Zanzibar - Facts
¾ Population: 982,000 (2002, Tanzania census), 3 % of Tanzanian population ¾ Capital: Zanzibar EU Relations with Zanzibar ¾ Area: 2,461 sq km (950 sq miles) ¾ Major languages: Kiswahili, English Jana Sladká ¾ Major religion: Islam Craig Tuckerman • Three major ethnic groups: Watumbatu and Wahadimu, Wapemba (Pemba)- all regard themselves as Shirazis
03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman
Zanzibar Historical Context
¾ First settled by Bantu-speaking Africans ¾ Long history as an important part of trade routes ¾ Persian immigration – origins of identification Zanzibaris as Shirazi’s ¾ Portuguese arrive with Vasco Da Gama in 1499 and then João Homere claimed the islands for Portugal in 1503 ¾ Omani Arab trade and immigration – Omani influence the greatest: in 1698 came under control of Sultan of Oman - Arab and Persian influence brought Islam to East Africa and strengthened ties ¾ British arrive and Zanzibar becomes British Protectorate in 1890 after Helgoland – Zanzibar Treaty
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Independence
• Independence from the United Kingdom in 1963 • Became a Constitutional Monarchy under the Sultan • Sultan was overthrown shortly after on January 12, 1964 and on April 26 1964 merged with Tanganyika to form Tanzania • This transition was not entirely peaceful – beginning of political violence in Zanzibar
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1 Violence and Transition One-Party State
• January 12 1964 – Violence, over 5000 Arabs killed • All political parties were subsequently banned • Afro-Shirazi Party overthrows the government coalition and the ASP merged with Tanganyika’s only (Zanzibar Nationalist and Pemba People’s Parties) political party • Peoples Republic of Zanzibar Proclaimed – ties to the • ASP renamed Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) mainland consolidated mainland consolidated in 1977 after merging with mainland party. • April 1964 – Act of Union creating the United Republic of Tanzania • The CCM (ASP) has ruled since Independence • Union has been called into question repeatedly since its in 1964 formation, current situation is complex
03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman 03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman
Political System One-Party to Multi-Party
• Semi-autonomous territory within Tanzania • Transition began in 1991 with the setting up of a • Maintains political union with mainland, however has committee on multi-partyism its own President and Parliament. • Main opposition party in Zanzibar is the CUF, which • Revolutionary Government consisting of: emerged from the union between KAMAHURU (a pressure group for democratization in Zanzibar) and • Revolutionary Council pressure group for democratization in Zanzibar) and Civic Movement (HR movement based on the • House of Representatives: 50 seats, directly elected mainland) with universal suffrage to serve five-year terms. • Multi-party Zanzibar was to face its first test in the • One Party State until 1991. • One Party State until 1991. 1995 elections
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Electoral irregularities International Reaction to Elections
• Under International pressure – Zanzibar holds • UNPO: “…number of serious irregularities first multi-party elections in 1995 occurred with respect to the election process • Amid claims of fraudulent elections Chama cha and the counting of the votes, especially in Mapinduzi (CCM) comes to power – Salmin relation to the Zanzibar presidential election…“ Amour leader of the CCM • “CUF organised series of public protests • Arrests and unlawful detentions repressed many and important donors for Zanzibar of those who had voted for the opposition CUF, suspended their cooperation with Dr. as well as CUF leaders Salmin's government.”
03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman 03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman
2 Oppressive CCM Muafaka Agreement
• Dispute between CUF and CCM escalated • Aid was suspended in 1996 following the 1995 election further in November 1997 result • Following a crucial parliamentary by-election 18 • The CUF initiated a boycott of the House of leaders of the CUF were arrested and Representatives and refused to recognize the leaders of the CUF were arrested and government as legitimate charged with treason • In 1999 the Commonwealth brokered an agreement • Even mainland CCM leaders called for their between the two parties - Muafaka agreement release, international pressure was lukewarm • Its aim was to calm the situation on the islands, was • Harassment and Opposition and the Media by signed but not fully implemented – although CUF CCM widespread called off boycott of House of Representatives
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2000 Elections 2001 Violence
• Victory of CCM • January 2001 there was a wave of violence in • The main opposition party Civic United Front Zanzibar did not recognize the result • Bloody demonstration • CUF reported on gross human rights violations • security organs murdered scores of people and repressive measures against the opposition who staged an outlawed demonstration by Zanzibar police during the pre-election campaign. • waves of refugees to Kenya
03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman 03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman
03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman 03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman
3 Muafaka II Permanent Voter Registration
• Following this Violence in 2001, a second agreement was reached to try and pacify the islands • Pemanent Voter Registration • Muafaka II’s “The goal of the Muafaka is to restore peace and • sensitive issue tranquility in Zanzibar, through the establishment of democratic traditions in which there is respect for the expressed will of the • contract to conduct an audit of the voter register people by all concerned.” was cancelled by government. • Establishment of a Zanzibar Electoral Commission (ZEC) which is free and impartial: • However, final VR was prepared few days • targets: responsible for managing Zanzibar's elections before elections, but did not allow for final • However, ZEC is undermined as an autonomous body in the eyes of citizens. inspection for the public or political parties • Enhancement of the freedom of the judiciary so as to raise the esteem of that institution in the eyes of the public. • thus, benefit of transparency was lost.
03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman 03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman
2005 Elections 2005 Election
• Amani Abeid Karume (CCM) was re-elected • Registered Voters 507,225 to that office on October 30, 2005 under • Total Votes (Voter Turnout) 460,581 (90.8%) criticism from opposition candidate (CUF) • Total Valid Votes: 451,008 Seif Shariff Hamad • Candidate (Party), number of votes, % of votes • Amani Abeid Karume (CCM)239,832 53.18% • Registered Voters: 507,225 • Seif Shariff Hamad (CUF)207,773 46.07% • Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) 30 • Haji Mussa Kitole (Jahazi Asilia)2,110 0.47% • Civic United Front (CUF) 19 • Abdallah Ali Abdallah (DP)509 0.11% • Undeclared *01 • Simai Abdulrahman Abdallah (NRA)449 0.10% • Mariam Omar (SAU)335 0.07%
03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman 03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman
Current Political Issues EU Aid
• There is no stable political climate in Zanzibar • European Union: froze aid programs to Zanzibar based on respect for fundamental democratic • The sanctions appeared to be just a gesture of values and human rights discontent and disappointment – they weren’t really meant to be observed strictly. • No lasting attempt for reconciliation between • Zanzibar continued to benefit from donor CCM and CUF assistance offered to the United Republic of • There is a danger of the issue becoming religious Tanzania with a Zanzibar component. with most Muslims supporting the CUF and • Most donor countries resumed aid programs after the 1999 Commonwealth-brokered agreement many Christians supporting the CCM • Aid wasn’t halted even after failed elections of 2000
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4 The Issue of aid Conclusion
• the government of Salmin Amour survived the • The European Union should control the use of aid it aid freeze provides to Zanzibar and make sure its money is used for human rights support and democracy establishment. • “…no country imposed aid sanctions on the Union • The aid withdrawal has not influenced Zanzibar since it government, not even scolding Benjamin Mkapa, the could still use the money which has been given by president of the Union government, for election failures in donors to Tanzania. Zanzibar in both 1995 and 2000.” • Thus, the EU should still provide aid to Zanzibar but • Total Aid to Tanzania – 393.8 Million Euros under the condition that it will lead to improvement of democracy and human rights issues.
03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman 03.04.07 Jana Sladká and Craig Tuckerman
Conditionality? References
• Tanzania: Prisoners of conscience face treason trial in Zanzibar, Amnesty • How much has Zanzibar escaped from aid International, 27.01.2000 http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR560012000?open&of=ENG-382 sanctions for lack of freedoms through its union • BBC Country Profiles: Tanzania, Regions and Territories: Zanzibar, 15.12.2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/3850393.stmhttp://www within Tanzania? .iht.com/articles/ap/2007/02/22/europe/EU-GEN-EU-Tanzania.php (þlánek z World News...www.wordlnews.com...datum 25. 2. 2007) þlánek o EU finanþní pomoci • Should and is Aid be conditional on good Tanzánii. • http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engAFR560132000?OpenDocument&of=CO governance in the receiving state? UNTRIES%5CTANZANIA. Tanzania. A human rights brief for elections observers. (20. 3. 2007) • Is Tanzania and EU complicit with the current • http://www.auswaertiges- amt.de/diplo/en/Aussenpolitik/HumanitaereHilfe/uebersicht.html situation and election results as the opposition • German MZV and foreign policy, humanitarian aid, http://www.auswaertiges- amt.de/diplo/en/Aussenpolitik/Menschenrechte/Foerderung__weltweit.html party CUF might demand the dissolution of the • German help to Tanzania., Union with the mainland? http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/historical_pictures.html
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References References
• Historical pictures of Zanzibar • http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engAFR560132000?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIES • http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=3270. Zanzibar: EU Clarifies Stance on Zanzibar Polls (UNPO). %5CTANZANIA. Tanzania. A human rights brief for elections observers. (20. 3. 2007) (21. 3. 2007) • http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=3270. Zanzibar: EU Clarifies Stance on Zanzibar Polls (UNPO). • http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=1303. Zanzibar: 2005 Zanzibar election analysis (2004-10- 18) (UNPO). ( 21. 3. 2007) (21. 3. 2007) • http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/01/1406&format=HTML&aged • http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=1303. Zanzibar: 2005 Zanzibar election analysis (2004-10- =0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en. Commission welcomes agreement on Zanzibar and 18) (UNPO). ( 21. 3. 2007) announces new NGO assistance. Date: 11/10/2001. • http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/tza-summary-eng. Amnesty International, Tanzania • http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/tza-summary-eng. Amnesty International, Tanzania Report 2003. Report 2003. • http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/tza-summary-eng. Tanzania Report 2005. • http://www.worldpoliticswatch.com/Article.aspx?id=78. Zanzibar: Between Mecca and a • http://tanzania.usembassy.gov/pr_11032005.html. Zanzibar Elections, November 3, 2005. US Hard Place. WORLD Politics Watch. Embassy, Dar Es Salaam. • http://www.accessdemocracy.org/library/1927_zb_statement_110105.pdf. National democratic • http://www.accessdemocracy.org/library/1927_zb_statement_110105.pdf. National democratic Institute. NDI´s observary mission to Zanzibaris Election, November 2005 Institute. NDI´s observary mission to Zanzibaris Election, November 2005. • http://www.onao.go.tz/standard/MTRfinalreport.pdf. EU and Tanzania, final report 2005. • http://www.deltza.cec.eu.int/en/eu_and_country/bilateral_relations.htm. The EU and • E Tanzania, Bilateral Relations.
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