The Survivors of the Holocaust in Occupied Germany Zeev W

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-03756-3 - Life between Memory and Hope: The Survivors of the Holocaust in Occupied Germany Zeev W. Mankowitz Index More information

Index

Notes 1 Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. 2 Most references are to Jews in American Zone of Occupied Germany (and Austria), except where otherwise indicated. DPs (displaced persons) is used to refer mainly to Jewish people. References to Nazis and the effects of the Second World War are omitted as they are implied throughout.

AACI see Anglo-American Committee of assimilation as cause of, 181–183 Inquiry on Palestine discussed in Landsberger Lager Tsaytung, Abelski, B., 205n 165–167, 172–173, 181–184 Adcock, General, 260 renewed after war, 173, 183–184, Adler, Mikl´os,86 243–244, 251–262, 269 Adler-Rudel, Shlomo, 104 see also German people; pogroms Agudat Yisrael school, 133 Arendt, Hannah, 291 Ainring, 110 Argentina, 73 AJDC see Joint Distribution Committee Argov, Meir, 66 Akabas, Doctor, 199 armed resistance, 83, 156, 159 Akselrod, A., 204n, 208 honored in remembrance, 209–214, Albrich, Thomas, 270n 219, 221, 223 Aldak, D., 232 see also Warsaw Ghetto Revolt Aleksandrovitz, Chaim, 38n, 45n Armenians, 167 aliyah, 44, 188–189 Army meaning of, 272 American see US Army see also illegal immigrants; Mossad British, 17, 65, 90, 300 Le-Aliyah Bet; Palestine; Zionism French, 212 Allard, Marjorie, 290n Israeli, 302 Altman, Tusia, 148, 149n, 156 Jews in, 78; see also Jewish Brigade America see United States Polish, 18, 30, 163, 173 American Jewish Conference, 145–146, Red, 24, 149, 159, 238 186 Third, 16, 57, 108, 113, 264 American Joint Distribution Committee Asch, Sholem, 82 see Joint Distribution Committee Association of National Youth, 36 American Zone, survivors in see survival Association of Surviving Jews in the Amery, Jean, 230–231 American Occupied Zone of Bavaria, Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on 47–49 Palestine, 22–23, 77, 120–129 Attlee, Clement, 62, 77, 120–121 recommends 100,000 to enter Palestine, Auerbach, Phillip, 243 128–129, 226, 261–262, 271–273, Aumer, Doctor, 262 275 Auschwitz, 24, 31, 35, 81, 154, 258 Anilewicz, Mordechai, 156 Australia, 273 Ansbach, 110, 138, 141 Austria see preliminary note to index antisemitism, 52, 71–75, 243–244 Avidov, Yitzchak (Pasha Reichman), 237

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-03756-3 - Life between Memory and Hope: The Survivors of the Holocaust in Occupied Germany Zeev W. Mankowitz Index More information

Index 319

Avigeto, G., 223n and need for Jewish State, 72n, 157, Avigur, Shaul, 237 274, 276, 296 Avni, Chaim, 21n, 94n party see Mapai on role of She’erith Hapleitah, 173 Ba-ma’avak,42 and UZO, 90, 97, 300 Babenhausen sanatorium, 102 Berchtesgaden, 240 Babi Yar, 249 Berdichevsky, Aaron, 100n Bad Nauheim, 252 Berenbaum, Michael, 8n Bad Reichenall, 159 Bergen-Belsen, 49, 51, 102, 105n, 120, Bad Toelz, 40 207 Baeck, Rabbi Leo, 122 liberation of, 8, 230 Balfour Declaration, 73, 77, 83 numbers in, 15 Balkans, 13, 35 Berger, C., 230n, 232, 233n Baltic States (and DPs from), 2, 13, 14, Berkman, Azriel, 101n 56, 59 Berlin, Isaiah, 292n see also Lithuania Berlin, 7, 15, 219, 237 Bamberg, 110, 136, 218, 258–259 Bernstein, Rabbi Phillip S., 20n, 255n, newspaper (Undzer Vort), 205–206, 210 260, 270, 275n, 281 Bar Kochbah revolt, 212 Bernstein, Victor H., 261 Baron, Zvi, 162n Besserglik, M., 235, 238n barter see grey market Betar Revisionist youth movement, 40, 280 Basel, Zionist Congress in, 279–282 Bethell, Nicholas, 77n Bauer, Yehuda Bettelheim, Bruno, 37n, 287, 291 and aliyah, 274n Bevin, Ernest, 77, 78, 127, 273 on American reports, 53n Birkenau, 31 and destruction of Jewish Kovno, 24n, black market, 243–244, 255, 277–278 40n Blatt, Tuviah, 223n and DPs’ ﬂight and rescue, 4–5, 8, Blumenfeld, Yisrael, 73n 14–15, 16n, 17n, 18n Blumovicz, Abraham, 135n, 136n, and East European Survivors Brigade, 157–158, 161n, 230n, 243n, 252n, 90n 276 and Rifkind, 110n Bogner, Nachum, 8 Baumel, Yehudit Tidor, 8, 26, 28n Brandes, Zvi, 150n, 151n, 155n Bavaria Brichah, 4–5, 17, 18–19, 66, 131, 292, 293 book of survivors (Shearit Hapletah), 2 and Central Committee, 103, 105–112, She’erith Hapleitah referring to survivors 115, 122, 130 in, 1 and confrontation with Germany, see also Central Committee; United 235–237 Zionist Organization and education, politics of, 140, 149 Beckelman, M., 137n, 138n towards 1947, 268, 270 Becker, Levy, 110n, 114n, 115, 116 and unity, quest for, 92, 93 Bedell-Smith, General, 60n, 64, 67–68, Britain, 5, 7, 129 108, 110 Army, 17, 65, 90, 300 Belsen see Bergen-Belsen Balfour Declaration, 73, 77, 83 Ben-Asher, Chaim, 42–43, 46, 48–49, 206 BBC, 34 Ben-Gurion, David and Central Committee, 129; proposed and Anglo-American Committee of transfer of children to, 103–104, 105 Inquiry, 122–123 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 48, and Central Committee, 102, 105n 49 on DPs in American Zone, 60n, 65, and international arena of She’erith 67–68, 108 Hapleitah, 55, 60–62, 65 on education, 95 Jews in, 125 on Jewish nationality, 38 and Landsberger Lager Tsaytung, 177, on kibbutzim, 99n 179–180, 183 and General Morgan, 109n Navy, clashes with, 159, 301

320 Index

Britain (cont.) towards 1947, 270, 274, 277 November 1944–July 1945, 34, 49, 61 transfers without notice, 258–259 and Palestine, 7, 73, 77, 83, 104, 119; Zeilsheim, 20, 55, 64, 132–133, 277, 295 see also White Paper see also in particular Feldaﬁng; Kaufering; partition plan (1937), 274 Landsberg as prosecutor for war crimes see Canada, 13, 104 Nuremberg trials Carlebach, Azriel, 122n retreat from Mandate, 299–301 Caruth, Cathy, 286–287 towards 1947, 264, 272, 273–275; Caspi, Major, 47n protests against, 271 CDPX (Combined Displaced Persons and unity, quest for, 90 Executive), 12 and Zionism, hopes of, 73, 75, 76–78, Center for Diaspora Communities, 66 83 Central Committee of the Liberated Jews Zone in Germany, 8, 49 in Germany (ZK ), 101–130 see also Labour government; White Paper and AACI, 120–129 Brit Lochamim Yehudiim (Covenant of children, proposed transfer to Western Jewish Combatants), 157 Europe and America, 103–105, 107, Buchberg, 40, 43, 57 113 Buchenwald, 3, 24–26, 88, 112–113, 287 and confrontation with Germany, and Communist Party, 25 227–230, 240, 242–243, 250, Kibbutz, 8, 24, 28–29, 50, 146, 194–195, 252–253, 258 206, 244 Congress of 1946, 118–120, 264 liberation, 26, 27 Culture Department, 135, 137, 217 list of survivors, 26 and education, politics of, 135, 137, Techiyat Hametim, 23, 26, 27 139, 148 trial of personnel, 253 elections to, 116–117, 264 Bull, Major General H. R., 264n and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 24, Bundists, 27, 47, 124, 162, 212 39, 41, 51 and Zionism, hopes of, 70, 73–76, 81 and “inﬁltration” of refugees from east, Burstein, Rabbi Eliezer, 70, 241 105–113 Burstein, Michael, 29–30 and international arena of She’erith Hapleitah, 56, 57, 68 Callman, Rudolf, 52n and JDC, 112–116 camps, concentration see concentration Judicial Department, 252–253 camps and Landsberger Lager Tsaytung, 162, 172 camps for DPs, 8, 13, 20–22, 288 newspaper see Undzer Veg and Central Committee, 101, 103, 106, Paris delegation, 276 107, 109, 110, 112–113, 117, 120, and remembrance, 195–197, 200, 202, 126 214, 216–218 and confrontation with Germany, 240, towards 1947, 263–273, 276–280 256–257, 259, 260 and Zionism, hopes of, 65n, 69, 77 and education, politics of, 132–133, Central Historical Commission, 214–220 144–146, 149, 151, 155, 157 journal see Fun Letstn Khurbn Foehrenwald, 20, 77, 106, 132–133, Chazan, Ya’akov, 93 217, 219, 260 Chelmno, 205 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, children 39–41, 45–46 emotional problems of, 137, 139–140, improved, 63–67 142, 145, 148–149, 151–154 and international arena of She’erith homes for orphans, 138, 139 Hapleitah, 55, 57, 63–67 in kibbutzim, 138–140, 142–149, 146 journalism see Landsberger Lager Tsaytung not saved, 224 Leipheim, 20, 199–200, 211, 223 numbers of, 19, 131–132, 133, 136, 268 and remembrance, 196, 198–201, proposed transfer to Western Europe 204–206, 211–213, 217, 219, and America, 26, 103–105, 107, 113 223–224 see also education; youth

Index 321

Cholawski, Shalom, 158, 159n Coordination of Pioneering Youth, 100 chosen people concept, relinquishing, Council of Jewish Affairs, 259 165–166 Council of Liberated Jews, 101, 175, Christinaity, 81, 88, 167, 298 274–275 Catholics blame Satan, 231 see also Central Committee Churchill, Sir Winston, 62, 76–77 Council for Welfare Divisions in Clark, General, 269–270 Dispersion, 111–112 Clarke, Lieutenant Edwin, 264 Covenant of Jewish Combatants, 157 Cochavi, Yehoyakim, 142n criminals, war see trials Cohen, Chaim, 33n, 45 Crossman, Richard, 121, 123, 127, 128n, Cohen, Henry, 260n 129 Cohen, Michael J., 6n, 63n, 121n Crum, Bartley, 123, 124, 125–126 Cold War, 16, 180 Cultural Mission of World Jewish collaborators, 13, 204–205, 207–208 Congress, 195, 202 Combined Displaced Persons Executive, Cyprus, 8, 188, 301 12 Czechoslovakia (and DPs from), 12, 14, commemoration see remembrance 17, 19, 58, 88, 105, 169, 214 Committee on Jewish Affairs, 243 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, communism/Communist Party and 30, 46 socialism, 16, 89 repatriation, 46, 72 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 25, Czestochowa Ghetto, 83, 235 30, 38–39 Jewish section see Yevsektsiya Dachau, 2, 58, 222 and Landsberger Lager Tsaytung, 162, 163 clerics in, 233 and Zionism, hopes of, 70, 74 documents from, 220 see also Soviet Union and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, community awareness see cooperation 24, 25, 29, 32, 39, 40, 42, 49 compensation and amends, material, 50, and Landsberger Lager Tsaytung, 163, 226–230 174 concentration camps, 81, 88, 154, 258 liberation, 15, 20, 38; International and Central Committee, 102, 105n, Committee, 16, 38 112–113, 120 SS prisoners and trials in, 238, 253 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, sub-camps, 3; see also Kaufering 27–31, 35, 49, 51 Danzinger, Shmuel, 258 liberation, 8, 15, 20, 26, 27, 230, 248 Dawidowicz, Lucy S., 183n and remembrance, 207, 220, 222 death marches, 24–25 trials of personnel, 253 Deggendorf, 133 underground activities before liberation, Department for Child Care, 141 3–4, 24–26, 30, 32–33, 163, 175, 219; Der Nayer Moment (The New Moment), newspaper see Nitzotz 202 see also Auschwitz; Bergen-Belsen; Deshe, Michael, 157 Buchenwald; Dachau; liberation Des Pres, Terrence, 7 confrontation with Germany, 226–262 Digrin, Elmar, 231n compensation and amends, material, Diler, Lozer, 118n 226–230 Dinnerstein, Leonard, 6n, 11n, 61n, 65n moral claims, 230–235 displaced persons see DPs public attitudes and violent clashes, Division of East European Survivors, 89, 252–262 90, 92, 98, 235–236 see also German people; Nuremberg Dobkin, Eliyahu, 49, 51n, 137 trials; relationships; revenge documentation of memories, 214–222 conversions and mixed marriages, 245 Dortheimer, M., 39n cooperation and community, sense of, Dos Fraye Vort (The Free Word), 70, 30–31, 286–890 72n, 240 see also home; kibbutzim; She’erith Dos Vort (The Word), 33n Hapleitah; Zionism Dothan, Shmuel, 6n

322 Index

DPs (displaced persons), xi Engel, David, 5n, 293n see also camps for DPs; She’erith English language, 40, 134, 135, 137 Hapleitah; survival Eretz Yisrael see Zionism Drechsler, Adina, 2n, 7n Eschwege, 20, 148 Dror (freedom) youth movement of United Etzel, 281 Kibbutz, 65–66, 92, 98, 279 European Center for Education and Dubnow, Simon, 163 Culture (Jewish Agency and JDC), Dunner, Joseph, 48, 57 137–138, 139 Duvdevani, Y., 91n Even-Chalak, M., 244n, 245n Dvorjetski, Mark, 210 Exodus from Egypt, 84–87 passim dybbuk concept, 167, 170 Exodus from Europe (Yetziat Europa), 84 see also emigration; Zionism Eastern Europe Exodus (ship), 301 DPs from, 12–14, 17–18, 19, 51; and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 25, Fackenheim, Emil, 297–298 27–28, 30–32, 35, 48–49; Soviet Farben, I. G., 253 attempts to persuade survivors to farms, cooperative see kibbutzim return to, 39; see also Czechoslovakia; fascism, 179, 182 Hungary; Poland; Romania Nazis see introductory note to index movement to American Zones see Federbush, Shimon, 202–203 Brichah Feigenbaum, M. Y., 103n, 216, 217–218, see also repatriation; return 219n, 220, 221n Eaton, Joseph W., 26, 28n Feinberg, Avraham, 221n education and training, 106, 292 Feinberg, Moshe, 250n Education Council, 137 Feldafing, 20, 22, 85, 257, 274 Education Department of AJDC, 4 and Central Committee, 101, 103, 107, politics of, 131–160; early 110, 115, 116 developments, 131–138; institutions, and education, politics of, 132–133, 138–143; see also kibbutzim 144; Kibbutz Ma’apilim, 151, 155 towards 1947, 276, 277, 280 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 43, and unity, quest for, 93, 95–96 47–48 Zionist, 33–34 and international arena of She’erith Efros, Yisrael, 81n, 195, 200, 201, 202, Hapleitah, 58, 63, 64 207n, 209 newspaper see Dos Fraye Vort Eggendorfer, 28 and remembrance, 204–205, 213 see also Buchenwald under kibbutzim and Zionism, hopes of, 75, 77, 79, 82 Egypt, 128 see also Bundists Eilat, Eliyahu, 52n, 53n, 62n Feldberg, Yitzchak, 260 Eisenhower, General Dwight, 11, 48, 265 “First Conference of Zionists in Bavaria,” and American Zone DPs, 107n 44 and Harrison Report, 57, 60, 61, 63–64 First World War, 72, 73, 118, 166, 167, and She’erith Hapleitah, 67–68 179 Eitinger, Leo, 290 analogies from, 92, 97 Eizenberg, David J., 52n, 147n Fishman, Yehudah (Rabbi Maimon), Emerson, Sir Herbert, 122 274 emigration, 59–60, 75, 95, 124, 273 Flossenbürg, 253 AACI recommends 100,000 to Foehrenwald, 20, 77, 106, 132–133, 217, Palestine, 128–129, 226, 261–262, 219, 260 271–273, 275 Forstenfeld, Mendel, 101n discussed in Landsberger Lager Tsaytung, Founding Conference of She’erith 184–186, 188–189 Hapleitah, 89–90, 95, 118–120 see also aliyah; illegal immigrants; Italy; France, 29, 73, 103, 214 Palestine; repatriation; Zionism Army, 212 emotional problems see psychological French Revolution, influence of, 167, problems 168, 179

Index 323

Oeuvre de Secour aux Enfants (OSE), with, 252–262; continued 26 antisemitism, 173, 183–184, 243–244, as prosecutor for war crimes see 251–262; indifference and lack of Nuremberg trials regret, 228, 230–234; perceived Frank, Ernst, 195 collective, 252–260, 298–299, and Frankfurt, 21, 55, 57, 64, 136, 218, 237 moral claims, 230–235; skepticism see also Zeilsheim about claims, 232–233; support for Freimann-Flakkaserne center, 39, 41, 43, Hitler, 232–233 47, 48 see also relationships Frenkel, Shlomo see Shafir, Shalomo Gerovitch, N., 75 Friedheim, V., 252 Gershenovitz, Moshe, 233n Friedman, Paul, 152–153, 154 Gevelber, Avraham, 275n Friedman, Philip, 116, 135n, 136n, 213n ghetto, 40, 83, 149, 210, 235 Friedman, Theodore, 193n fighters see armed resistance Fuerth, 135, 258–259 life, 289–290 funding DPs, 229, 268 see also Kovno Ghetto; Warsaw Ghetto see also compensation Giere, Jacqueline, 7–8 and n Fun Letstn Khurbn (FLK ) (From the Gladstein, Harav Mordechai, 241n Recent Destruction), 218, 220–222 Gliksman, Wolf, 217n Glover, S., 217 G5 Displaced Persons Department Goldberg, Baruch, 27, 28 (SHAEF), 28, 55 Goldman, Nachum, 102, 123, 265, 269 Galoz, A., 50n Goldsmidt, Samuel, 38 Galut, 44, 72, 73–74, 81–82 Goldstein, Samson M., 52 Ganin, Zvi, 6n, 62n Goldzamd, Chaim, 129n, 234n Gar, Yosef, 82, 118n, 201, 202, 204, 207, Gottlieb, Chaim Meir, 244 221–222 Greece, 30, 48, 112, 301 Garfinkel, Elimelech, 222n Greenbaum, Eliyahu, 25–26 Garfunkel, Leib, 24n, 30, 33n, 34–37, Greenblatt, Yaakov, 258 162n, 223–234 Greenleigh, Arthur, D., 113n, 259n Garmisch, 222 Grew, Joseph, 53 Gauting sanitorium, 39, 102, 196 grey market, 243, 277–278 Gavronsky, Meir, 70, 71n, 72, 83n, 84, Griebler, Mr., 295 240 Grinbaum, Benjamin, 149n, 153, 154n Gebirtig, Mordechai, 235 Grinbaum, Moshe, 101n Gelbart, A., 222n Grinberg, Zalman Gelber, Yoav, 6n 43, 90n, 275n and agricultural training, 145 Gendler, Aryeh, 156 and Anglo-American Committee of General Claims Law (1949), 227 Inquiry, 125–126 “genocide” not accepted at Nuremberg, on antisemitism, 72, 269 251 Central Committee Chairman, 101, Geringshof, 29 120, 263–264, 267n see also Buchenwald under kibbutzim Clarke on, 264 German people and compensation, 227 antisemitism see under responsibility in delegation of experts, 276 below on guilt and community, cultural history, 177–178 commemoration, 192–193, 195–197 intermarriage with, 244–245 on influx of DPs to Germany, 106, 107n Jewish, 245–246, 264 on Nuremberg trial, 248 occupied Germany see preliminary note to and St. Ottilien monastery, 20 index and She’erith Hapleitah, 202; foundation, productive relationships with, 242–245 30–31, 33n, 48, 49–50 responsibility, 278; active participants in on Warsaw Ghetto Revolt, 211n, 212 murder, 233–234, 248, 254; attacked and Zionism and Holocaust victims, in POW camps, 236–238; clashes 79n, 176, 180–191 passim

324 Index

Gringauz, Samuel, 155 Harrison, Earl G., 16, 45, 49, 51, 120 on camp politics, 206n and Anglo-American Committee of as Central Committee President, 101, Inquiry, 122 120, 205n Report of, 53–54, 300 on collective German guilt, 231, 240n Hashomer Hatzair, 279 on compensation, 230 and education, politics of, 141, 144, and education, 143 149–150, 155–156 on ghetto life, 290 and unity, quest for, 91–92, 93, 98–99 on guilt and community, Hasidism, 170, 185 commemoration, 193, 196–197, Hauser, Martin, 42 209–210 Hebrew language, 32, 40, 80, 84, 218 on Jewish mobility, 117–118 studies, 29, 134, 135–136, 149, 150 on Jewish–German relationships, 246, Heidelberg, 113 256–257, 259–260 heimlozikayt (homelessness), 83–84 Landsberger Lager Tsaytung writings, Heitan, Henri and Ruth, 205n 174–191 Heller, Yosef, 6n, 122n, 274n on need for Jewish State, 83n, 200–201, Hering, Ze’ev, 44 297 Hermanovitch, Baruch, 74n, 83n, 118n, on need for national discipline, 161 272, 273, 275–276 and “neo-humanism,” 143 heroism see armed resistance on Nuremberg trial, 251–252 Hershkopf, Shalom, 85, 199n, 213n and She’erith Hapleitah: Congresses, Herzl, T., 43, 66, 181n 118–119, 282–284; foundation, 3, 30, Hessen camps, 20 33n Heymont, Major Irving, 20, 101n, 161 on survival, 207n Hilberg, Raul, 291 and survivor newspapers, 162, 171 Hilldring, Major General John H., 13, on Valsonok, 163n 145–146 on Zionism and Holocaust victims, 72n, Himmler, Heinrich, 24 78, 79, 192 historical perspective, 71–72, 84, 164–165, on Zionism and Youth, 7n, 81 181, 212, 231–232 Grobman, Alex, 2n Historical Commission, 103, 159, 214, Grodzinski, Yosef, 8, 105n 216, 217–220 Gross-Rosen, 24 Hitler, Adolf group awareness see cooperation aims of, 33, 34, 126, 128, 201 Gruenbaum, Yitzchak, 261 antisemitic antecedents of, 71, 72 Gruner, George, 205n attitude of Germans towards, 232–233, Gr¨unwald, 258 254–255, 256 Gurfein, Colonel, 57 attitude of Jews towards, 23, 86, 210 Gutman, Marek, 80, 83n, 224 defeat of, 44 Gutman, Yisrael, 2n, 7n, 18, 91n, early war successes of, 179 296–297 Shaﬁr on, 298 Hoffmann, Chaim see Yachil, Chaim Hadari, Ze’ev (Venia), 6n Holzer, Heitan, 114n Haganah, 237–238 Holzer, Yosel, 235n Haggadah, 85, 86–87 Holzhausen training farm, 149 “survivors” (UZO and Nocham), 8, home, family and own land 86–87, 95–96 need for, 71–72, 83–84, 168–169 Hakibbutz Hameuchad,99 replacing see kibbutzim Halberstam, Yechiel, the Klausenberg see also cooperation; nationality; unity, Rebbe, 133 quest for; Zionism Halevi, S. see Shalitan, Levi homelessness (heimlozikayt), 83–84 Halivni, David Weiss, 287n Horowitz, Rabbi, 198–199 Hanakam (Revenge group), 235–238 Hoter-Yishai, Captain Aharon, 43, 66 Hanoar Hazioni (Zionist Youth), 93–94 Huebner, Major General, 265 Haoved, 279 humanism, new, 176, 181, 190

Index 325

Hungary (and DPs from), 14, 17, 88, 138, and international arena of She’erith 169, 214 Hapleitah, 65, 66 and Central Committee, 113, 127 numbers of DPs in, 14 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 27, towards 1947, 271, 272 30, 35, 48 and unity, quest for, 90, 91 and international arena of She’erith Ivri see Shaﬁr, Shlomo Hapleitah, 56, 58, 65 Iyar repatriation, 27–28, 46, 59 5th of, 203 Hyman, Joseph C., 112n, 269n 14th of, 197, 202

ideology, need for, 70 Jabotinsky, Zeev, 92n see also Zionism Jackson, Justice, 248, 249 IDF (Israel Defence Forces), 302 Jacobmeyer, Wolfgang, 8–9n Ilan, Amitzur, 6n, 62n, 91n JDC see Joint Distribution Committee illegal immigrants, 6, 8, 159, 292, Jewish Agency 295–301 and Central Committee, 111, 123, 124, and confrontation with Germany, 226, 128 237, 261–262 chairman see Ben-Gurion towards 1947, 271–274, 275 and confrontation with Germany, 226, see also aliyah; Mossad Le-Aliyah Bet; 228–230 Zionism and education, politics of, 137–139, immigration see emigration 148 IMT (International Military Tribunal) and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 29, see Nuremberg 38, 49 institutional relationships with Germans, and Immigration Department, 95 242–244 and international arena of She’erith Intergovernmental Committee on Hapleitah, 53, 60, 66–67 Refugees, 53, 55 Mission, 124, 137–138 see also Harrison towards 1947, 269, 271, 274, 276, 278 intermarriage with Germans, 244–245 Jewish Brigade, 6, 14, 17, 150, 195, 298, International Commission for War Crimes, 300 247 and confrontation with Germany, 236, International Committee, 26, 38 237 International Historical Conference and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 28, (1985), 7 42, 43, 48–49 International Military Tribunal and international arena of She’erith see Nuremberg Hapleitah, 55, 65 International Red Cross see Red Cross newspaper (Ba-ma’avak), 42 International Refugee Organization, 283 and unity, quest for (and UZO), 90–91 Irgun Brith Zion, 1, 32–33, 36, 38, 40, and Zionism, hopes of, 78, 83 88 Jewish Child Care Committee, 139 Israel Jewish Committee, 26–28, 42, 49, 60 Defence Forces, 302 Jewish Conference, American, 145–146, integration of survivors in, 8 186 state created (May 1948), 5–6, 8, 62 Jewish Council, 141, 146 War of Independence (1948–1949), 299, Jewish Information Ofﬁce (Dachau), 301–302 39 see also Palestine; Zionism Jewish Labor Committee, 186 Italy (mainly as route for emigration), 2, Jewish Refugee Committee (Britain), 12, 17, 159, 214, 300 103 and confrontation with Germany, Jewish Self-Help Committee see Jewish 236–237 Committee fascism in, 179 Jewish Welfare Board, American, 52–54 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, Jews see preliminary note to index 33n, 35, 42, 47, 49 Jochelson, Yisrael, 101n

326 Index

Joint Distribution Committee, American, Ma’apilim, 151, 155 70, 195 Negev, 157 and Central Committee, 101, 112–116 “Nili,” 85, 126, 240 and confrontation with Germany, 226, numbers of members, 147, 148 228–230, 243, 259 and unity, quest for, 91, 98–99 and education, politics of, 4, 135–138, see also Hashomer Hatzair 139, 147 Kiddush Hashem (sanctiﬁcation of God’s ﬁnance and support from, 5, 6, 292 name), 199, 213 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 40, Kielce pogrom, 17, 18, 129, 138 41; beginning of operations, 12; Klagenfurt, 42 children rescued by, 26 Klausenberg, Rebbe, 133 and international arena of She’erith Klausner, Rabbi Abraham J., 2, 15n–16n Hapleitah, 54, 55, 63 on black market, 243n, 278n towards 1947, 266–270, 273, 278, 280 on camp survival, 207n and United Nations, 14, 17 and Central Committee, 101n, 102, Joslow, M. J., 133n, 134n, 135n 103n, 112, 115, 267n Jost Jules, 32 and Haggadah supplement, 86 justice see Nuremberg trials; revenge and Harrison, 54n, 55, 58 on Jewish–German relationships, 257n, Kaddish (Prayer for the Dead), 31 258–259 Kagan, B., 200n liberated Jews, report on, 53n Kagan, Hayim, 38–39 on overcrowding in DP camps, 109, Kantor, Zvi, 280–281 110n Kaplan, Yisrael, 30, 80, 215–216, 217, and political stability of DPs, 100n 219–220, 224n and proposed march to Palestine, Kaplan, Yosef, 150, 155n, 156 274–275 Karnowsky, Mordechai, 129 and She’erith Hapleitah, 39–40, 47, 48, Karolinsky, Yisrael, 93n 65 Kaspi, Moshe, 210n Kless, Shlomo, 5n, 89n, 90n Kassel, 113 Kliger, Moshe, 139n, 140n, 152n, 272n, Katsch, Beinisch, 30 275n Katz, Alex, 101n Klinger, Ruth, 66–67 Katz, Nachum, 30 Klotz, Ben, 55 Katz, Yaakov, 241n, 292, 293n Kochavi, Arieh, J., 8–9 Katzki, Herbert, 55 Koenigseder, Angelika, 7 Katznelson, Berl, 90 Korczak, Janush, 222n Kaufering, 1, 88, 205, 287 Korczak, Ruz ’ka, 26n, 236n and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, Kotler, Shalom, 223 29–30, 32, 34, 36, 37–38 Kova’i, David, 198n, 200n Gringauz in, 174–176 Kovner, Abba, 17n, 89–91, 98, 236–237, and Landsberger Lager Tsaytung, 173–176 238, 298 Kaufman, Menachem, 62n Kovner, R., 281n Keitelman, Yechezkiel, 245n Kovner, Vitke, 236n Keynan, Irit, 8 Kovno Ghetto, 241, 249 Kharkow, 31 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 25, khurban concept, 287–288 29–30, 31–32, 34, 36, 37, 40 kibbutzim/kibbutz hachsharah, 144–157, Gringauz in, 174 160, 272 Irgun Brith Zion, 1, 32–33, 36, 38, 40, 88 Bechazit (At the Front), 155 newspaper of see Nitzotz Buchenwald, 8, 24, 28–29, 50, 144–145, and remembrance, 221, 224 146, 206, 244 and unity, quest for, 88, 89 children in, 138–140, 142–149, 146 Valsonok in, 163, 173 Ein Hachoresh, 238 Kraft durch Freude, 233 Hakibbutz Hameuchad,99 Krakow, 205, 249 Lochamei Hagetaot, 148 Krane, Jay B., 108n, 109

Index 327

Kremer, Nachum (Nachum Shadmi), 237 Leit, Shlomo, 258n Krosny, A., 253 Leivik, H., 193, 195, 196–197, 207–209, Kulturamt, 135, 137 222, 224, 227 Kwasnik, Irving, 20n, 258n Lemkin, Richard, 251 Lestny, Moshe, 211n Labor Bloc Letter of Recognition, 265 votes in 22nd Zionist Congress, 279–280 Levi, Primo, 286, 287 see also Dror; Hashomer Hatzair; Pachach; Levin, Dov, 32, 162n Poalei Zion Lewinsky, Akiba, 149 Labour government in Britain, 60, 77–78, liberation, 26–51 passim 177, 179, 226 underground activities before, 3–4, Lachman, Gustav, 274 24–26, 30, 32–33, 163, 175, 219; Lak, Luva, 279n newspaper see Nitzotz Lampertheim, 258 Liberation Concert at St. Ottilien (1945), land, own see home 30–31, 174, 192–193 Landau, Ernst, 227, 228n, 230, 245, 254n Lifton, Robert J., 37, 225 Landsberg, 4, 20–21, 259 Lipman, Eugene, 256 and Central Committee, 101, 103, 107, Lipschitz, Ya’akov, 32, 43 109–110, 113, 117, 120, 125–126 Lipsky, Louis, 53n and confrontation with Germany, 240, lists of survivors, 26, 39 260 Lithuania (and DPs from), 132, 200 and education, politics of, 132, 144, and Central Committee, 103, 116 157 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 24, elections, 20, 161, 171 30, 39, 40, 48 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 39, and unity, quest for, 88, 98–99 43, 49 Valsonok, 163, 173 and international arena of She’erith and Zionism, hopes of, 78, 83 Hapleitah, 58, 60, 64 LLT see Landsberger Lager Tsaytung journal of see Landsberger Lager Tsaytung Lotheim, Lotte, 141n, 142 and remembrance, 198–199, 200–201, Lowy, Irene, 113 205–206, 211, 224 Lublin, 31 and Zionism, hopes of, 77, 79, 81 Lyon, Yves, 26n, 27n Landsberger Lager Tsaytung (The Landsberg Camp Paper) (later ma’apilim see illegal immigrants Yiddishe Tsaytung), 78, 117, 270 Maccabees, 71, 84 and confrontation with Germany, 240, MacDonald, James, 53 241, 245 McNarney, General Joseph T., 259, 265, writings analysed, 161–191; founding 269–270 editor (Valsonok), 161–174; madrichim, 140–141, 142, 154–155 Gringauz, 174–191 Maidanek, 233 Landsmanschaften, 193 Maimon, Rabbi Yehudah L. (Yehudah languages Fishman), 274 European, 82 Malin, Patrick, 55 see also English; Hebrew; Yiddish Mandate, 299–301 Langzam, Zvi see Shiloah, Zvi Mann, Mendel, 230n, 231n, 241–242 Laqueur, Walter, 6 Manningham-Buller, Major, 127 Laub, Dori, 290 Mapai (Ben-Gurion’s party), 68, 90, 91, Lavi, Yosef, 40n, 48n 95, 97, 99 Lavski, Chagit, 8 votes in 22nd Zionist Congress, League of Nations, 73, 77, 177 279–280 Minorities Clause, 168 Marcus, Robert, 26 Lebanon, 128 Marrus, Michael R., 8–9 Legett, Frederick, 123, 124, 125–126 Marshall, General George Catlett, 61 Leibowitz, Yosef, 40–41, 101n martyrs, 199, 207 Leipheim, 20, 199–200, 211, 223 Mayer, Saly, 40

328 Index

Mayevska, Pesa, 239–240 newspapers and journals, 26, 172, 215 Meiri, Moshe (Ben), 92n Ba-ma’avak,42 Melamed, Abraham, 33 Bamberg (Undzer Vort), 205–206, 210 memory see remembrance Central Committee see Undzer Veg Mendrovsky, Avraham, 155n Dos Fraye Vort, 70, 72n Mercaz La-Golah,66 Kovno Ghetto see Irgun Brith Zion Mickelsen, Colonel, 129 Palestine, 74–75 Miedrzycki, Fayge, 211n Techiyat Hametim (Resurrection), 23, 26, millennialism, 289 27 Minorities Clause (League of Nations), see also Nitzotz 168 Niemoeller, Pastor, 232 miracle, survival as, 204 Nitzotz (The Spark), 1, 32, 33, 71, 138, Mittenwald, 40, 46 175, 206–207 Mizrachi (party), 104, 279–280 Nocham (United Pioneering Youth), Montor, Henry, 54 86–87, 89–99 passim, 158–159, 206, moral claims and German collective 280 responsibility, 230–235 Nordhausen, 253 Morgan, General Frederick, 108–109, North America, 40 263, 264n see also Canada; United States Morgenthau, Henry, 53, 58, 61 Nover, Y., 74n Mossad Le-Aliyah Bet, 6, 237, 272, 297, Novick, Peter, 297n 301 Nower, G., 222n Mosse, George L., 151 Nuremberg, Stalag, 13 237–238 Motele, S., 26, 28n Nuremberg trials, 188, 216, 223, 225, Muentz, G. H., 17n, 19n, 131n 246–252, 283 Munich, 7, 20, 21, 77, 137, 219 opinions on usefulness, 250–252 and Central Committee, 101, 106, 110, Nussbaum, Doctor, 229n 118–119 and education, politics of, 136, 149 Oeuvre de Secour aux Enfants (OSE), 26 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 39, Ofer, Dalia, 2n, 8 41, 43, 48, 50 Ohlendorf, O., 253 and international arena of She’erith Oleiski, Jacob, 25, 30, 80n, 204n Hapleitah, 57, 58, 64 on black market, 278n and remembrance, 198, 200 on camp life, 206, 243n see also Landsberg and Central Committee, 117n, 118n, Munk, Max, 144n 119–120 Murphy, Robert, 244n on foreign investment in Germany, 257 on future of Jewish people, 125 Nabriski, Doctor, 161n and German–Jewish relationships, 254n Nadich, Rabbi Judah, 253n, 273n and international arena of She’erith and Central Committee, 109, Hapleitah, 60–61, 63 115 on Kovno Ghetto liquidation, 223n and international arena of She’erith and Landsberg, 161n, 211 Hapleitah, 60, 61, 63n, 64, 65n and vocational courses, 132 nationality and nationalism, 25, 45, 56, Olihav, M. D., 249n, 261n 151 Oren, Menachem, 124n discussions in Landsberger Lager Orenstein, Benjamin, 218n Tsaytung, 168–169, 175, 186 Organization (earlier Union) of Jewish see also home Combatants in Germany, 157–158, Neiberg, Leon, 225 159 Neiman, Isaak, 276 Organization of Survivors in Italy, 33 Nementsik, Yitzchak, 240–241 “Ort” network, 132, 135, 268 “neo-humanism,” 143 Orthodox Judaism, 70, 96, 104 Neuberger, M., 82n OSE (Oeuvre de Secour aux Enfants), 26 Neu Freiman, 110 Ostry, Ethel A., 76n

Index 329

Pachach (Partisans, Soldiers and Pioneers), Poland (and DPs from), 2, 169, 214 103, 158–160, 279 Army, 18, 30, 163, 173 Historical Commission, 214–220 and Central Committee, 105–106, 113, Palestine 118, 127, 129 Delegation to Occupied Germany and education, politics of, 138, 140, see Palestinian Mission 149 early departures to, 29, 38, 238, 276, and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 25, 292–293 27–28, 30–32, 40, 41, 48 Inquiry on see Anglo-American and international arena of She’erith Committee Hapleitah, 56, 65–66 newspapers, 74–75 repatriation, 17–18, 27–28, 40, 46, 57, partitioned (1947), 300 72, 196; refusal to go, 13, 14, 59, 75; pre-state Jewry see Yishuv return from, 12, 41, 196, 291–292, return to as goal see Zionism 293 shlichim, 95–96, 297 trials of war criminals in, 253 see also illegal immigrants; Israel and unity, quest for, 88, 89 Palestinian Mission, 4, 8, 12, 195, 292 and Zionism, hopes of, 74, 75, 78, and Central Committee, 111–112, 128 83 and education, politics of, 135, 139, see also Warsaw 141, 156–157 police towards 1947, 271 German, harassment of Jews, 255–256, Paris 258–259, 263 meeting of ex-fighters, 157 Jewish, 204–205, 258 Reparations Conference, 157, 229, 276 politics of education see under education Partisans, Soldiers and Pioneers popular culture, 215–220 see Pachach population numbers Passover (Pesach) in 1946, significance of, of DPs, 14–15, 54, 65, 127; children, 19, 85 131–132, 133, 136, 268; kibbutzim Patterson, Edward N., 14n members, 147, 148; leaving Eastern Patton, General George, 16, 64 Europe, 18–19, 291–292 Peck, Abraham J., 8n killed, 182 personal relationships with Germans, post-traumatic stress disorder 244–245 see “survivor’s disease” Pesachovitch, Doctor, 102 Potsdam, 16, 59, 62 Petersen, Howard, 269n Poznansky, Arthur, 25–26 Petiss, Susan, 138–139, 142, 148n prayers see Kaddish; Yizkor Piecacz, M., 202n Pres, Terrence Des, 7 Pinson, Koppel S. press see newspapers and journals on de-Nazification policy, 16n Proskauer, Judge, 122 and education, 136–137, 142–143, Proudfoot, Malcolm, 14 160 psychological problems, 79, 285–288 on report on She’erith Hapleitah,4, anticipated, 285 20n of children, 137, 139–140, 142–143, on Zionism, 70 145, 148–149, 151–154 Piotrkovski, A., 257 and confrontation with Germany, 226, Pisar, Samuel, 103n 242, 246, 260 Pliskin, Boris, 267 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, Poalei Zion, 141, 279 46–47 poetry, 37, 80, 84, 240 not as anticipated see cooperation pogroms, 166 and remembrance, 193–194, 211 Kielce, 17, 18, 129, 138 “survivor’s disease,” 204, 225, 246, Tripoli, 73 286–287 see also antisemitism and unity, quest for, 88 Pöking, 110 see also revenge conference (1946), 280 Pucyz, Marian, 101n, 103n, 110n

330 Index

Rabinowitz, M., 253n Revisionist Bergson Group, 274–275 Rackman, Emmanuel, 255, 256n, 257n Richmond, Colonel, 55 Radom, 194 Rifkind, Simon H., 105n, 106, 109–110, Rafike, Shimon, 78n 123, 259 Rand, Adam, 92n Ringelblum, Emmanuel, 209n Raphael, Gideon (Gideon Rufer), 123 Rivkes, Leon, 158n, 160n, 247n, 250n Ratner, Yitzchak, 40–41, 45–46, 47n, 94, Robinson, Jacob, 202n 96, 101n, 115 Robinson, Sarah and Alice, 132 Reading, Lady, 102 Rock, Eli, 109n, 113n, 114, 115, 116, recording memories, 214–222 243n Red Army, 24, 149, 159, 238 Romania (and DPs from), 14, 17 Red Cross, 32, 102, 243 and Central Committee, 113, 127 Regensburg, 139, 218, 256–257, 259 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 27, Reich, Chaviva, 156 35, 48 Reichman, Pasha (Yitzchak Avidov), 237 and international arena of She’erith Reilly, Joanne, 8 Hapleitah, 58, 59 Reisman, Shmuel, 200 repatriation, 27, 46, 59, 72 relationships with Germans, 242–246 Ronicki, Marek, 169n, 170n institutional and economic, 242–244 Rood, Lesley L., 127–128 personal, 244–245 Rosenbaum, Y., 221n see also German people Rosenberg, Chaim, 206–207, 209, 228n, remembrance, 192–225 230n armed resistance honored, 209–214, Rosenthal, Doctor, 47 219, 221, 223 Rosenzaft, Yosef, 207 documentation and recording, 214–222 Rosenzweig, A., 161n interpretations of survival, 203–208 Rosman, Mordechai, 91–92, 159 Unified Day of Remembrance, 195–203, Rotkirchen, Livia, 25n, 91n 299, 302 Rubin, Meir, 205 Yizkor memorial prayer, 193, 197 Rubinstein, Reuven, 245–246, 278n, 281, Remnant of Israel (She’erith Yisrael ), 2 282 Reparations Conference (Paris, 1945), Rudnik, Yamina, 98–99 157, 229, 276 Rufer, Gideon (Gideon Raphael), 123 repatriation to Eastern Europe and Soviet Russia see Soviet Union Union, 12–18, 27–28, 40, 46, 57, 72, 196, 298 Sagi, Nana, 229n and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, St. Ottilien, 20, 30–31, 64, 102, 103, 198 27–28, 39–42, 46, 47 Conference of Representatives of and international arena of She’erith Surviving Jews (July 1945), 49–51, Hapleitah, 56, 57, 59 101, 214, 226–227, 247 refusal to go, 13, 14, 59, 75 constitution, 47–48 and Zionism, hopes of, 70, 72 see also Liberation Concert see also return Salonika, 205 resilience, 23, 290–291 sanctification of God’s name (Kiddush resistance see armed resistance and under Hashem), 199, 213 liberation San Francsico Peace Conference, 34 responsibility for Holocaust see under Sarid, Levi Aryeh, 236n, 237n, 238n German people Sarina, Doctor, 239n, 253n Retter, Aryeh, 213n, 267 Schachter, Rabbi Herschel, 26, 28 return from repatriation, 17, 41, 70, 92, Schefter, Toby, 141 107, 110, 127, 164, 196, 293 Schein, Ada, 7–8 and education, politics of, 149, 151 Schiller, Gustavo, 222n numbers of, 18–19, 291–292 Schleifstein, Yosef, 131 see also repatriation Schleissheim, 43, 49 revenge, 223, 235–242, 247 Schmidt, General W. R., 264 see also symbolic revenge Schwabhausen, 30

Index 331

Schwandorf, 110 on post-war situation of Jews, 73n, 78n, Schwartz, Joseph J., 20n, 54, 55, 58, 64 162n, 204n, 261 and Anglo-American Committee of on strength stemming from Holocaust, Inquiry, 122 79n–80 and Central Committee, 106, 115, 116 on UNRRA Report, 256 and children to be sent to Switzerland, on Warsaw Ghetto Revolt, 209, 212, 112, 113n 213–214 and education, 137, 278n and World Zionist Organisation, 280 on JDC’s intransigence, 268n Shaltiel, David, 46n Schwartz, Moshe, 155 Shaver, Emma, 195, 198 Schwartz, Stefan, 256n Shavli see Siauliai Schwartzbart, Ignacy, 38n, 102, 108n, Shearit Hapletah/She’rit Hapleta (book of 116n, 194, 273n survivors), 2, 39 Schwarz, Leo W., 4, 7n, 9, 26n, 103n, 135, Shechter, Zvi, 27 140n She’erith Hapleitah, xii, 1–23 passim and Central Committee, 195, 197, 202, and Central Committee, 101–130 266 dissolved (1948–1949), 3 on relationships with German women, enters international arena, 7, 16, 20, 244n 52–68 Scithers, Colonel, 265 formation of, 2, 3, 12–14, 24–51, 89–90; Segal, Yisrael, 221n First Congress (January 1946), 95, Segalman, Ralph, 151n 118–120, 264; founding act (near Segalson, Moshe, 101n, 161n Schwabhausen), 30; see also Segev, Tom, 7 Conference under St. Ottilien self-help Committee see Jewish Committee and hopes of Zion, 69–87 separateness, insistence on, 71 reportage on see Landsberger Lager Seventh Army, 113 Tsaytung Sha’ari, David, 6n towards 1947, 19–20; Second Congress Shabtai, K. (K. Yupiter), 225n, 248–249 (1947), 265, 274–275, 282–283 Shadmi, Nachum see Kremer, Nachum and unity, quest for, 88–100, 118–120 SHAEF see Supreme Headquarters Allied She’erith Yisrael (Remnant of Israel), 2 Expeditionary Force Sheinson, Y. D., 86–87, 95–96, 99n, 227n Shaﬁr, Shlomo (Shlomo Frenkel/Ivri) Shertok, Moshe, 60n, 122–123 on antisemitism, 71 Shiloah, Zvi (Zvi Langzam), 65–66, 90, on formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 30n, 91, 92n 32, 33–34, 35, 38–39, 51 and Central Committee, 103–104 on Hitler’s “solution” of Jewish problem, on Gringauz, 191n 298 Shils, Edward, 69 on symbolic revenge, 239, 242 shlichim, 95–96, 297 on turning point of 1939, 90n Shlomovitz, Shmuel, 267 on Zionism and youth, 81n Shoah, 19 Shakliar, Chaim, 221n Shochet, Simon, 80n, 242n, 243, 244, 277 Shalitan, Levi (S. Halevi), later shortened Shoshan, Zelig, 93n, 99n to Shalit Shulevitz, Avraham, 231, 240n, 241 on camp politics, 205 Shuster, M., 251n and Central Committee, 103, 103n, Shwarin, Aaron, 221n 117n Siauliai, 40, 103 on guilt and community Simon, Lieutenant Aryeh, 48–49, 55–57, commemoration, 195, 199n, 222, 206 247–248 Singleton, Sir John, 127 on Jewish–German relationships, 245, Skidell, Akiva, 29n 246 Slobodka Yeshiva, 200 on Klausner, 112 Slutski, Yehuda, 237n and General Morgan, 109n Smith, Bradley F., 247 and need for Jewish State, 40–41, 83n Smith, General, 108

332 Index

Smith, Lieutenant Irving, 20, 47 Str¨uthbei Ansbach, 138, 141 Smith, W. B., 67n Stuttgart, 64, 113, 133, 135, 136, 218, Smolar, Moshe, 238–239 258 Sneig, Rabbi Shmuel, 200, 241 Stutthof, 24 socialism, Jewish, 175 Sucholowsky, C., 250n see also communism Sudarsky, M., 162n Soldiers’ Homes, 158 S¨uddeutsche Zeitung, 238 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 7 Sukholitsky, C., 205n South America, 40, 273 Supreme Headquarters Allied Soutin, Yitzchak, 222n Expeditionary Force, 11, 12, 55, 58, Soviet Union (earlier Russia) (and DPs 64 from), 2, 12, 18, 220, 301 survival and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 24, interpretations of, 203–208 34, 35, 38–39, 41, 45–46 Surviving Remnant see She’erith Lithuania occupied by, 89 Hapleitah pogroms in, 166 survivors of Holocaust in occupied as prosecutor for war crimes Germany, 11–23, 285–303; see also see Nuremberg trials Central Committee; confrontation; return from, 70, 92, 107, 110, 127, 149, education; Landsberg; remembrance; 151, 291–292, 293 She’erith Hapleitah; unity Revolution, 72, 76, 179 “survivor’s disease,” 204, 225, 246, and unity, quest for, 89, 92–93 286–287 and Zionism, hopes of, 70, 72, 73, 76, Switzerland, proposed transfer of children 78 to, 26, 103, 104–105, 113 see also Red Army Sykes, Christopher, 77n Spain, ban on (cherem), 241–242 symbolic revenge, 239–242, 247 Special Adviser on Jewish Affairs, 8, 273, see also Nuremberg; revenge 292 Syria, 128 and confrontation with Germany, 228, 255, 259, 260 Tabenkin, Yitzchak, 275 and international arena of She’erith Takatsch, B., 73n Hapleitah, 60, 64 Tamarkin, Velvele see Valsonok, Rudolf Sperling, Yosef, 204n, 208, 231 Tarvisio, 42, 90 spiritual attitude, 80, 164–165, 174, Techiyat Hametim (Resurrection), 23, 26, 178 27 reassessed, 166–167 “them and us” view, 164–165 rehabilitated, 187–188 Third Army, 16, 57, 108, 113, 264 resilience, 23, 290–291 THK see Central Historical Commission see also remembrance Tidor, Yechezkiel, 25–26 Srole, Leo Tirschenreuth, 110 and Anglo-American Committee of Toubin, Yehuda, 91n, 93n, 237n Inquiry, 126 Touster, Saul, 8 on black market, 278 training see education and training commission resigned, 109 Treblinka, 222, 299 on DP camp life, 21 Revolt, 200 on guilt and community, Treger, David, 101n, 110, 126, 161n commemoration, 193–194 and Central Committee, 265, 267n, mental health of DPs, 22–23 272 on need for Jewish State, 84 in delegation of experts, 276 on report on She’erith Hapleitah,4 on need for Jewish State, 281–282 Stalin, Josef, 2 and survivors’ ownership claims, Stern, N., 50n 230n Stimson, Henry, 61 trials of war criminals, 13, 253 Streicher, Julius, 85, 240, 241 Nuremberg, 188, 216, 223, 225, Struchan, Phillip, 113, 273n 246–252, 283

Index 333

Tripoli program, 73 Jewry, 3, 6, 8, 16–17, 34, 35, 118, 125, Truman, President Harry S., 20, 274 269–270 and Harrison Report, 53, 57, 58, 61–63, and Landsberger Lager Tsaytung, 180, 64, 65, 120–121 185–186, 190–191 and Zionists, 122 as prosecutor for war crimes Truscott, General, 108, 263 see Nuremberg trials Tsanin, M., 74–75 and remembrance, 197–198 Tsentral Komitet ... see Central Committee towards 1947, 263, 265, 267–271, 273, Tsentraler Historisher Komisiye see Central 283 Historical Commission Yiddish Institute for Jewish Research Tuli, Doctor, 233n, 250–251 and Zionism, 180 Twersky, Yaakov, 207 see also American Zone; Joint Tzachor, Ze’ev, 6n, 124n Distribution and also preliminary note Tzamit, Chaim, 26n to index United Zionist Organization in Bavaria, 24, 33n, 89–91, 94–96, 98, 99, 123 Uganda, 66 Constitution, 90n Ukraine, 13, 41, 166 end of, 100 Ulm, 20 and Landsberger Lager Tsaytung, 162, underground see armed resistance and 191n under liberation votes in 22nd Zionist Congress, Undzer Veg (Our Way), 77, 78, 103, 193, 279–281 195 see also Mapai; Mizarachi and confrontation with Germany, 245, unity, quest for, 88–100 248, 258 UNRRA (United Nations Relief and and Nuremberg trials, 245, 248, 250 Rehabilitation Administration), 4, 6, towards 1947, 280, 281 11–12, 17, 21, 285 Undzer Vort (Our Word), 205–206, 210 and Central Committee, 101, 102, 106, Uniﬁed Day of Remembrance, 195–203, 108–109, 112–113, 116, 119, 124 299, 302 and confrontation with Germany, 226, Union (later Organization) of Jewish 243, 253–256, 259, 261 Combatants in Germany, 157–158, disbanded, 282, 283 159 and education, politics of, 138–139, Union of Orthodox Rabbis (US), 104 141, 142, 146–147, 155, 160 United Fighting Organization, 149 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 31, United Jewish Appeal, 54 43, 49 United Kibbutz see Dror and international arena of She’erith United Kingdom see Britain Hapleitah, 55, 58, 59, 63–64 United Nations, 6, 14, 106, 177, 300 and remembrance, 198, 219 see also UNRRA towards 1947, 263–266, 269, 271, 278, United Pioneering Youth see Nocham 282 United Revisionist Party, 279–280 US Army, 6, 8, 12, 13–14, 16, 146, 198, United States, 5–6 300 Army see US Army and Central Committee, 102, 106, and Central Committee, 102, 104, 108–109, 113, 116, 120, 129 106–109, 113, 116, 118; AACI and confrontation with Germany, 226, 120–129; emigration to, 124 243, 259–260 and confrontation with Germany, 226, and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 31, 228, 243, 259–260 43, 45, 48, 49 and education, politics of, 142, and international arena of She’erith 145–146 Hapleitah, 51, 54–64 passim and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 34, towards 1947, 263, 265, 270, 271, 35, 41, 43, 45, 46, 49 283 and international arena of She’erith utopianism, 176 Hapleitah, 51, 52–64 passim,67 UZO see United Zionist Organization

334 Index

Valsonok, Breine and Tamara, 164 Wind, Baruch, 211, 213n Valsonok, Rudolf (Velvele Tamarkin) Wise, Rabbi Stephen, 61, 64, 265, 269, and Central Committee, 117 274 on collective German responsibility, Witkin, Helen, 135n 231n, 233, 234–235, 239n WJC see World Jewish Congress and formation of She’erith Hapleitah,30 Wohl, David, 269n on Nuremberg trial, 247n Wolfrathausen, 260 writing in Lansberger Lager Tsaytung, Wolpe, David, 37, 80, 247 161–174 Woodbridge, George, 11n Valtikh, A., 260n World Jewish Congress, 31, 34, 102, 123, Vasanowitz, Rita, 252 175, 228 vengeance see revenge Cultural Mission, 195, 202 Verber, Yaakov, 26n World Zionist Organization, 34, 280 Vida, Rabbi George, 123 W¨urtemberg, 20 Vilna Ghetto, 149, 210 Wyman, Mark, 8–9, 12n Volksdeutsche, 12, 18

Yaari, Meir, 92, 93 Waks, Shammai, 80n Yablonka, Hanna, 8, 160n, 302 Waldman, Miss, 134 Yachil, Chaim (Chaim Hoffman) Waldman, Yaakov, 221n and aliyah, 271, 273, 275n Waldstadt, 134, 155 and American Zone DPs, 21n, 22n, Warburg, Edward, 267 108n, 268n Waren, Helen, 41n and Anglo-American Committee of Warhaftig, Zerach, 104 Inquiry, 123, 124 War Refugee Board, 55 and concentration of Jews in Germany, Warsaw, 83, 89 261, 270 Ghetto Revolt, 40, 85, 98, 156, 158, on East European DPs, 13n, 16n, 213; as symbol, 209–212; see also 20n armed resistance and education, 137n, 138n, 147n, Wdowinski, David, 22, 40, 46 148n, 156–157, 160n, 279 Weber, Yisrael, 161n on kibbutzim,99 Weiden, Hoda ben Ish, 276n and Palestinian Mission, 111 Weinberg, Shaike, 148n, 150–151, 154n, on Rifkind, 110n 156n and She’erith Hapleitah,4,100 Weinberg, Sylvia, 195 on Zionist differences, 97–98, 280 Weisberg, Moshe, 221n Yad Vashem Archive, 7 Weisgal, Meyer, 53, 54–55 Yahil, Leni, 13n Weitz, Yechiam, 7n Yalkut Moreshet,8 Weizmann, Chaim, 65n, 76, 128n, 282 Yalta Conference (1945), 11, 16 Werfel, Franz, 231n, 232 Yantian, Hyman, 39n, 42 Western Europe, 46, 273 Yeshayahu, Eiger, 217n see also Britain; France; German people; Yetziat Europa (Exodus from Europe), Italy 84 Wetzel, Juliane, 7 Yevsektsiya (Communist Party Jewish White Paper (Britain, 1939), 177, 226 section), 35 and Central Committee, 104, 119, Yiddish language, 7, 176, 185, 218 129 Yiddishe Tsaytung see Landsberger Lager Munich protest, 77 Tsaytung and Zionism, hopes of, 48, 49, 55, 60, Yiddishkeit, 185 73, 76–77 Yishuv (pre-state Palestinian Jewry), 7, 60, Whiting, Jack H., 124n, 146–147, 259n, 78, 141, 212, 237, 275, 296, 299 262, 266n and Central Committee, 121, 128, 129 Wiederman, Fayvel, 231, 223 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 34, Wiesel, Elie, 7 35, 44

Index 335

and Landsberger Lager Tsaytung, 166, Zhyd, Marian, 162n, 240n 173, 185 Ziegenhain, 157 and unity, quest for, 91–92, 96–97 Zilberberg, Moshe, 72n, 73n, 74n, 78n, and War of Independence, 301–302 82, 250n see also Palestinian Mission Zilberstein, Yaakov, 39n Yizkor memorial prayer, 81, 193, 197 Zimri, Shmuel, 147n Youth Aliya department, 139 Zionism, 2–7, 23, 151, 292–301 youth movements and young people, 280, and Central Committee, 102, 114–118, 288 121–129 Betar Revisionist, 40, 280 Congress, 22nd, 279–282 Dror, 65–66, 92, 98, 279 and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, and formation of She’erith Hapleitah, 26, 27–29, 32–39, 40–44, 47–49 28–29, 36, 40, 42 hopes of, 69–87 Hanoar Hazioni, 93–94 and international arena of She’erith and international arena of She’erith Hapleitah, 54–62 passim,66 Hapleitah, 65–66 and Landsberger Lager Tsaytung, 162, leaders (madrichim), 140–141, 142, 163, 165–166; and Gringauz, 176, 154–155 180–191 passim; and Valsonok, and unity, quest for, 92–96, 98 169–173 and Zionism, 81, 139, 141, 143, 213 and remembrance, 200–201, 212–213 see also children; education; kibbutzim teaching about see kibbutzim; politics YSA (Yad Vashem Archive), 7 under education YT see Landsberger Larger Tsaytung towards 1947, 270–274, 279–282 Yugoslavs, 13 and unity, quest for, 88–100 Yupiter, K. see Shabtai, K. see also Israel; Palestine; United Zionist Organization; unity, quest for Zionist Union, 171–172 Zachor (imperative to remember), 223 Zionist Youth Movement, 141, 143 Zakai, Rabbi Yochanan ben, 165 ZK (Zentral komitet ...) see Central Zamir, Eli, 100n, 275n Committee of the Liberated Jews in Zeilsheim, 20, 55, 64, 132–133, 277, 295 Germany Zemarion, Zemach, 4, 26n, 32n, 162n Zukerman, “Antek,” 98, 158, 160 Zertal, Idith, 8, 295–296 Zukhdienst (tracing service), 102