapter 4: Jefferson in Command—Threats, Strategy, And Operations: 1801-1805 156 War With Tripoli 157 Jefferson and the Indians 172 The Strategic Calculation 183 Conclusion 189 Chapter 5: The Policy in Practice—Testing the Limits: 1805-1809 190 The Spanish Problem 191 Crisis With Great Britain 195 The Hero of Weehawken 207 Jefferson’s Army 213 Conclusion 215 Epilogue: Thomas Jefferson and History’s Might-Have-Beens 219 Bibliography 225 vi INTRODUCTION That 'Whimsical Phylosophic President' On 4 March, 1801 Chief Justice John Marshall administered the oath of office to newly elected President Thomas Jefferson, inaugurating not only a new administration, but a new era for the young republic. Jefferson rose to the presidency during a time when the United States was arguably at its most vulnerable, from both foreign and domestic threats. The election of 1800 left a wake of bitterness, hatred, and even fear of a bloody purge.1 Out-going President John Adams had ungraciously fled the city at 4:00 AM that morning. Across the Atlantic Ocean, the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon threatened to spill violence onto American shores and the possibility of war between Britain and France posed a constant threat to American commerce. In this context, Thomas Jefferson took the reins of government. There was justification for the skepticism with which many viewed his rise to power. He was not an experienced military man. His affection for France was suspicious. His Republican views on governing were diametrically opposed to the party that alone had governed the republic since 1789. Could Thomas Jefferson function effectively as both President and Commander-in-Chief? The answer to that question was a matter of vital importance to the new nation. 1 David McCullough, John Adams (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 564. 1 The administration of Thomas Jefferson was uniquely situated to attract criticism. Following the “Revolution of 1800”, Jefferson’s presidency represented the first transition of power between rival political parties in American history. The two previous administrations had certainly had their detractors, but Washington himself remained, with some exceptions, above the vituperative criticism that others could attract. John Adams had to deal with his critics also, but by the end of his term of office, he had erected legal barriers to restrain his political enemies in the form of the Sedition Act. When Jefferson took office, he and the Congress allowed the hateful legislation to expire, and, in accordance with his political beliefs, he invited criticism and open debate.2 During the years of his presidency and the centuries following, he got his full measure. The reputation of the Jefferson administration still suffers from its alleged culpability concerning the marginal performance of the American military during the War of 1812. Disasters on land and near impotence on the sea demanded someone be blamed. The buck stopped first at the desk of President James Madison, but critics and historians have likewise pointed to Thomas Jefferson as the man who deliberately emasculated the army and moth-balled the navy in favor of his experimental and utterly ineffective gunboats.3 Jefferson, too, had appointed an ineffective party hack, Dr. William Eustis, as secretary of war in 4 1809, and Madison had kept him on. 2 Joyce Appleby, Thomas Jefferson (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2003), 58. 3 See for example, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Sea Power and its Relations to the War of 1812 (New York: Reprint Services Corp, 1905) 1: 296; and Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (Kansas City: University of Kansas Press, 1976), 44. 2 Like his near contemporary, Frederick the Great, Jefferson had to wed concepts of Enlightenment and humanism with military necessity—both in his mind and in practice. Unlike Frederick, Jefferson had no prior military training.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Creating a French Enemy in the United States During the 1790S Quasi-War and the 2003 Iraq War Diplomatic Crisis
    Angles New Perspectives on the Anglophone World 10 | 2020 Creating the Enemy Cannibals, Monsters and Weasels: Creating a French Enemy in the United States during the 1790s Quasi-War and the 2003 Iraq War Diplomatic Crisis Hervé-Thomas Campangne Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/angles/408 DOI: 10.4000/angles.408 ISSN: 2274-2042 Publisher Société des Anglicistes de l'Enseignement Supérieur Electronic reference Hervé-Thomas Campangne, « Cannibals, Monsters and Weasels: Creating a French Enemy in the United States during the 1790s Quasi-War and the 2003 Iraq War Diplomatic Crisis », Angles [Online], 10 | 2020, Online since 01 April 2020, connection on 28 July 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/angles/408 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/angles.408 This text was automatically generated on 28 July 2020. Angles. New Perspectives on the Anglophone World is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Cannibals, Monsters and Weasels: Creating a French Enemy in the United States... 1 Cannibals, Monsters and Weasels: Creating a French Enemy in the United States during the 1790s Quasi-War and the 2003 Iraq War Diplomatic Crisis Hervé-Thomas Campangne 1 Countless U.S. presidents and leaders, including Ronald Reagan, Barack Obama and Donald Trump, have reminded Americans that France is their country’s “oldest ally” (Riché 2013; Seelow 2013; Obama 2015; Serhan 2017). Likewise, many a French official has underscored the unwavering and “natural” quality of the commitment between France and the United States (De Gaulle 1965; Mitterrand 1984; Macron 2018). Yet political scientists and historians often point to the cyclical nature of French-American relations (Duroselle 1978; Bozo and Parmentier 2007: 545).
    [Show full text]
  • The Federalist Era 1787-1800
    THE FEDERALIST ERA 1787-1800 Articles of Confederation: the first form of government. *NATIONAL GOVERNMENT TOO WEAK! Too much state power “friendship of states” examples of being too weak: • No President/No executive • Congress can’t tax or raise an army • States are coining their own money • Foreign troubles (British on the frontier, French in New Orleans) Shays’ Rebellion: Daniel Shays is a farmer in Massachusetts protesting tax collectors. The rebellion is a wake up call - recognize we need a new government Constitutional Convention of 1787: Delegates meet to revise the Articles, instead draft a new Constitution • Major issue discussed = REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS (more representatives in Congress, more influence you have in passing laws/policies in your favor) NJ Plan (equal per state) vs. Virginia Plan (based on population) House of Representatives: GREAT COMPROMISE Based on population Creates a bicameral Senate: (two-house) legislature Equal, two per state THREE-FIFTHS • 3 out of every 5 slaves will count for representation and taxation COMPROMISE • increases representation in Congress for South Other Compromises: • Congress regulates interstate and foreign trade COMMERCIAL • Can tax imports (tariffs) but not exports COMPROMISE • Slave trade continued until 1808 How did the Constitution fix the problems of the Articles of Confederation? ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION CONSTITUTION • States have the most power, national • states have some power, national government government has little has most • No President or executive to carry out
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 2 Guide
    AP US History Unit 2 Study Guide “Salutary Neglect” Enlightenment terms to remember Balance of trade Philosophes Mercantilism John Locke Tariffs Tabula rasa Navigation Acts Social Contract Natural Rights Montesquieu Benjamin Franklin French and Indian War Ft. Duquesne Relative advantages (Brit./France) Gov. Dinwiddie The Great Expulsion (1755-63) George Washington William Pitt, Sr. The Brave Old Hendrick Battle of the Plains of Abraham Albany Plan for Union Treaty of Paris, 1763 Pontiac´s Rebellion Discontent Proclamation Line of 1763 John Dickinson Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer East Florida, West Florida, Quebec Boston Massacre Sugar Act (1764) Samuel Adams Admiralty courts John Adams Virtual representation Gaspee incident (1772) Stamp Act (1765) Committees of Correspondence Stamp Act Congress Tea Act of 1773 Patrick Henry British East India Co. "Sons of Liberty" Boston Tea Party Quartering Act Quebec Act, 1774 Declaratory Act Coercive (Intolerable) Acts Townshend Duties (1767) First Continental Congress Massachusetts General Court’s Circular Letter (1768) War of Independence Lexington and Concord Battle of Saratoga Second Continental Congress Alliance of 1778 General Washington Netherlands and Spain Olive Branch Petition Valley Forge Battle of Bunker Hill Privateers and the “Law of the Sea” Three-phases of the war League of Armed Neutrality, 1780 Thomas Paine’s Common Sense John Paul Jones Declaration of Independence Yorktown Thomas Jefferson Newburgh Conspiracy Loyalists Sir George Rodney, Battle of Saints, 1782 Hudson Valley Campaign
    [Show full text]
  • THE BRITISH ARMY in the LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 By
    ‘FAIRLY OUT-GENERALLED AND DISGRACEFULLY BEATEN’: THE BRITISH ARMY IN THE LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 by ANDREW ROBERT LIMM A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. University of Birmingham School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law October, 2014. University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The history of the British Army in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars is generally associated with stories of British military victory and the campaigns of the Duke of Wellington. An intrinsic aspect of the historiography is the argument that, following British defeat in the Low Countries in 1795, the Army was transformed by the military reforms of His Royal Highness, Frederick Duke of York. This thesis provides a critical appraisal of the reform process with reference to the organisation, structure, ethos and learning capabilities of the British Army and evaluates the impact of the reforms upon British military performance in the Low Countries, in the period 1793 to 1814, via a series of narrative reconstructions. This thesis directly challenges the transformation argument and provides a re-evaluation of British military competency in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
    [Show full text]
  • Discover Woman American History
    soei D g American Democracy et. 07 How Women Shaped American Life and Culture Prepared by Susan Sullivan Lagon,Ph.D., Historian, The Jefferson, Washington, DC The Jefferson, Washington, DC • 1200 16th St. NW • Washington DC, 20036 1 The Jefferson, Washington, DC • 1200 16th St. NW • Washington DC, 20036 How Women Shaped American Life and Culture Prepared by Susan Sullivan Lagon, Ph.D., Historian, The Jefferson, Washington, DC John Adams, whose bust is opposite Thomas Jefferson’s in the lobby, was a faithful correspondent with his wife Abigail while she remained in Massachusetts. In a famous letter from Abigail to her husband on March 31, 1776, she wrote: “I long to hear that you have declared an independency. And, by the way, in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands. Remember, all men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation.” Day One Walking Tour From the hotel, head south on 16th St. to Lafayette Square. The large building at H St. and Madison Place is Dolley Madison House. The stately home was built in 1820 by Congressman Richard Cutts who was married to Dolley Madison’s sister Anna.
    [Show full text]
  • I^Igtorical ^Siisociation
    American i^igtorical ^siisociation SEVENTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING NEW YORK HEADQUARTERS: HOTEL STATLER DECEMBER 28, 29, 30 Bring this program with you Extra copies 25 cents Please be certain to visit the hook exhibits The Culture of Contemporary Canada Edited by JULIAN PARK, Professor of European History and International Relations at the University of Buffalo THESE 12 objective essays comprise a lively evaluation of the young culture of Canada. Closely and realistically examined are literature, art, music, the press, theater, education, science, philosophy, the social sci ences, literary scholarship, and French-Canadian culture. The authors, specialists in their fields, point out the efforts being made to improve and consolidate Canada's culture. 419 Pages. Illus. $5.75 The American Way By DEXTER PERKINS, John L. Senior Professor in American Civilization, Cornell University PAST and contemporary aspects of American political thinking are illuminated by these informal but informative essays. Professor Perkins examines the nature and contributions of four political groups—con servatives, liberals, radicals, and socialists, pointing out that the continu ance of healthy, active moderation in American politics depends on the presence of their ideas. 148 Pages. $2.75 A Short History of New Yorh State By DAVID M.ELLIS, James A. Frost, Harold C. Syrett, Harry J. Carman HERE in one readable volume is concise but complete coverage of New York's complicated history from 1609 to the present. In tracing the state's transformation from a predominantly agricultural land into a rich industrial empire, four distinguished historians have drawn a full pic ture of political, economic, social, and cultural developments, giving generous attention to the important period after 1865.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, William Howard, ed. The Eye of Thomas Jefferson. Blake, Channing. “The Early Interiors of Carrère and Hastings.” Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1981. The Magazine Antiques 110 (1976): 344–351. Aikman, Lonnelle. We, the People: The Story of the United Blum, John M., et. al., eds. The National Experience. New States Capitol. Washington: U. S. Capitol Historical Society, 1991. York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1963. Alex, William. Calvert Vaux: Architect & Planner. New York: Bowling, Kenneth R. Creating the Federal City, 1774–1800: Ink, Inc., 1994. Potomac Fever. Washington: The American Institute of Archi- tects Press, 1988. Alexander, R. L. “The Grand Federal Edifice.” Documentary Editing 9 (June 1987): 13–17. Bowling, Kenneth R., and Helen E. Veit., eds. The Diary of William Maclay and Other Notes On Senate Debates. Balti- Allen, William C. “In The Greatest Solemn Dignity”: The Capi- more: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. tol’s Four Cornerstones. Washington: Government Printing Bristow, Ian C. Interior House-Painting Colours and Tech- Office, 1995. nology 1615–1840. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. ———. “‘Seat of Broils, Confusion, and Squandered Thousands’: Brown, Glenn. “Dr. William Thornton, Architect.” Architectural Building the Capitol, 1790–1802.” The United States Capitol: Record 6 (1896): 53–70. Designing and Decorating a National Icon. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000. ———. History of the United States Capitol. 2 vols. Washing- ton: Government Printing Office, 1900, 1902. ———. The Dome of the United States Capitol: An Architec- tural History. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1992. ———. Memories: A Winning Crusade to Revive George Washington’s Vision of a Capital City.
    [Show full text]
  • Eugene Miakinkov
    Russian Military Culture during the Reigns of Catherine II and Paul I, 1762-1801 by Eugene Miakinkov A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History and Classics University of Alberta ©Eugene Miakinkov, 2015 Abstract This study explores the shape and development of military culture during the reign of Catherine II. Next to the institutions of the autocracy and the Orthodox Church, the military occupied the most important position in imperial Russia, especially in the eighteenth century. Rather than analyzing the military as an institution or a fighting force, this dissertation uses the tools of cultural history to explore its attitudes, values, aspirations, tensions, and beliefs. Patronage and education served to introduce a generation of young nobles to the world of the military culture, and expose it to its values of respect, hierarchy, subordination, but also the importance of professional knowledge. Merit is a crucial component in any military, and Catherine’s military culture had to resolve the tensions between the idea of meritocracy and seniority. All of the above ideas and dilemmas were expressed in a number of military texts that began to appear during Catherine’s reign. It was during that time that the military culture acquired the cultural, political, and intellectual space to develop – a space I label the “military public sphere”. This development was most clearly evident in the publication, by Russian authors, of a range of military literature for the first time in this era. The military culture was also reflected in the symbolic means used by the senior commanders to convey and reinforce its values in the army.
    [Show full text]
  • THADDEUS KOSCIUSZKO I the KOSCIUSZKO HOUSE I I NATIONAL MEMORIAL I PENNSYLVANIA I 1:· B&W S~Ans
    I .. historic structure reJiort .., histori.cal and architectural data . I , .. • , . <"' \-;>.\ STO\<P.GE I \ , i'JATI ONAL PAP.!< SERVICE I ()ENVE?. SEf11JiCE CENTER BRAN CH OF MICRO GRAPHICS . I : .I,JBRARY COPY . I ·· I ·I I . I· . '. I' 'j. I I I I I THADDEUS KOSCIUSZKO I THE KOSCIUSZKO HOUSE I I NATIONAL MEMORIAL I PENNSYLVANIA I 1:· B&W S~ans . J0/11/HJoS I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I --- 4••• -·-·-· - I I . HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT ·I THE KOSCIUSZKO HOUSE HISTORICAL AND AR~ lT ECTURAL DATA ·I. THADDEUS KOSCIUSZKO NATIONAL MEMORIAL I PENNSYLVANIA I ·I I I by James D. Mote I David G. Henderson I I I ' DENVER SERVICE CENTER HISTORIC PRESERVATION TEAM NATIONAL PARK SERVICE I UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE IJ:ITERIOR DENVER, COI.ORADO I October 1974 I I· • I - - - . I I I I · I I I I I ' I I . .. I I I I I • I I ---· ·--· I ·I PREFACE 'I Tadeusz (Thaddeus) Kosciuszko was one of 'the first . foreign vol'unteers to come to the aid of the American Revolutionary Army. Arriving in Philadelphia in August 1776, he won a commission as colonel I of engineers· for his aid in the planning of defense works on the. Delaware River. Kosciuszko joined the northern army under General . Gates in the spring of 1777; his engineerir.g works were instrumental in the important victory over Burgoyne at Saratoga. From March 1778 I to June 1780, Kosciuszko was in charge of constructing defense works at West Point.
    [Show full text]
  • Not Another Constitutional Law Course: a Proposal to Teach a Course on the Constitution
    Florida International University College of Law eCollections Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 1991 Not Another Constitutional Law Course: A Proposal to Teach a Course on the Constitution Thomas E. Baker Florida International University College of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/faculty_publications Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the Legal Education Commons Recommended Citation Thomas E. Baker, Not Another Constitutional Law Course: A Proposal to Teach a Course on the Constitution , 76 Iowa L. Rev. 739 (1991). Available at: https://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/faculty_publications/173 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at eCollections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of eCollections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Not Another Constitutional Law Course: A Proposal to Teach a Course on the Constitutiont Thomas E. Baker* and James E. Viator** Justice Douglas once railed against law review writing in which "the views presented are those of special pleaders who fail to disclose that they are not scholars but rather people with axes to grind."l Not so here. Authors ofcourse materials, even casebook authors, package their biases in subtle but effective ways, through their selection, organization, and empha­ sis of materials. By this essay, which is based on the preface to our multilithed course materials, we mean to disclose our own biases to our students and readers. This is the basic question we consider at the outset: How is a course on the.Constitution different from a'course on constitutional law? Our course, "The Framers' Constitution," is about the history and theory of the t ©1991 Thomas E.
    [Show full text]
  • WU Editorials & Model Stop
    volume one, number two a supplement to walthers ho, n&z and big trains reference books CLASSICS Model Power Acquires Mantua Model Power is pleased to announce its acquisition of Mantua Industries. A respected manufacturer of locomotives and rolling stock for model railroaders since 1926, Mantua is headquartered in Woodbury, New Jersey. Together these manufacturers have a total of over 110 years of experience and service to the model railroad industry. Model Power has purchased all HO tooling, molds, parts and dies from Mantua Industries and retains rights to the name “Mantua.” Model Power will also be forming a new division called Mantua Classics whose initial production plans for 2003 include the following locomotives: Pacific, Berkshire, 2-6-6-2, 2-6-6-0, Camelback and 0-6-0 Tank. The overall goal will be to produce quality products, fine-tune performance, enhance detail and dramatically cut the prices of steam locomotives. For modelers concerned about what this acquisition means in terms of products and customer service, here are steps now being taken by Model Power: 1. Most parts are or will be in stock 2. Metal boiler locomotives will be made with extra details not previously included 3. Steam locomotives will be DCC compatible with an 8-prong receiver 4. Tenders will be made with electrical pickup 5. Drive trains for F7s will be flywheel driven and carry the high-tech F7 metal body used in Model Power’s MetalTrain™ Model Power is proud to offer its customers more—more details, more quality and performance, more choices— with Mantua Classics.
    [Show full text]
  • H. Doc. 108-222
    EIGHTEENTH CONGRESS MARCH 4, 1823, TO MARCH 3, 1825 FIRST SESSION—December 1, 1823, to May 27, 1824 SECOND SESSION—December 6, 1824, to March 3, 1825 VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES—DANIEL D. TOMPKINS, of New York PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE—JOHN GAILLARD, 1 of South Carolina SECRETARY OF THE SENATE—CHARLES CUTTS, of New Hampshire SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE SENATE—MOUNTJOY BAYLY, of Maryland SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES—HENRY CLAY, 2 of Kentucky CLERK OF THE HOUSE—MATTHEW ST. CLAIR CLARKE, 3 of Pennsylvania SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE HOUSE—THOMAS DUNN, of Maryland; JOHN O. DUNN, 4 of District of Columbia DOORKEEPER OF THE HOUSE—BENJAMIN BIRCH, of Maryland ALABAMA GEORGIA Waller Taylor, Vincennes SENATORS SENATORS REPRESENTATIVES William R. King, Cahaba John Elliott, Sunbury Jonathan Jennings, Charlestown William Kelly, Huntsville Nicholas Ware, 8 Richmond John Test, Brookville REPRESENTATIVES Thomas W. Cobb, 9 Greensboro William Prince, 14 Princeton John McKee, Tuscaloosa REPRESENTATIVES AT LARGE Gabriel Moore, Huntsville Jacob Call, 15 Princeton George W. Owen, Claiborne Joel Abbot, Washington George Cary, Appling CONNECTICUT Thomas W. Cobb, 10 Greensboro KENTUCKY 11 SENATORS Richard H. Wilde, Augusta SENATORS James Lanman, Norwich Alfred Cuthbert, Eatonton Elijah Boardman, 5 Litchfield John Forsyth, Augusta Richard M. Johnson, Great Crossings Henry W. Edwards, 6 New Haven Edward F. Tattnall, Savannah Isham Talbot, Frankfort REPRESENTATIVES AT LARGE Wiley Thompson, Elberton REPRESENTATIVES Noyes Barber, Groton Samuel A. Foote, Cheshire ILLINOIS Richard A. Buckner, Greensburg Ansel Sterling, Sharon SENATORS Henry Clay, Lexington Ebenezer Stoddard, Woodstock Jesse B. Thomas, Edwardsville Robert P. Henry, Hopkinsville Gideon Tomlinson, Fairfield Ninian Edwards, 12 Edwardsville Francis Johnson, Bowling Green Lemuel Whitman, Farmington John McLean, 13 Shawneetown John T.
    [Show full text]