World Bank Document Entitled "Environmental Assessment of Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project "
E869 Volume 1 Islamic Republic of Iran Ministry of Energy National Water and Wastewater Engineering Company Public Disclosure Authorized
SHIRAZ WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER PROJECT PHRD NO: TF026482 Public Disclosure Authorized
Environmental Assessment
(Final Report)
Lar Consulting Engineers in collaboration with Iran Ab Consulting Public Disclosure Authorized Engineers No. 23, Sharifi Street Tehran North of Vanak Square Islamic Republic of Iran Vali-asr Avenue Tehran 19699 Islamic Republic of Iran
March 2004 Public Disclosure Authorized
FILE COPYeZ t9 ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
MINISTRY OF ENERGY
SHIRAZ WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (FINAL)
March 2004
1 ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN SHIRAZ WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
BASELINE INFORMATION
IMPACTS OF THE PROJECTS
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) * Mitigation of Adverse Environmental Impacts * Monitoring Plan * Institutional Strengthening * Cost Estimate
PUBLIC CONSULTATION
2 ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN SHIRAZ WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand DOE Department of Environment EA Environmental Assessment EHC Environmental High Council ESO Environmental and Safety Officer EMP Environmental Management Plan EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization MOAJ Ministry of Agriculture Jihad MOE Ministry of Energy MOHME Ministry of health and Medical Education NGO Non-Governmental Organization OP Operational Policy PMU Project Management Unit QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control SWWC Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company TOR Terms of Reference WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization WTP Water Treatment Plant WTPO Water Treatment Plant Operator WWTO Wastewater Treatment Operator WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant
3 Introduction Problems such as the present unreliable water supply systems, the inconsistent quality of drinking water, the poor performance of water distribution networks and the lack of adequate wastewater collection and treatment systems coupled with rapid growth of population and expansion of urban centres has prompted the Government of Iran to consider water supply and sanitation projects as a high priority. Among others currently under development, the Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project is being developed by the Iranian Ministrv of Energy to provide adequate water supply and sewerage systems for the city of Shiraz.
Shiraz is the capital of Fars province and is located at approximately 925 km to the south of Tehran. The present population is about 1,200,000 and is projected to reach 1,950,000 by the year 2027. Shiraz has a rich historical heritage and is close to Persepolis, the most important archeological site of the country.
It is estimated that more than 99% of the inhabitants of Shiraz are currently connected to the city's water supply network. Water quality monitoring indicates that the water supply is of acceptable quality and in compliance with national and WHO standards. Chemical, physical and bacteriological analyses are conducted on a daily basis at various points including water sources, storage reservoirs and distribution network. The major problems raised by the Water and Wastewater Company is the high percentage of unaccounted for water (around 30%) and the need to rehabilitate a considerable portion of the network. Rehabilitation of the network has been initiated but is proceeding at a very slow rate due to limited financial resources. Other problems identified by the Water and Wastewater Company are the relatively low water quality of Alluvial ground water sources that have high levels of hardness and nitrates, and the insufficient water pressure in some zones of the distribution network.
Similar to other cities, wastewater collection, treatment and disposal are the main environmental concern in Shiraz. At present only 8% of the population is connected to the wastewater collection system. Due to the high water table and low soil permeability, the use of existing seepage pits has been unsatisfactory causing groundwater contamination. A great part of the wastewater is discharged in the seasonal rivers of the city or in open drainage channels that run along the roads adjacent to the residential areas. During the dry periods, the channels become open wastewater collectors emitting noxious odors, attracting mosquitoes and affecting the health of the residents. The wastewater collected by the existing sewers is conveyed along Khoshk River that divides the city in two parts and ultimately discharges in Maharloo Lake.
The impact of wastewater on public health is considered to be less than that experienced in other cities yet water related diseases such as cholera and gastro enteritis are being reported by the health centers of the city and have been attributed mainly to the irrigation of raw eaten vegetables with untreated wastewater. It was also reported that around 21 wells have been decommissioned
4 due to contamination, mainly in areas where groundwater is relatively high. In order to improve public health conditions and to reduce the contamination of the water resources, the Water and Wastewater Company has started implementing a wastewater system for the whole city.
The objectives of the Shiraz Water and Sanitation Project are: (a) improving access of the residents to adequate water supply; (b) providing satisfactory wastewater collection and treatment; (c) improving health conditions of targeted population; (d) reducing surface and ground water pollution, improving environmental conditions and promoting reuse of treated effluents; (e) strengthening and developing the capacity of Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company (SWWC) into a fully autonomous entity to be operated on a commercial basis.
The execution of the project will have positive environmental impacts in terms of reducing pollution of natural resources, generation of significant economical, social and public health benefits, and will facilitate the enforcement of existing environmental regulations and standards by the government.
Potential negative impacts from the proposed project are mainly related to the construction phase of the project, and are thus of temporary nature. Other negative impacts that might arise from the project will be mitigated through appropriate measures. The present report summarizes the findings of the environmental assessment study that was conducted and the environmental management plan that will be adopted for the project.
Project Description The feasibility study for Shiraz water and wastewater management has been prepared to meet the study area requirements up to the year 2027. The study covered the city boundaries established by the Shiraz Master Plan with a total area of 22,075 ha (6,760 ha in the Emergency Zone and 15,315 ha in the Long Term Zone) having a forecast total population of 1,944,860 (583,460 in the Emergency Zone and 1,361,400 in the Long Term Zone) in the year 2027. The required works for water and wastewater will be completed over three phases, with phase one from year 2003 to year 2007, phase two from year 2008 to year 2017, and phase three from year 2018 to year 2027. The Shiraz Water and Sanitation Project will cover works to be included in the first phase defined by the feasibility (2003 to 2007).
5 Water supply: At present 99% of the City's population is served by the water supply network. The total water demand of the city is 288,600 m3/day and is expected to reach 474,400 m3/day by the year 2027. The current water demands are supplied from surface and ground water resources. Surface water is provided from the Douroudzam dam located 100 km north-west of Shiraz. The quantity of water that is currently transferred from the Dam is about 71,700 m3/day, representing 25% of the present water demand of the city, and is being increased by the Fars Regional Water Board to reach 155,500 m3/day by the year 2005. The existing water treatment plant utilizes a conventional water treatment scheme which includes: flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorination. The remaining supply of the city's water is provided from 69 ground water wells which supply 261,800 m3/day. Out of the total number of operating wells, there are 16 wells that are located in the Alluvium aquifer inside the city while the others are located in the Karstic aquifer. Wells located in the alluvium aquifer supply only 40,600 m3/day of extremely hard water and will be soon put out of service. As part of the proposed project, the following water works will be executed: * Drilling and equipping of 17 new wells tapping Kerstin water resources. Total water abstracted by these wells amounts to 82,000 m3/d; * Laying of 34 km GRP transmission pipelines feeding distribution system and transmitting water from wells to reservoirs. Diameters range between 500-1200 mm; * Rehabilitation and extension of the water network including installation of pressure reducing valves. Diameters range between 200-400 mm with a total length of 235 km of PE pipes; * Construction of four concrete reservoirs Sonboleh (7500m3 ), Abeverdi (300 m3), R8 (20,000m3), and R20 as well as construction of two pumping stations.
Wastewater: Shiraz is divided into two major drainage zones, referred to as Emergency Drainage Zone and Long Term Zone with drainage areas of 6,760 and 15,315 hectares, respectively. The Present generated wastewater volume is around 206,600 m3 /d (64,500 m3 /d in the emergency zone and 139,100 m3 /d in the long-term zone) and is expected to reach 363,850 m3 /d (115,750 m3 /d in the emergency zone and 248,100 m3 /d in the long-term zone) by the year 2027.
The wastewater management system has been designed for the year 2027 and includes around 3000 km of collection mains and trunk lines and two secondary treatment plants referred to as the Emergency plant and the Long Term plant. The necessity for two treatment plants is not related to the urgency of implementing treatment works, but rather to the fact that the city is divided into two drainage zones. Both treatment plants are based on the use of activated sludge with effluent disinfection by chlorination. The Emergency treatment plant has an ultimate capacity of 123,500
6 m3 /d , whereas the Long Term plant has an ultimate capacity of 266,000 m3 /d. Treated effluent of both plants will be reused for irrigation, whereas the generated sludge of the plants will be re- used as a fertilizer.
At present trunk lines are being laid in the two drainage zones especially where wastewater is flowing in open streams. The land for the Emergency treatment plant (75 ha in area) has been acquired and the construction of the first phase works has commenced. A full EA was not performed prior to the construction of the Emergency wastewater treatment plant. Consequently and as part of the EA study of the proposed Shiraz Water and Sanitation Project, a post review was undertaken with respect to the sitting, engineering design, technical and environmental performance as well as any potential risks related to the operation of the WWTP. Under the proposed project, the following wastewater works will be executed: * Construction of 95 km of concrete trunk mains in the emergency and long-term areas. Diameters range between 500- 1200; * Construction of 740 km of PE laterals and interceptors. Works under this sub- component will cover an area of 5496 ha; * Construction of 50,000 additional house connections; * Construction of two modules with a total capacity of 100,000 m3/d in the long- term zone. To optimize the efficiency of the treatment plant, each module is designed to be capable of operation in four independent streams. However, as this treatment plant is proposed to be built under DBO contract. Its design will be finalized during the tendering process; * Construction of 20 km outfalls to discharge treated effluent for emergency plant and long-term treatment plants as well as sludge storage site.
The land required for the construction of the Long Term wastewater treatment plant has been recently acquired by the Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company. Pipelines will be laid within the right of way of public streets, while outfalls from both wastewater treatment plants will be laid within the right of way of the existing drainage channel.
The process design of the treatment plants was developed based on influent loads that were estimated from the long term data acquired at Esfahan and Tehran treatment plants with treated effluent quality as specified by Iranian standards and World Health Organization (WHO). These effluent standards include concentration limits for BOD, suspended solids, nitrogen, fecal coliform and intestinal nematodes. Table 2 presents the design influent and effluent criteria for both treatment plants. It should be noted that since wastewater reuse is one of the project objectives, the treated effluent of both plants shall also be in compliance with the National standards for use of wastewater in agriculture, applicable European Union (EU), World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Guidelines of reuse in
7 agriculture. These guidelines and standards include among others, concentration limits of cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead zinc, and intestinal nematode eggs.
Treated effluent from both treatment plants will be discharged into concrete channels that run along agricultural areas and ultimately dispose the effluent in Maharloo Lake. The lake has a surface area of around 200 hectares and an average water depth of 40 cm. The lake water is brackish with high levels of salts (average NaCl content 188 g/l) and metals including iron, cadmium and lead.
Sludge treatment is achieved through blending, thickening, and anaerobic digestion, followed by storage for one year. Sludge produced from the Emergency treatment plant in year 2007 is estimated at 1825 tons/year and will reach 6000 tons/year by year 2027, whereas the sludge produced at the Long Term treatment plant is estimated at 2000 tons/year in year 2007 and will reach 12400 tons/year by year 2027. For the purpose of long term storage of the sludge, areas of 10 and 20 hectares have been allocated at the Emergency plant and Long-Term treatment plants, respectively. The sludge will be treated to achieve WHO guidelines of less than one nematode egg per 100 grams dry solids, as well as FAO and EU guidelines for heavy metals content including cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead and zinc. Following storage of dried sludge for a one year period; the sludge will be transported to agricultural areas where it will be used as a soil conditioner. The use of sludge will be restricted to cereals. Sludge re-use guidelines and a strategy for the control of heavy metal concentrations in the soil will be developed based on the FAO and EU guidelines.
Policy, Legal and Regulatory Framework The competent body for EA as defined in Decree 138 of 12/04/1994 is the Iranian Department of Environment (DOE), under the authority of the Environmental High Council (EHC) which is composed of senior representatives of govermment ministries, senior academics and advisers to the Iranian government. Environmental Assessment (EA) in Iran was enabled by Note 82 of the Law for the Second State Economical, Social and Cultural Development Plan of 1994, amended by Note 105 of the Third Development Plan. EA was approved by the EHC through Decree 138 and detailed requirements for conducting EA were defined in the Code of Practice of 23/12/1997. In addition to the defined project types that are subject to EA, the EHC may also require an EA for any other large project.
In addition to Environmental Assessment, there exist a wide range of regulations regarding environmental protection including the Environmental Protection Act of 1974 and its executive by-law dated 1975, the Clean Water Act of 1982 that was amended in 1994, the executive by-law on the prevention of water pollution (1994), the Air Pollution Abatement Act of 1995 and its executive by-law dated 1997, the Game and Fish law of 1957 with subsequent amendments made in 1975 and 1996. Also, there are standards for drinking water, effluent discharges, noise levels
8 and ambient air quality. The project will adhere to the aforementioned laws and standards. Furthermore, the treated effluent will meet WHO guidelines for treated wastewater to be used in Agriculture. These guidelines specify a nematode level of less than I egg per liter and fecal coliform of less than 1000 MPN per 100 ml. With respect to the re-use of sludge as a soil conditioner for agriculture, the project will ensure compliance with the EU Directive with respect to toxic elements, the WHO guidelines including the limit of less than 1 intestinal nematode egg per lOOgms of dry solids as well as the FAO guidelines for sludge reuse.
With respect to industries, existing national legislation provides for control of industrial discharges. DOE is mandated with the enforcement of the limits for industrial discharges and has secured so far an impressive record in terms of enforcement of the laws and regulations against polluters by issuing warnings, imposing fines and eventually bringing them to courts. Moreover, the project will only provide connections to industries that do not discharge toxic substances which may affect the performance of the sewage treatment plants. The project will ensure that the industrial effluent discharges are pre-treated to levels which comply with the World Bank's Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, taking into account the treatment efficiency that can be achieved by the treatment plant for the various parameters of concern. In summary, the project will abide by all national laws and standards and will follow internationally accepted best practices.
Institutional Arrangement for Environment Management A number of governmental organizations have responsibilities for managing and monitoring environmental impacts. The Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company (SWWC) which is in charge of water supply as well as wastewater collection and treatment will be in charge of managing, operating and maintaining the project. Among its duties, the SWWC will have responsibility for ensuring the supply of adequate water quality and quantity. SWWC will also be responsible for controlling discharges into the wastewater collection system and as such will be responsible for ensuring that industries pre-treat their wastewater before discharging it into the collection network.
The DOE will have the responsibility for monitoring the environmental impacts. It will monitor construction activities, will check water quality in Maharloo Lake and will ensure compliance with effluent standards for industries and wastewater treatment plants. The DOE will also monitor the quality of treated effluents and sludge to be used for irrigation and soil conditioning.
The Ministry of Agriculture Jihad has responsibility to supervise and regulate the reuse of treated effluents and sludge, while the Ministry of Health and Medical Education will be responsible for monitoring water quality and the occurrence of water born diseases.
9 Baseline Information The environmental baseline conditions were investigated within this study area and for adjacent areas that could potentially be affected by the project. Baseline information has been quantified within three main topic areas - physical, biological and socio-economic.
The major source of water in Shiraz is groundwater which is primarily used for supplying drinking water. Groundwater is also used to supply water to industrial facilities and agricultural areas. There are two groundwater aquifers referred to as Alluvial and Karstic. Alluvial wells are shallow wells with an average depth of 120 m. During the past few years water quality has considerably degraded as a result of illegal industrial discharges, agriculture drainage and untreated wastewater discharges. Consequently, a number of alluvial wells that used to provide drinking water have been put out of service. The Karstic wells are deeper than the alluvial with average depths exceeding 200 m. These wells are located in the high regions of the city and are less susceptible to pollution. The annual yield of the ground water resources is estimated at 16.72 cum/s.
Also, there are two major seasonal rivers: Khoshk River and Soltan Abad River. The annual flow rates of Khoshk and Soltan Abad rivers are 52.9 MCM and 35.77 MCM, respectively. The two rivers originate North of Shiraz, flow along the city and discharge into Maharloo Lake. They receive considerable quantities of untreated municipal and industrial wastewater. According to the Department to Environment, around 20,000 m3/day of raw wastewater are discharged into Khoskh River. The consequences of the degradation of surface water quality on the environment are further amplified by the use of the poor river water quality for irrigation purposes. The levels of several water quality parameters such as heavy metals and Coliforms exceed the limits set for agriculture water. The use of polluted water from the rivers has had a number of negative impacts on agriculture, soil, and health conditions.
Maharloo Lake is located 23 km south-east of Shiraz. During the rainy season, the lake covers an area of approximately 200 hectares with a water depth varying between 0.4 and 3.0 meters, however in the summer season most of the water evaporates and the lake is almost dry. The total annual flows entering the lake through rainfall, runoff and drainage is estimated at 1.6 billion cubic meters. In the past, the Lake was an important source of table salt, but in view of the degraded water quality and the high level of heavy metals, salt extraction has ceased. Moreover, and because of the high water salinity (around 188 g/l), the lake water can not be used for irrigation purposes. Similar to the rivers in Shiraz, Maharloo Lake receives considerable quantities of untreated municipal and industrial wastewater effluents estimated at 19.7 million cubic meters annually.
One of the important problems in Shiraz is the threat to public health caused by the unsuitable quality of potable water sourced from the Alluvial wells, the improper discharge of wastewater
10 into surface water, as well as irrigation with poor quality water and raw wastewater. These conditions have caused the spread of many water-borne infectious diseases such as diarrhea and dysentery.
Shiraz has a rich cultural heritage with several historical places and is considered among the most prominent historical cities of the country. A number of the historical places are located in the old city and are threatened by the high water table and the improper discharge of raw wastewater. A council for the protection and restoration of cultural and historical monuments in Shiraz was recently formed.
A number of important industrial facilities are located in Shiraz, however only 5 facilities are located within the project area and include: two food industries, one electronic industry, one rubber industry and one medical industry. The volume of wastewater produced by these industrial facilities is around 2,160 m3/day. According to current policy that limits the operation of industries to rural areas of the City, no further industrial development within the urban areas of the City is expected. Furthermore, existing legislation provides for the control of industrial discharges which are monitored by the Department of Environment.
Agricultural areas are dispersed within Shiraz with the majority located outside the urban area. Major agriculture crops grown in Shiraz are wheat, barley, corn, alfalfa, potato and vegetables. Agricultural areas in the vicinity of the emergency treatment plant and the long zone treatment plant are estimated at 1700 ha and 7250 ha, respectively. Present irrigation sources include river water, wells and springs. However, in view of the limited water sources, an important percentage of the agricultural areas are rain fed.
The Emergency wastewater treatment plant, which is under construction, is located in the southeastern part of Shiraz city at 60 to 65 km from the old city. The nearest residential area is Torkan village which is located at 2 to 3 km distance from the treatment plant. The surroundings of the plant are mainly agricultural areas planted with wheat, corn and barley with an important percentage of rain fed lands.
The Long Term wastewater treatment plant is located on a derelict plot of land at some 20 km from the old city of Shiraz. The nearest residential area is around 3 km away from the plant site. The plantations around the site are similar to those surrounding the emergency zone wastewater treatment plant.
Impacts of the Project The environmental assessment indicated that the execution of the project will have long term positive environmental impacts in terms of reducing pollution of natural resources, generation of
11 significant economical, social and public health benefits, and will enable the government to enforce existing environmental regulations and standards.
The project will extend and rehabilitate water networks to ensure 100% water supply coverage, to provide good quality water on a continuous basis, to cater for population growth and to reduce unaccounted for water. Thus, the project will provide controlled water supply to the households and will reduce overdraft of the aquifer. It will improve health conditions of the population by providing them with adequate water quantity and quality from sustainable sources.
The provision of wastewater collection and treatment facilities will have a strong long term positive effect on the overall environment and on public health conditions. There will be improvement in the water quality in the streams and rivers that flow throughout the city. A major benefit of the project is the protection of groundwater resources from contamination by untreated sewage. As a result, economic benefits will occur in terms of increased water volume of good quality, increased tourism activities, and lower medical costs associated with treating water-bome diseases. There will be considerable benefits to the farmers who are presently using polluted water or raw wastewater.
The wastewater treatment facilities will also provide an opportunity to better control industrial discharges through enforcing pretreatment and connection to the collection system as stipulated in the Iranian law. Finally it is worth noting that the design of the treatment plants has taken into consideration the use of their by-products (treated effluent and generated sludge) with the aim of protecting the environment and the scarce water resources. This will generate significant economic, social and health benefits and will enable the Government to enforce the law that prohibits the use of raw wastewater for irrigation.
Major Potential Adverse Impacts of the Project Drinking Water Quantity and Quality: treated water quantity and quality should meet water demand as well as allowable drinking water standards set by the Iranian Government and WHO. Among the parameters of concern are the bacteriological contamination of the water, the concentration level of nitrate, the presence of nitrite and the concentration of heavy metals. In order to safeguard public health, it is imperative that regular monitoring of raw and treated water at the treatment plants, storage reservoirs and in the distribution network be implemented to ensure that drinking water limits are not exceeded.
Treated Effluent Quality: the treated effluent should be of acceptable quality so that it can be safely discharged into water bodies or re-used for agriculture. This means that the effluent quality should meet the standards for discharge into water bodies and the WHO guidelines for agriculture re-use. One of the major parameter of concern is the level of nematodes eggs which should be less than 1 egg per liter for water used in irrigation. The other major concern is the
12 concentration level of nutrients such as ammonia, nitrate and phosphate which could result in algal growth in the receiving water bodies. The level of heavy metals is also of concern and could have adverse impacts on agriculture and water bodies. Regular monitoring of these variables will be required to ensure strict adherence to the prevailing standards.
Sludge Quality: dried sludge will be used by farmers as soil conditioner or fertilizer. In such a case the sludge quality will have to comply with the FAO, EU and WHO guidelines for the use of sludge in agriculture including the limit of less than one intestinal nematode egg per 100 gm of dry solids and the limits on the concentration of heavy metals. The adopted treatment processes, the one year storage period, and the control of industrial discharges to the sewage system would ensure that the WHO nematode standard and EU and FAO guidelines on the level of toxic substances would not be exceeded the for the use of sludge in agriculture.
Other Impacts: Adverse environmental impacts during the construction phase might be significant, however they are only temporary. Typical impacts are those of dust, noise, traffic congestion, and disturbance to the residents of the area. Good construction practices would mitigate most of these temporary impacts to acceptable levels. Moreover, the project will have a positive impact on employment resulting from the increased construction activities.
The project will have no significant long term negative impact on air quality, climate, the biological environment, the socio-economic conditions, or other development projects. Furthermore, the construction of the project will not lead to resettlement of people.
In summary, once operational, most of the impacts of the Project will be positive.
Analysis of Alternatives to the Project
The option of continuing with the current water supply system and wastewater disposal methods as well as alternative water supply schemes and other wastewater treatment processes have heen explored and compared in terms of capital costs, operational costs, land requirements, length of transmission lines, consumed energy, environmental impacts, management needs, reliability of the process and local conditions.
The "no project" option would avoid the temporary environmental impacts of installing pipelines and constructing treatment plants, however this option is rejected on the grounds of economic cost and adverse long-term environmental and social impacts. It would mean a whole city with poor water supply quality and no wastewater collection and treatment. Under such conditions severe adverse environmental impacts such as pollution, flooding, and poor health conditions would increase and the prevailing environmental conditions will further deteriorate.
Moreover, the economic benefits of the proposed project are greater than the cost of not
13 implementing it; taking into account revenues from tariffs for water supply, wastewater, and treated effluent as an irrigation source, the cost of the degradation of surface and ground water resources; the cost of treating additional water quantities to compensate for the high unaccounted for water; the high maintenance cost for the aged water supply system; lost working days due to water related diseases; cost of medical treatment; costs of wastewater disposal by tankers; the use of raw wastewater for irrigation purposes instead of treated wastewater; and the use of commercial fertilizer instead of treated sludge.
With respect to wastewater collection and treatment, a number of altematives have been considered including on-site sanitation, decentralized treatment and centralized treatment. On- site sanitation in Shiraz has proved to be difficult to achieve because of the high ground water level. People living in areas served with on-site sanitation facilities face severe difficulties disposing their sewage. Furthermore, the govemment has already initiated the construction of an Emergency wastewater treatment plant and various sections of the trunk main are being implemented, which would offer a more feasible and reliable method for sewage disposal to house owners. Hence, the option of on-site sanitation is rejected. Taking into consideration the environmental limits set by the department of environment regarding the construction of treatment plants within city limits and the construction of a treatment plant for one part of the city, the option of decentralized treatment for the second part of the city was also rejected based on cost, availability of land and potential adverse environmental impacts.
The proposed activated sludge process and two other processes: aerated lagoons and stabilization ponds were also evaluated and compared. Since the plot of land for the long-term wastewater treatment plant has already been acquired, and since the plot has a limited area of 80 hectares, both the stabilization ponds and the aerated lagoons were rejected as they would require larger areas. The activated sludge system was selected in view of reliability and operational flexibility; furthermore, the energy requirements of the activated sludge process was found to be lower than that of the aerated lagoons.
Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
The EMP identifies feasible cost effective measures to mitigate any adverse environmental impacts that might occur during the construction and operation of the project. The EMP covers mitigation measures, monitoring and institutional strengthening.
Mitigation ofAdverse Environmental Impacts
Mitigation measures have been identified to ensure that the defined objectives of the project are achieved whilst preventing and reducing any adverse environmental impacts. The mitigation measures are to be executed by the construction contractor (construction phase) and the treatment
14 plant operators (operation phase) with supervision by the SWWC. Tables 4, 5 and 6 summarize the major impacts and the mitigation measures for the construction and operation phases.
Water Quantity: Geological and hydrogeological studies, geophysical logging, and test pumping were undertaken to assess the water quantity of the underground water. Based on these studies, the safe yield of the ground water was found to be about 1,556,000 cum/d which by far exceed the projected maximum water demand (664,363 cum/d) for the year 2027.
The water balance for the study area during the first phase was prepared on the basis of the population figures (1,240,592 for the year 2003 and 1,360,895 for the year 2007), the maximum water demand (403,644 cum/d and 452,858 cum/d for the years 2003 and 2007 respectively) and the yield of wells and the treatment plant capacity at Doroudzan dam (see Table 3). The water balance indicates that the total water resources will by far exceed the water demand of the project area during the first phase.
Water Quality: Water quality analyses of surface and ground water are summarized in Table 1. The analyses indicate that the water quality is chemically acceptable. The concentrations of all chemnical parameters are below the maximum allowable standards set by the Iranian Government, WHO and CEE. Bacteriological analyses of well water could not be obtained, however available analysis of water quality in existing storage reservoirs indicates the absence of bacteriological contamination and confirm the efficiency of the chlorination system. The provision of a wastewater network for collecting and diverting the generated wastewater to a treatment plant will certainly minimize potential bacteriological contamination of ground water. Furthermore, the proposed project will finance the regular monitoring of water quality. During project implementation, a continuous monitoring program would be implemented to ensure that treated water will always meet the required standards. The monitonrng program will cover biological and physical parameters as well as heavy metals and pesticides residues.
Effluent Quality: The proposed secondary treatment level based on activated sludge process plus chlorination would ensure a treated effluent of acceptable quality for discharge in receiving water bodies and/or re-use in agriculture. This process will result in the removal of nematodes to less than one percent of the concentration in the raw wastewater entering the treatment plant. Therefore the presence of nematodes in the treated effluent will be directly related to their concentration in the raw wastewater. As soon as the wastewater treatment plants start operating, monitoring of nematodes in the influent and effluent will be conducted to ensure adherence to the required standard.
The discharge of the final treated effluent of the two plants via the concrete channels to Maharloo Lake will occur mostly in the winter season, since in the summer the effluent will be used for irrigation. In view of the treated effluent quality, which will be in compliance with the prevailing
15 standards for discharge to water bodies, and the dilution effects of the rainy season, no adverse impacts are envisaged on the lake. In fact, the environmental state of the lake is expected to improve in comparison to the base condition due to improved water quality of the discharging rivers. Moreover, the implementation of the project will not cause any changes in the salt balance of the lake since the wastewater flows represent a very small fraction (around 1%) of the total flows that enter the lake through rainfall and drainage.
Sludge Quality: The sludge treatment processes of the two treatment plants include: sludge blending, thickening, anaerobic digestion, and sludge dewatering. These processes will ensure the elimination of toxics and pollutants in the sludge. For the use of dried sludge in agriculture as soil conditioner or fertilizer, the project will ensure compliance with FAO, EU and WHO applicable guidelines including the limit of less than one intestinal nematode egg per 100 gm of dry solids by monitoring the quality of treated sludge and ensuring a drying period of one year.
Moreover, national guidelines for sludge re-use would be developed in coordination with line ministries (Ministry of Energy, Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Ministry of health and Medical Education, etc.) and concerned stakeholders. These guidelines would set out good standards of practice and monitoring and define roles and responsibilities. Training workshops on re-use of treated sludge will also be provided to all concerned stakeholders.
Solid Wastes: Generated solid wastes from water and wastewater treatment plants, screening and grits from the inlet works as well as dried sludge from water treatment plants will be collected and disposed by the WWCs in the existing landfill sites which are located outside the cities. Considering, the quality of raw surface water and the water treatment processes, the level of toxic substances in the sludge generated from water treatment plants can not exceed the EU limits with respect to the concentration of heavy metals. Nevertheless and as an extra precaution, WWCs will ensure that dried sludge will not be mixed with other types of waste but will be located in a specific cell and signs will be posted notifying of the special waste contaminations.
Archeological and Historical Sites: Shiraz has many recorded archeological and historical sites. The implementation of the water and sanitation project will not require the demolition of any known historical sites, nor will it directly affect any known archeological sites. On the contrary, the project will have a positive environmental impact as it will eliminate the uncontrolled flows and discharges of wastewater adjacent to historical sites.
The sitting of the all the project works was selected in close coordination with the Cultural Heritage Organization following several site visits so as to ensure that these facilities are remotely located from the archeological and historical sites as well as from areas where there is potential of finding archeological remains. During final design stages, further site inspections will be
16 conducted by surveyors and archeologist to check the construction drawings in the field. Construction activities that are close to existing archeological or historical sites will be identified, and special protection and construction procedures will be developed to mitigate any potential impact on these sites. Moreover, chance find procedures were developed and will be used by the WWC, Cultural Heritage Organization, contractors and supervision engineers in case unanticipated archeological materials are encountered during the course of the construction activities.
During construction, there are potential indirect impacts on existing archeological sites due to vibration from drilling and compacting equipment; loss of amenity due to dust, noise and visual intrusion. Good construction practices, including special procedures to be adopted in areas in close proximity to archeological sites would mitigate most impacts to acceptable levels.
The long term permanent impact of the project on the existing archeological sites will therefore be positive due to proper collection of wastewater, reduced incidence of flooding, improved amenity and aesthetic quality of the city which would outweigh any temporary adverse impacts.
IndustrialDischarges: The discharge of untreated industrial effluents can affect the performance of the wastewater treatment plants, resulting in a lower quality treated effluent. The project will only provide connections to those industries that do not discharge toxics that affect the performance of the wastewater treatment plants. The discharge of industrial effluents will be subject to the approval of both the Director of the treatment plant and the director of the DOE. The project will ensure that the industrial effluent discharges are pretreated to levels which comply with the World Bank Environmental Guidelines stated in the "Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook", taking into consideration the achievable reductions at the treatment plants for all important parameters of concern. For those industries for which their industrial effluents will not be pre-treated, and/or will not be connected to the network, the DOE will require that each polluting industrial establishment will prepare a compliance action plan (CAP), which will address the pollutants of concem, the type of pre-treatment required and the investments and monitoring costs of the pre-treatment facility. Operational permits for these industries will be subject to the implementation of the CAP as yearly monitored by the SWWC and enforced by the DOE.
Moreover, under the World Bank funded sewage project for Tehran, standards for industrial effluent discharge into sewage systems are being developed in close coordination with DOE and other concerned line ministries. These standards include the following industrial sectors: food, textiles, tanneries, pulp and paper, metal, pharmaceutical and electronic industries as well as general standards for the remaining industrial sector. Also, the DOE has promulgated standards for industrial discharges to surface waters. The project will ensure compliance with all these
17 standards, where applicable and the promulgation of a national law for the discharge of industrial effluents to sewage networks.
Other Issues: The general disruption during construction will be mitigated by coordinated planning of construction activities. This will include coordination with all concerned authorities prior to the start of the construction activities. Other adverse impacts due to construction activities will be mitigated through the adoption of Good Environmental Practice Procedures. For instance noisy construction activities can be limited to normal working hours and providing muffler to minimize noise nuisance. Dust emissions can be avoided by using dust suppression measures such as periodically sprinkling water in certain areas, providing appropriate covers and removal of excess material from the site. Dangerous activities in public areas will be controlled to reduce risk to the public, traffic and warning signs will be placed at construction sites, trenches will be provided by fences, or railings. The construction contract document will incorporate all requirements to minimize disturbance from construction activities which will be monitored by the Supervision Engineer and the Environment Officer of SWWC to ensure compliance and implementation of the required provisions by the Contractor.
The final design process will detail and finalize construction drawings and tender documents of the project components. This process has incorporated final review of the designs by environmental specialists to ensure that all required environmental issues are properly addressed and tender documents include specific provisions concerning environment, health, safety as well as the use of archeological chance find procedures in the event that unknown archeological and/or historical sites are encountered in the course of construction.
Furthermore, pre-tender conferences will be held to brief pre-qualified contractors on the effective implementation of mitigation measures. All pre-qualified contractors will be called to a pre-tender conference at which environmental, health and safety issues will be outlined. Cultural heritage issues in Shiraz will be also addressed. The contractors will be briefed on: (i) chance find procedures, (ii) special procedures to be adopted in the vicinity of sites defined as requiring protection, (iii) penalties for non-compliance, and (iv) coordination with concerned authorities.
Liaison arrangements will be established between the public, contractors, and the Project Management Unit. A procedure will be established to allow the general public to lodge complaints at the Project Management Unit about excessive disturbance.
The contractors will provide suitable and reliable equipment for construction, with a formal maintenance program to ensure efficient operations. SWWC will develop and establish appropriate safety procedures for the operation and maintenance of the water and wastewater treatment plants. All employees of the contractors and SWWC will get suitable training in
18 occupational health, safety, and emergency preparedness procedures for earthquakes. Safety equipment will also be provided.
Odors emissions from the wastewater treatment plants will be minimized by careful planning and implementation of the plant operation and maintenance procedures. Regular Odor emissions monitoring from the wastewater treatment plants will be implemented to mitigate any non- compliance by taking appropriate operating measures.
Solid waste generated at the wastewater treatment plants will be properly collected and disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. Screenings and grit from the inlet works will be disposed in the landfill of the city.
The SWWC will develop and implement monitoring programs for raw water, treated water, surface water, raw wastewater, treated effluent and sludge and industrial discharges to the sewage. SWWC will also provide advisory services to industries.
The DOE will establish formal programs for monitoring discharges to the environment from the wastewater treatment plants and industries, treated sludge, surface water, and soil including actions to be taken in case of non-compliance. It will develop a system of controls on discharges to Lake Mahraloo, Khosk and Soltan Abad rivers. DOE will also develop a system for the enforcement of standards related to industrial discharges.
The Ministry of Health and Medical Education will establish a program for monitoring drinking water quality and the occurrence of water-borne diseases. A public hygiene education campaign will be also conducted by the Ministry including video tapes, TV programs and distribution of leaflets.
The Ministry of Agriculture Jihad will establish and implement formal programs for monitoring the quality of soil and agricultural products on a pilot area located in eastern Shiraz including actions to be taken in case of deterioration in quality. The Ministry will develop educational programs and will develop awareness campaigns on best agricultural and irrigation practices.
Monitoring Plan
Monitoring of construction activities will have to ensure that mitigation measures of construction impacts are being implemented properly, while monitoring of operation activities is to ensure that no unforeseen negative impacts are arising. Tables 7 to 11 give the proposed monitoring requirements during the construction and operational phases.
During construction, the monitoring program will include dust and noise. Monitoring of the water supply will include biological, physical and chemical parameters as well as heavy metals
19 and pesticides residues. During the operation of the wastewater system, monitoring will include data on BOD, COD, suspended solids, phosphates, nitrates, salinity, heavy metals, fecal coliform and nematodes eggs. Water quality monitoring in Maharloo Lake will include data on BOD, suspended solids, pH, phosphates, nitrates, salinity, and heavy metals. The treated sludge will be monitored for nematodes, coliforms and toxic metals. Soil and agricultural products will be monitored for significant pollutant levels including heavy metals, Coliforms and nematodes. The Ministry of Health will monitor the occurrence of water born diseases and the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad will monitor soil and agricultural products. The DOE will develop and implement its own monitoring program for Quality Assurance and Quality Control and will generate and issue periodic review reports.
If significant adverse impacts are identified by the concerned responsible organizations, appropriate mitigation measures will be taken and arrangements for amendments of the environmental management plan will be made. The Ministry of Energy will have the overall responsibility to ensure that adverse impacts are maintained to acceptable levels and corrective actions are taken when required.
A project monitoring report will be prepared on the effectiveness of the EMP once every 6 months and will be sent to the World Bank after review and approval of DOE.
Institutional Strengthening
The institutional arrangement and capacities of the organizations in-charge with the implementation and management of the proposed project were reviewed with the intention of providing technical assistance and proposing reinforcement of these organizations as required.
Training programs will be designed and implemented with the assistance of local and international experts and will include:
> SWWC, Treatment Plant Operators, Shiraz Municipality and FarsDOE: At the initiation of the project, a training workshop will be provided to the staff of the SWWC, Ministry of Energy, Shiraz Municipality and DOE to raise environmental awareness and to clarify the specific environmental requirements related to the project. A two day workshop will then be provided and will cover the following topics: - Effective implementation of mitigation measures - Project supervision - Sampling and analysis - Monitoring and evaluation
> SWWC, Municipality, Fars DOE and Line Ministries: A two day workshop will be provided to the staff of SWWC, Municipality, and representatives of line ministries to strengthen capacities in the application of treated effluent and sludge re-use.
20 Laboratory Staff of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants: A one week training workshop will be provided to strengthen capacities in sampling and analysis methods, environmental monitoring, quality assurance and quality control as well as safety procedures.
' Staff at Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants: A one day training workshop on occupational health, safety and earthquake emergency preparedness procedures will be provided.
Workshops and awareness campaigns will be also implemented to raise awareness of farmers, NGOs and residents of Shiraz; these would include:
> Local NGOs, communities andfarmers: Training would be provided through 1 or 2 days workshop for local NGOs, communities and farmers, focusing on public awareness and on re-use of treated wastewater and sludge for agricultural purposes.
> Awareness campaign and pamphlets: two awareness campaigns will be conducted; pamphlets in Farsi will be distributed to all farmers highlighting the adverse health and public safety impacts resulting from the use of untreated effluents; and measures to be taken when using treated effluent and sludge. A public hygiene education campaign will be also conducted by the Ministry of Education.
An assessment of analytical capacities of the laboratories at the SWWC and at the emergency wastewater treatment plant has been conducted; additional required equipments were also identified and will be supplied as part of the proposed project. For the Long-term zone Wastewater Treatment Plant, a fully equipped laboratory will be provided as part of the construction contract.
Technical assistance will be provided to the DOE to set up baseline data on existing environmental conditions and to develop a quality assurance and a quality monitoring program as well as an enforcement program for industrial discharges. Similarly, technical assistance will be provided to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education to set up baseline data on the occurrence of water bom diseases and to develop a monitoring program for their occurrence.
Cost Estimate
The cost of the Environmental Management Plan during construction (mitigation measures including additional treatment and monitoring) will be borne mostly by the contractor (construction phase) and the Supervision Engineer who will make the necessary provision as part of their contracts for this project.
During the operation phase, mitigation measures and monitoring activities will be implemented by the operator of each plant. Doroudzan existing water treatment plant and the emergency wastewater treatment plant will be operated by the Fars Water Board and the SWWC,
21 respectively. Hence, the required mitigation measures and monitoring activities will be implemented by Fars Water Board and the SWWC as part of their mandates. For the Long-temn Zone wastewater treatment plant, cost of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements will be bome by the contractor who will include the necessary provisions as part of his construction and two years operation and maintenance cost. The contractor will also allocate a provisional cost for the construction of filters in case the treated effluent does not meet the standards with respect to nematodes.
A total amount of 1.764 million dollars will be allocated for the implementation of the environmental management plan as detailed in Table 12 and will be included in the project cost. It should be noted that the total cost does not include the following:
> Cost of additional treatment incorporated in the design of the project;
> Cost of mitigating negative construction impacts (included in the construction contract cost);
i Cost of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring of the Long-term zone wastewater treatment (included in the construction and operation and maintenance contract cost);
> Cost of setting up a new laboratory at the Long-Term zone wastewater treatment plant (included in construction cost).
> Cost of Environment and Safety Officer at TSU (included in TSU cost).
22 Table 1: Water Quality Analyses for Surface and Groundwater Resources in Shiraz
Analysis Raw Surface Treated Karstic Standards
Water Surface Water Wells _ pH 7.8 7.8 7.50 CEE 6.5 - 8.5 Turbidity (NTU) 4 2 Iranian ST 5-25 Calcium (mg/I) 50 49 92 WHO 100 Magnesium (mg/I) 17 25 45 CEE 30 Sodium (mg/I) 50 31 41 WHO 200 Potassium (mg/I) 2 1.39 2.2 CEE 12 Chlorides (mg/I) 58 41 70 WHO 250 Sulfates (mg/I) 32 30 161 WHO 250 Nitrites (mg/I) 0 0 0 WHO 0 Nitrates (mg/I) 4.7 7.79 17 WHO 50 Ammonium (mg/I) 0.08 - 0.06 Iranian ST.055-0.5 Hardness (mg/I) 215 90 410 Iranian ST 500- Alkalinity (mg/I) 185 172 228 TDS (mg/I) 327 360 575 WHO 1000 Electrical 486 460 900 Conductivity(pmho/cm) I Total Coliforms (MPN/100 ml) 8 0 - WHO 0
Table 2: Influent and Effluent Design Data for Wastewater Treatment Plants
Parameter Unit Raw Wastewater Treated Wastewater
Emergency Zone Treatment Plant: BOD mg/l 250 <25 SS mg/l 315 <40 Total Coliforms MPN/100 ml 5 x l0o < 1000 Nematodes I egg/liter <10 <1
Long-Term Zone Treatment Plant: BOD mg/l 250 <25 SS mg/l 300 < 40 Total Coliforms MPN/100 ml 5 x 105 < 1000 Nematodes I egg/liter <10 <1
23 Table 3: Shiraz Water Balance durin the First Planning Period Pressure Population Maximum Water Water Quantity 2003 Water Quantity 2007 Water Balance Zones and Demands (m3/day) sub-zones 2003 2007 2003 2007 Alluvial Karstic Surface Alluvial Karstic wells Surface Water 2003 2007 200 207 20 07 wells wells Water wells203 07 1 2472 2712 804 902 2 3744 4107 1218 1367 18662 m3/day 3 6969 6548 1942 2179 (existing wells) & I 4 8028 8806 2612 2930 --- 18662 501I m3/day -1902 +602 5 15880 17420 5167 5797 m3/day (new well) 6 8491 9314 2763 3099 7 18620 20426 6058 6797 TOTAL 63204 69333 20564 23071 8 39709 43559 12920 14495 9 52092 57144 16949 19015 10 21625 23722 7036 7894 72000 11 15332 16819 4988 5597 187228 m3/day m3/day 12 21052 23093 6849 7685 (existing wells) & from 13 117586 128989 38258 42923 40522 187228 72000 --- 77415 water TP & -57176 +5575 2 14 20357 22331 6623 7431 m3/day m3/day mn3/day m3/day(new wells) 84000 15 0 0 0 0 m3/dayv 16 154671 169669 50324 56460 Transfer 3088 from increase 17 54274 46894 56605 T0rTransfer m3/day to zones 4 in TP 17o42#748 46894 /3909 15605 2182 m3/day &5 capacity 18 386746 424250 125833 141175 to zone 4 19 218380 239557 71053 79716 TOTAL 1090298 1196027 354744 397996 20 2474 2714 805 903 2182 4 21 5984 6565 1947 2184 m3/dayfrom ------3088m3/day from --- -570 0 TOTAL 8458 9278 2752 3088 zone 2 zone 2
22 3771 4136 1227 1376 4840 m3/dav 23 38171 41872 12419 13934 --- 4840 ------(existing wells) & --- -11938 0 5 24 9626 10559 3132 3514 m3/day 13984 m3/day TOTAL 51567 56568 16778 18824 (from zone 2) 103688 --- 103688 m3/day --- +1562 +488 3 25 27065 29690 8806 9880 m3/day
GTAND 1240592 1360895 403644 452858 40522 221098 72000 --- 303524 156000 -70025 +6665
24 Table 4: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Construction Phase
Responsible Organization Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Org _t Performing QA/QC
Noise generation Restrict work to normal working hours; Contractor monitored DOE Use equipment with appropriate silencers; by ESO Only run equipment when required.
Contractor monitored Generation of dust Employ dust suppression measures such as by ESO DOE wetting and dust enclosures.
Traffic congestion Restrict movement of construction vehicles to Contractor monitored DOE and from the sites to normal working hours; by ESO Diversion of traffic through suitable roads to the expected traffic loading; Provision of adequate diversion signs; Minimizing lengths of open trench; Expeditious completion of backfill and reinstatement.
Damage to access roads Site access roads will be inspected regularly and Contractor monitored DOE and streets repairs made where necessary; by ESO All roads and streets used for laying pipes will be covered and paved.
Damage to archeological Application of protection measures in areas close Contractor monitored Cultural remains to existing historical sites; by Archeologist and Heritage Implementation of Chance Find Procedures. ESO Organizatio n
Water pollution Collect and dispose wastes, demolition and Contractor monitored DOE excavated materials at appropriate locations; by ESO Restrict surface runoff from the site.
Public safety and site Control access of unauthorized personnel; Contractor monitored DOE security Provide pedestrian access; by ESO Provide safety barriers and signs.
Air pollution Do not bum wastes on site; Contractor monitored DOE Routine maintenance of construction equipment by ESO and vehicles to minimize exhaust emissions
Generation of wastes Minimize wastes generated during construction Contractor monitored DOE and reuse construction wastes where practicable; by ESO Use appropriate methods for the storage of waste materials; I Dispose of wastes to an appropriate site.
ESO: Environmentand Safety Officer at Project - PMU
DOE: Departmentof Environment
25 Table 5: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of Water Supply System
Responsible Organization Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures P g Performing QA/QC
Degradation of water Ensure proper operation and maintenance Water Operator . DOE quality of the water treatment plant. supervised by ESO *Continuous monitoring of raw water and treated water as well as water quality at various locations within the water supply system; avoid cross contamination with sewage;
* Disposal of dried sludge resulting from water treatment plants in a separate cell in the city's landfill site
Reduction in available * Prohibit illegal connections to the Water Operator DOE water supply network; avoid leakage in the network; supervised by ensure proper maintenance of the system ESO including treatment plant, pumping stations, pipelines and house connections.
Health and Safety * Maintain hygiene and have medical Water Operator DOE surveillance; maintain showers and supervised by sanitary facilities; provide first aid and ESO have an emergency response plan.
* Capacity building and training in occupational health, safety and earthquake emergency preparedness procedures and in operation and maintenance of treatment plants.
* Monitoring of earthquake occurrence, intensity and associated impacts.
26 Table 6: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of Wastewater System
Responsible Organization Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures . _ Performing QA/QC
Health and * Adequate treatment (retention time) should be WWTO DOE environmental risks provided to control the number of nematode supervised by associated with eggs; chlorine will be used to disinfect the ESO discharge and re-use of effluent. treated effluent for irrigation ' Regular monitoring of treated effluent; treated effluent will not be reused in irrigation if its quality does not meet the standards.
* Development of re-use guidelines for treated effluent;
* Capacity building, training and awareness.
Sludge quality and the * Drying beds for one-year storage will be WWTO DOE risk of public and provided to dry and store sludge following de- supervised by farmers acquiring watering and digestion. ESO infection * Monitoring of nematodes, coliforms and heavy metal content of treated sludge.
* Transportation of treated sludge in closed containers.
* Capacity building, training and awareness.
Odor generation from the * Careful planning and implementation of WWTO DOE wastewater treatment operation and maintenance. supervised by plant ESO * Providing covers to equipments and containers that are likely to cause odor nuisance.
Health and Safety of the * Maintain hygiene and have medical WWTO DOE employees surveillance; manage wastewater operations to supervised by minimize contact of personnel with sewage; ESO maintain showers and sanitary facilities; provide first aid and have an emergency response plan.
* Capacity building and training in occupational health, safety and earthquake emergency preparedness procedures and in operation and maintenance of treatment plants.
WWTO: Wastewater Treatment Operator
27 Table 7: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Construction Phase
Environmental Responsible Parameter to Monitoring Frequency Standard Organization be monitored ______Performing QA/QC
Noise At construction Every day 70 dB (A) Supervision DOE Sites Engineer monitored by
______ESO _ _ _ _
3 Air Quality and At construction Every day 150 pg/m Supervision DOE Dust Sites Engineer monitored by ESO
ESO: Environment and Safety Officer at Project - PMU DOE: Department of Environment
28 Table 8: Environmental Monitoring Program during the Operation of the Water Supply System
Environmental Responsible Parameter to be Monitoring Frequency Standard Location Organization monitored Performing QA/QC
pH At Water Every day 6.5 - 8.5 Water MHME Turbidity Sources 5 NTU Operator Coliforms (treatment plant, 0/100 ml Supervised by Fecal coliforms dam and wells) 0/100 ml ESO Fecal Streptocoques 0/100 ml
Conductivity 400 pS/cm Ammonium 0.05 - 0.5 mg/il Nitrates 0 -45 mg/I Nitrites 0 mg/I Chlorides 25 - 200 mg/l Phosphates At Water 1.0 mg/l Calcium Sources 100 mg/l Magnesium (treatment plant, Every Week 30 - 50 mg/l Water MHME Sodium dam and wells) 20 - 150 mg/I Operator Potassium 10 -12 mg/l Supervised by Sulfates 250 mg/I ESO Iron 50 - 200 mg/I
Herbicide and Pesticides At Water Every Month 0.1 ,Ig/l Water MHME Ni Sources 0.02 mg/l Operator Cr (treatment plant, 0.05 mg/I Supervised by Zn dam and wells) 3 mg/l ESO Cd 0.003 mg/I Pb 0.01 mg/l Hg 0.001 mg/l
Ammonium 0.05 - 0.5 mg/l Phosphates 1.0 mg/l Nitrites At Water Every day 0 mg/I Water MHME Chlorides Reservoirs 25 - 200 mg/l Operator Total coliforms 0/100 ml Supervised by Fecal coliforms 0/100 ml ESO Fecal streptocoques 0/100 ml Residual chlorine 0.2-0.8 mgtl
Total coliforms At Distribution Every day 0/100 ml Water MHME Fecal coliforms Network 0/100 ml Operator Fecal streptocoques 0/100 ml Supervised by Residual chlorine 0.2-0.8 mg/l ESO
MHME: Ministry of Health and Medical Education
29 Table 9: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Treated Effluent
Environmental Monitoring Responsible Organization Parameter to be Location Frequency Standard
monitored ______Performing QAIQC
BOD 25 mg/l COD 125 mg/l WWTO DOE PH At 6 - 9 Supervised by Oil and grease Wastewater Every day 10 mg/I ESO TSS Plants 50 mg/l Total Phosphorus 10 mg P/I Total Nitrogen 30 mg N/I Nematode eggs <1 egg/liter Fecal coliform. 200 MPN/100 ml
Heavy metals 10 mg/I Phosphate At 5 mg/Il Ammonia Wastewater Every week 10 mg/I WWTO DOE Nitrate Plants and in 90 mg/I Supervised by Fluoride drainage 20 mg/I ESO Sulfate channel after 500 mg/l Sulfide discharge I mg/l Chlorine, total residual 0.2 mg/l Phenols 0.5 mg/I TDS
Cadmium At 0.1 mg/l Chromium Wastewater 0.1 mg/l WWTO DOE Copper Plants and 0.5 mg/l Supervised by Iron drainage Every month 3.5 mg/I ESO Lead channel after 0.1 mg/I Selenium discharge 0.1 mg/I Silver 0.5 mg/I Zinc 2.0 mg/I
Chlorine At the Every week 0.2 mg/I WWTO DOE discharge Supervised by from the ESO outfall or at I km from the WWTP . - WWTO: Wastewater Treatment Operator ESO: Environment and Safety Officer DOE: Department of Environment
30 Table 10: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Treated Sludge
Environmental Responsible Parameter to be Monitoring Frequency Standard Organization Location Monitored ______Performing QA/QC
Nematode eggs At Every Batch
Heavy Metals (mg/kg sludge): Cd At Every Batch 20 - 40 WWTO DOE Cu Wastewater 1000- 1750 Supervised Ni Plants 300 - 400 by ESO Pb 750- 1200 Zn 2500 -4000 Cr 1625
WWTO: Wastewater Treatment Operator DOE: Department of Environment
Table 11: Environmental Monitoring Program for Agricultural Soil
Environmental Responsible Parameter to be Monitoring Frequency Standard Organization Monitored Location Performing QA/QC
Nematode eggs At Every 6
Heavy Metals (mg/kg soil): Cd At Every 6 0.15 MOJ DOE Cu Agriculture months 12 Supervised Ni Land 3 by ESO Pb i5 Zn 30 Cr 3
MOJ: Ministry of Agriculture Jihad ESO: Environment Safety Officer DOE: Department of Environment
31 Table 12: Cost Estimate of Environmental Management Plan
Component Quantity Unit Rate Total Cost in Thousands US$ SWWC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S Swwc
Intemational environmental consultant to provide technical assistance to 14 months 12000/month 168 SWWC 12 months 1 500/month 18 Short term Archeological consultant for monitoring archeological surveys and construction works
Environmental Monitoring Program for Water Supply System 60 000/year 300 Environmental Monitoring Program for emergency zone WWTP 75 000/year 300
Subtotal 786
Studies, Training and Awareness
Development of baseline data on water related diseases and a monitoring 50 program for the occurrence of these diseases
Development and implementation of a QA/QC monitoring program for the 0 proposed project to be implemented by Fars DOE 6 Development of earthquake emergency preparedness plan 12000 12 Development of Compliance Action Plan (CAP) 5 CAPs 6000/CAP 30 Two days workshop to SWWC, Treatment Plant Operators, Shiraz Municipality and Fars DOE on environmental management, monitoring, 2 workshops 7000/workshop 14 analysis and evaluation Two days workshops for SWWC, Municipality, Fars DOE and Line Ministries on treated effluent and sludge re-use 2 workshops 7000/workshop 14 One week training workshop to Staff of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants on laboratory sampling, analysis, environment monitoring and QA/QC 4 workshops 4000/workshop 16 One day training workshop on occupational health and safety to staff at Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants 4 workshops 1000/workshop 4 One day workshop for local NGOs, communities and farmers, focusing on public awareness and on re-use of treated wastewater and sludge for agricultural purposes. 4 workshops 1000/workshop 4 Awareness campaigns and pamphlets 50
Subtotal 254 Laboratory Equipment SWWC 400 Emergency zone WWTP 300
Subtotal 700
Monitoring and evaluation at the project level 2MM 12000 24
TOTAL 1764
32 I Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1-1 1.1 Overview 1-1 1.2 Terms of Reference 1-2 1.3 Objectives of the Environmental Assessment 1-2
2 Project description 2-1 2.1 Project Location and Setting 2-1 2.2 Project Outline 2-2 2.3 Water Supply 2-4 2.3.1 Current status 2-5 2.3.2 Objective of Water Supply Plan 2-12 2.3.3 Proposed Water Supply Plan Phasing 2-12 2.3.4 Summary of Water Supply Components 2-19 2.3.5 Pre-Construction Activities 2-20 2.3.6 Construction Activities 2-22 2.3.7 Post-Construction activities 2-22 2.3.8 Projected costs 2-23 2.4 Wastewater collection, treatment and disposal 2-23 2.4.1 Overview 2-23 2.4.2 Drainage Zones 2-24 2.5 Existing Facilities 2-24 2.5.1 Sewage Wells 2-24 2.5.2 Discharge to Surface Water & On-land Disposal 2-25 2.5.3 Decentralized Treatment Systems 2-25 2.5.4 Existing Network 2-25 2.5.5 Emergency Zone Wastewater Treatment Plant (E WWTP) 2-26 2.6 Objective of Sanitation Plan 2-29 2.6.1 Proposed Sanitation Plan Phasing 2-30 2.7 Project Components 2-31 2.8 Long-Term Wastewater Treatment Plant 2-32 2.8.1 Plant Site 2-32 2.8.2 Outfall 2-33 2.8.3 Treatment process 2-33 2.8.4 Effluent quality 2-34 2.8.5 Treated sludge 2-34 2.8.6 Chemical and Energy Consumption 2-34 2.9 Effluent and Sludge Reuse in Agriculture 2-35 2.9.1 Agricultural Areas 2-35 2.9.2 Volume of Effluent to be used 2-35 2.9.3 Irrigation Water Supply 2-35 2.9.4 Crop Pattem and Irrigation Methods 2-36 2.9.5 Extent of irrigation Potential 2-36 2.9.6 Treated effluent for Reuse 2-36 2.9.7 Sludge Use in Agriculture 2-37 2.9.8 Quantity of Sludge Available for Reuse 2-38 2.9.9 Sludge Application Rate 2-38 2.9.10 Compliance with Prevailing Standards 2-38 2.9.11 Sludge Quality Monitoring and Application Requirements 2-39 2.10 Pre Construction Activities 2-39
i Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
2.11 Construction Activities 240 2.12 Post-Construction Activities 2-40 2.13 Wastewater project projected costs 2-41
3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 3-1 3.1 Policy Framework 3-1 3.1.1 National Policies 3-1 3.1.2 International Cooperation 3-2 3.2 Legal Framework 3-3 3.2.1 Environmental Laws 3-3 3.2.1.1 Regulations for the Control of Air and Noise Pollution 3-5 3.2.1.2 Surface and Groundwater Quality 3-5 3.2.1.3 Discharges of Wastewater 3-7 3.2.1.4 Disposal and Reuse of Sludge 3-8 3.2.1.5 Disposal of Solid Waste and Industrial Wastewater 3-9 3.2.1.6 Pollution Abatement 3-9 3.2.1.7 Protected Areas and Natural Habitats 3-10 3.2.1.8 Archaeological and Cultural Heritage 3-12 3.2.1.9 Environmental Assessment 3-13 3.2.2 Standards 3-15 3.2.2.1 Existing Iranian Standards 3-15 3.2.2.2 Standards Proposed in this EIA 3-17 3.2.2.3 Comparison of Relevant Standards 3-18 3.3 Administrative Framework 3-19 3.3.1 Key Government Organizations 3-19 3.3.2 Other Government Organizations 3-24 3.3.3 Overall Environmental Management 3-28 3.4 Conclusion 3-29
4 Baseline Environmental Data 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Physical Environment 4-1 4.2.1 Topography 4-1 4.2.2 Climate 4-1 4.2.3 Air Quality 4-3 4.2.4 Noise Pollution 4-4 4.2.5 Geology 44 4.3 Biological Environments 4-22 4.3.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems 4-22 4.3.2 Aquatic Ecosystems 4-23 4.3.3 Sensitive Habitats 4-24 4.4 Socio-Economic Environment 4-25 4.4.1 Population Characteristics 4-25 4.4.2 Social- Cultural 4-29 4.4.3 Employment Situation 4-29 4.4.4 Health 4-31 4.4.5 Land Use 4-33 4.4.6 Infrastructure Services 4-37 4.4.7 Tourism 440 4.4.8 Cultural Heritage 4-41 4.4.9 Planned Developments 4-44 4.4.10 Townscape 4-46 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
5 Potential Environmental Impacts 5-1 5.1 Impacts on the Geophysical Environment 5-1 5.1.1 Changes ofLand Use 5-1 5.1.2 Relocation of People 5-1 5.1.3 Disturbance During construction 5-2 5.1.4 Noise and Vibration 5-3 5.1.5 Odor 54 5.1.6 Visual Impact 5-5 5.1.7 Impacts on Traffic and Transportation 5-6 5.2 Impacts on the Social and economic Environment 5-7 5.2.1 Impacts on Population 5-7 5.2.2 Impacts on Employment and Income distribution 5-8 5.2.3 Urban Development 5-8 5.3 Impacts on the Cultural Environment 5-8 5.3.1 Impacts on Archaeological and Historical Sites 5-8 5.3.2 Impacts on Public Attitudes 5-9 5.4 Impacts on Surface Waters 5-10 5.4.1 Impacts on River Water Quality 5-10 5.4.2 Impacts on River Water Quantities 5-10 5.4.3 Impacts Relating to Industrial Discharges 5-11 5.4.4 Impacts on Maharloo Lake 5-11 5.4.5 Impacts on Surface Water Supplies 5-12 5.5 Impacts on Ground Water 5-13 5.5.1 Impacts on Ground Water Quality 5-13 5.5.2 Impacts on Ground Water during Construction 5-13 5.5.3 Impacts on Ground Water Due to Sewer Connections 5-13 5.5.4 Impacts on Ground Water Resources 5-13 5.6 Impacts on Agriculture 5-14 5.6.1 Impact on Crop Production 5-14 5.6.2 Impact on Fertilizer Consumption 5-14 5.6.3 Impact on Soil Quality 5-15 5.6.4 Impact on Crop Quality 5-15 5.6.5 Impact on Agricultural Practices 5-16 5.6.6 Impact on Agricultural Workers 5-16 5.6.7 Impact on Supply of Irrigation Water 5-16 5.7 Impacts on Health 5-17 5.7.1 Improvements in Public Health 5-17 5.7.2 Adverse Impact on Drinking Water Quantity and Quality 5-17 5.7.3 Adverse Impacts Due to Agricultural Use of Treated Effluent 5-18 5.7.4 Adverse Impacts Due to Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge 5-19 5.7.5 Adverse Impacts Due to Chlorination 5-19 5.7.6 Adverse Impacts Due to Operation of the Sewage Treatment Plant 5-21 5.7.7 Adverse Impacts Due to Pests 5-21 5.7.7 Adverse Impacts Due to Asbestos Cement Piping 5-22 5.8 Impacts on Climate 5-22 5.9 Impacts on the Biological Environment 5-23 5.9.1 Impact on Habitats 5-23 5.9.2 Impact on protected species and habitats 5-23 5.9.3 Disturbance to Fauna 5-24 5.9.4 Indirect Ecological Effects Due to Improvements in Surface Water Quality 5-24 5.10 Impacts on Other Planned Developments 5-24 5.10.1 Plan for Management of Khoshk River 5-24 5.10.2 Plan for the development of Maharloo Lake Surroundings 5-24 5.10.3 Urban Subway System: 5-24
iii Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
5.10.4 The Gharebagh Water Transfer Plan: 5-25 5.10.5 The Water Supply Plan to Sarvestan Plain: 5-25 5.10.6 The Shiraz Industrial Zones 5-25 5.10.7 The Animal Husbandry Complex: 5-25 5.11 Impacts due to Seismic Activities 5-25 5.12 Summary of Environmental Impacts 5-26 5.13 Major Adverse Impacts of the Project 5-29
6 Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project 6-1 6.1 Water Supply 6-1 6.1.1 Option 1: No Project 6-1 6.1.1.1 Water Resources 6-1 6.1.1.2 Water Supply System Reliability 6-1 6.1.1.3 Public Health 6-2 6.1.1.4 Indirect Environmental Impacts 6-2 6.1.1.5 Construction Impacts 6-2 6.1.1.6 Management and Monitoring 6-2 6.1.1.7 Economic Analysis 6-2 6.1.2 Option 2: Shiraz Water Supply Project 6-4 6.1.2.1 Water Resources 6-4 6.1.2.2 Water Supply System Reliability 6-4 6.1.2.3 Water Supply Quality 6-4 6.1.2.4 Public Health 6-4 6.1.2.5 Construction Impacts 6-4 6.1.3 Conclusions 6-4 6.2 Wastewater Collection and Treatment 6-5 6.2.1 Option 1: No Project 6-5 6.2.1.1 Surface Water Pollution 6-5 6.2.1.2 Groundwater 6-6 6.2.1.3 Agriculture 6-6 6.2.1.4 Health 6-7 6.2.1.5 Construction Impacts 6-7 6.2.1.6 Management and Monitoring 6-7 6.2.1.7 Economic Analysis 6-7 6.2.1.8 Conclusions 6-8 6.3 Altemative Treatment Processes 6-9 6.3.1 Complete Mix Activated Sludge Plant 6-9 6.3.1.1 System Design 6-10 6.3.1.2 Proposed Site and Ground Conditions 6-11 6.3.1.3 Power 6-11 6.3.1.4 Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal 6-11 6.3.1.5 Materials 6-11 6.3.1.6 Staffing 6-11 6.3.1.7 Schedule 6-12 6.3.1.8 Impact on Local Population 6-12 6.3.1.9 Impacts on the Cultural Environment 6-12 6.3.1.10 Impacts on Surface Waters 6-12 6.3.1.11 Impacts on Groundwater 6-12 6.3.1.12 Impacts on Agriculture 6-12 6.3.1.13 Impacts on Health 6-13 6.3.1.14 Impacts on Climate 6-13 6.3.1.15 Impacts on the Biological Environment 6-13 6.3.1.16 Construction and Operational Costs 6-13 6.3.2 Sewage Treatment Using Waste Stabilization Ponds 6-13
iv Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
6.3.2.1 System Design 6-14 6.3.2.2 Proposed Site 6-14 6.3.2.3 Pathogen Removal 6-14 6.3.2.4 Power 6-15 6.3.2.5 Evaporation from Waste Stabilization Ponds 6-15 6.3.2.6 Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal 6-15 6.3.2.7 Materials 6-15 6.3.2.8 Schedule 6-16 6.3.2.9 Impact on Local Population 6-16 6.3.2.10 Impacts on the Cultural Environment 6-16 6.3.2.11 Impacts on Surface Waters 6-16 6.3.2.12 Impacts on Groundwater 6-17 6.3.2.13 Impacts on Agriculture 6-17 6.3.2.14 Impact on Health 6-17 6.3.2.15 Impacts on Climate 6-17 6.3.2.16 Impacts on the Biological Environment 6-17 6.3.2.17 Technical Performance 6-18 6.3.2.18 Land use 6-18 6.3.2.19 Visual Impact & landscape structure 6-18 6.3.2.20 Costs 6-18 6.3.3 Sewage Treatment Using Aerated Lagoons 6-18 6.3.3.1 System Desigr. 6-19 6.3.3.2 Proposed Site 6-19 6.3.3.3 Power 6-19 6.3.3.4 Evaporation and Seepage from Aerated Lagoons 6-20 6.3.3.5 Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal 6-20 6.3.3.6 Materials 6-20 6.1.1.1 Staffing 6-20 6.3.3.7 Schedule 6-21 6.3.3.8 Impact on Local Population 6-21 6.3.3.9 Impacts on the Cultural Environment 6-21 6.3.3.10 Impacts on Surface Waters 6-21 6.3.3.11 Impacts on Groundwater 6-21 6.3.3.12 Impacts on Agriculture 6-21 6.3.3.13 Impacts on Health 6-21 6.3.3.14 Impacts on Climate 6-22 6.3.3.15 Impacts on the Biological Environment 6-22 6.3.3.16 Technical Performance 6-22 6.3.3.17 Land use 6-22 6.3.3.18 Visual Impact & landscape structure 6-22 6.3.3.19 Costs 6-22 6.3.4 Dual Power Multi Cellular Lagoon System (DPMC) 6-23 6.3.4.1 System Design 6-23 6.3.4.2 Proposed Site and Ground Conditions 6-24 6.3.4.3 Power 6-24 6.3.4.4 Evaporation from Aerated Lagoons 6-24 6.3.4.5 Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal 6-24 6.3.4.6 Materials 6-24 6.3.4.7 Staffing 6-24 6.3.4.8 Schedule 6-25 6.3.4.9 Impact on Local Population 6-25 6.3.4.10 Impacts on the Cultural Environment 6-25 6.3.4.11 Impacts on Surface Waters 6-25 6.3.4.12 Impacts on Groundwater 6-25 6.3.4.13 Impacts on Agriculture 6-25
v Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
6.3.4.14 Impacts on Health 6-25 6.3.4.15 Impacts on Climate 6-26 6.3.4.16 Impacts on the Biological Environment 6-26 6.3.4.17 Technical Performance 6-26 6.3.4.18 Land use 6-26 6.3.4.19 Visual Impact 6-26 6.3.4.20 Costs 6-26 6.3.5 Comparison of Sewage Treatment Process Altematives 6-27 6.4 Other Altematives Explored 6-28
7. Environmental Management Plan 7-1 7.1 Objectives of the Environmental Management Plan 7-1 7.2 Mitigation Measures 7-2 7.2.1 Construction Phase 7-2 7.2.2 Operation Phase 7-12 7.2.2.1 Water Project 7-13 7.2.2.2 Wastewater Project 7-17 7.3 Monitoring Program 7-24 7.3.1 Construction Phase 7-25 7.3.2 Operation Phase 7-25 7.3.2.1 Water Supply System 7-25 7.3.2.2 Wastewater Systems 7-26 7.4 Management Requirements 7-30 7.4.1 Overview of Responsibilities 7-30 7.4.2 Technical Support Unit 7-31 7.5 Institutional Strengthening 7-32 7.6 Cost Estimate 7-34
8 Post Environmental Review of Emergency WWTP 8-1 8.1 Evaluation ofWWTP Site 8-1 8.2 Design Basis 8-3 8.2.1 Influent loads 8-3 8.2.2 Treatment plant load Progression 8-4 8.2.3 Effluent Quality Design Criteria 8-4 8.3 Emergency WWTP -First Phase Process Design 8-5 8.3.1 Raw wastewater pumping station 8-6 8.3.2 Screening 8-6 8.3.3 Grit and grease removal 8-7 8.3.4 Flow meter 8-7 8.3.5 Primary settling tanks (PSTs) 8-7 8.3.6 Anaerobic selectors 8-7 8.3.7 Aeration tanks 8-8 8.3.8 Secondary settling tanks 8-8 8.3.9 The effluent disinfection system 8-8 8.3.10 Sludge blending tanks 8-9 8.3.11 Sludge thickeners 8-9 8.3.12 Anaerobic digesters 8-9 8.3.13 Biogas storage tank 8-9 8.3.14 Sludge dewatering 8-10 8.3.15 Emergency by - pass system 8-10 8.4 Buildings and other facilities in the plant 8-10 8.4.1 Guardhouse 8-10 8.4.2 Administration Building 8-10
vi Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
8.4.3 Power Supply Building 8-10 8.4.4 The Chlorination Building 8-11 8.4.5 Workshop 8-11 8.4.6 Laboratory 8-11 8.4.7 Landscaping 8-11 8.4.8 Power Supply & Equipment Controls 8-11 8.4.9 Utility Services 8-11 8.4.10 Safety and Occupational Health 8-12 8.5 Review of the Design and Environmental Performance of the Emergency WWTP 8-12 8.5.1 Effluent Quality and Design Appraisal 8-12 8.5.2 Solids Production and Quality Requirements 8-13 8.5.3 Power 8-14 8.5.4 Chemical Usage 8-15 8.5.5 Review of Engineering Aspects 8-15 8.6 Evaluation of Effluent Discharge Impact on Maharloo Lake 8-17 8.6.1 Maharloo Lake Environmental condition 8-17 8.6.2 Treated Effluent Loads 8-17 8.6.3 Iranian Standards of Discharge to Surface Water Bodies 8-18 8.6.4 Standards of Discharge to Surface Water Bodies 8-19 8.6.5 Evaluation of Effluent Impact 8-19
9 Public Involvement 9-1 9.1 Information Dissemination 9-1 9.2 Information Solicitation 9-1 9.3 Public Consultation 9-2 9.3.1 Ministry of Health and Medical Education 9-2 9.3.2 Ministry of Agriculture Jihad 9-2 9.3.3 Non-Govemmental Organizations 9-3 9.3.4 Farmers 9-4 9.3.5 Public Meeting 9-4 9.4 Summary
10 List of References 10-1
vii Shiraz Water Suppiv and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
List of Tables
Table 2-1 Population and Demand Growth Levels 24 Table 2-2- Doroudzan Dam Water Quality 2-7 Table 2-3- Well Water Quality 2-8 Table 2-4 Population Estimates, Available Resources and Water Balance (year 2003) 2-15 Table 2-5 Water Supply Quality Projection According to Pressure Zones 2-18 Table 2-6 Water Supply Works Projected Costs 2-23 Table 2-7- Existing Wastewater Collection Network Pipeline Components 2-26 Table 2-8 Chemical and Energy requirements of the Emergency WWTP 2-28 Table 2-9 Sanitation Facilities Service Level Development 2-31 Table 2-10 Chemical and Energy requirements of the Long Term WWTP 2-35 Table 2-11 Wastewater Works Projected Costs 2-41
Table 3-1 The Organizations related to the Preservation of Cultural Heritage 3-27
Table 4-1: Heavy Metal Levels in the Soil Around Khoshk River 4-7 Table 4-2: Average Amount of Heavy Metal in Maharloo Lake (ppm) 4-9 Table 4-3: Analysis of Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters of Maharloo Lake 4-9 Table 4-4: Seasonal variations of Khoshk River Discharge at Baghe Safa Bridge 4-10 Table 4-5: Level of Heavy Metals in Khoshk River 4-11 Table 4-6: Water Quality Measurements at Khoshk River and Comparison with Relevant Standards. 4-12 Table 4-7: Pollution Sources and Estimated Discharge Volumes in Khoshk River 4-14 Table 4-8: Water Quality Measurements at Soltanabad River and Comparison with Relevant Standards. 4-15 Table 4-9: Heavy Metals Levels in Soltanabad River 4-16 Table 4-10: Number and Capacities of Ground Water Resources (well, qanats, springs) 4-19 Table 4-11: Water Balance of Groundwater Resources in the Project Area 4-20 Table 4-12: Water Demands of Different Sectors and the Sources of Supply 4-20 Table 4-13: Heavy Metals and Coliform Measurements in 50 selected Wells 4-21 Table 4-14: Population and Growth Rate of Shiraz (1957-1997) 4-25 Table 4-15: Population Projection Throughout the Project Life (1997-2027) 4-25 Table 4-16: Population Density Distribution in Shiraz 4-26 Table 4-17: Immigration Projection (1997-2027) in Shiraz 4-27 Table 4-18: Educational Level in Shiraz 2003 4-28
viii Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
Table 4-19: Population Data of Villages around the Treatment Plant 4-28 Table 4-20: Relative Distribution of Religious Groups in Shiraz 4-29 Table 4-21: Employment Level in Major Economic Activities (1997) 4-30 Table 4-22: Distribution of Employment in Different Economic Sectors in Shiraz 4-30 Table 4-23: Employment State in Shiraz year 1997 4-31 Table 4-24: Water Bome Diseases 2001 4-32 Table 4-25: Average Cost of Diarrhoeal and in Dysentery Treatment in Shiraz 4-32 Table 4-26: Number of Hospitals and Beds in Shiraz in 2000 4-33 Table 4-27: Agricultural Data in Villages adjacent to the Emergency Plant in 1990 (hectares) 4-36 Table 4-28: Consumptive Use of Major Crops in Shiraz Valley 4-36 Table 4-29: Farming Condition in Gharebagh 4-37 Table 4-30: Tour Agencies in Shiraz and Number of Tourists (1986 - 1999) 4-40 Table 4-31: Number of Hotels and Guests in Shiraz (1987 - 1995 - 1999) 4-41 Table 4-32: Number of Rooms and Guests in Shiraz Guesthouses 4-41
Table 5-1 Summary of environmental impacts (Part A) 5-27 Table 5-1 Summary of environmental impacts (Part B) 5-27 Table 5-1 Summary of environmental impacts (Part C) 5-28
Table 6-1 Summary of costs of not implementing the proposed water supply project 6-3 Table 6-2 Summary of costs of not implementing the proposed sanitation project 6-9 Table 6-3 Summary of Financial Analysis of Options in Sewage Treatment 6-27
Table 7-1: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Construction Phase 7-12 Table 7-2: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of Water Supply System 7-17 Table 7-3: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of Wastewater System 7-23 Table 7-4: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Construction Phase 7-25 Table 7-5: Environmental Monitoring Program during the Operation Phase of the Water Supply System 7-26 Table 7-6: Environmental Monitoring Program of the Wastewater Treatment Centre at the Operation Phase 7-27 Table 7-7: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Treated Effluent 7-28 Table 7-8: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Treated Sludge 7-29 Table 7-9: Environmental Monitoring Program for Agricultural Soil 7-29
ix Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
Table 7-10: Cost Estimate of Environment Management Plan 7-35
Table 8-1 Emergency WWTP Design Loads 8-4 Table 8-2 Emergency WWTP Load Progression 84 Table 8-3 Emergency WWTP Effluent Quality Design Criteria & Comparison with Prevailing Standards 8-5 Table 84 Emergency WWTP Solids Production 8-14 Table 8-5 Emergency WWTP Chemical Consumption Rates 8-15 Table 8-6 Emergency WWTP Effluent Quality & Comparison with Iranian Standards8-18
x Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
List of Figures
Figure No. Title Page/Annex
Figure 2-1 The Study Area of EIA for Shiraz Sanitation Project Annex A Figure 2-3 Major Pressure Zones of Shiraz Water supply Network for Annex A Year 2027 Figure 2-4 Reservoirs Feeding Shiraz Water Supply System at First Annex A Phase (2007) Figure 2-5 Reservoirs Feeding Shiraz Water Supply System at Third Annex A Phase (2027) Figure 2-6 Shiraz Wastewater Project Collection System Emergency & Annex A Long Term Zones Figure 2-7 Shiraz Wastewater Collection Basin Annex A Figure 4-1 Wind Magnitude & Direction 4-3 Figure 4-10 Shiraz Metro Development Project Annex C Figure 4-11 Maharloo Lake, Khoshk River and Industrial Pollution Annex C Locations Figure 4-13 Agricultural Lands and Villages Locations Annex C Figure 4-14 Geological Map Annex C Figure 4-2 Potential of Earthquakes in Shiraz Annex C Figure 4-3 Wilcox Diagram of Khoshk River 4-13 Figure 4-4 Wilcox Diagram of Soltanabad River 4-17 Figure 4-5 Population Density in Shiraz (2027) Annex C Figure 4-6 Population Density in Shiraz (1997) Annex C Figure 4-7 Age Pyramid (1997) 4-27 Map 1 Shiraz Township Location Annex A SWWC-IR-1 Shiraz Sewage Project Collection System Emergency & Long Annex A Term Zones SWWC-IR-2 Shiraz Sewage Project Collection System Executed Pipes Annex A SWWC-IR-3 Shiraz Sewage Project Collection System Executed and Annex A Under Construction Areas. SWWC-IR-38 Emergency Treatment Plant-Location Plan Annex C SWWC-IR-40 Long-Term Treatment Plant-Location Plan Annex C SWWC-IR-42 Shiraz Historical and Religious Places Annex C SWWC-IR-43 WWTP Outfall Layout & Location Annex A
xi Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
List of Annexes
Annex-A: Figures of Project Description Chapter
Annex-B: Review of Policy, Legal and Administrative Chapter
Annex-C: Baseline Environmental Data
Annex-D: Institutional Capacities
Annex-E: List of EIA Preparers
Annex-F: Public Consultations
Annex-G: Project Exhibits
xii Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
List of Abbreviations
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand DOE Department of Environment EA Environmental Assessment EHC Environrnental High Council ESO Environmental and Safety Officer EMP Environmental Management Plan EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization MOAJ Ministry of Agriculture Jihad MOE Ministry of Energy MOHME Ministry of health and Medical Education NGO Non-Governmental Organization OP Operational Policy QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control SWWC Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company TOR Terms of Reference TSU Technical Support Unit WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization WTP Water Treatment Plant WTPO Water Treatment Plant Operator WWTO Wastewater Treatment Operator WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant
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Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
The Ministry of Energy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has commissioned Lar Consulting Engineers to conduct an Environmental Assessment Study (EA) for the Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project. The EA study is a component of Project Feasibility Study required for appraisal by the World Bank.
Shiraz is the capital of Fars province and is located at approximately 925 km to the south of Tehran. The present population is about 1,200,000 and is projected to reach 1,950,000 by the year 2027. Shiraz has a rich historical heritage and is close to Persepolis, the most important archaeological site of the country.
The existing water supply network provides potable water for more than 99% of the inhabitants of Shiraz. Potable water is supplied from ground and surface water resources. Surface water is provided through the Doroudzan Dam and ground water is provided from the Alluvial and Karstic wells in the city. The water supply is of acceptable quality and in compliance with national and WHO standards. The major problems raised by the Water and Wastewater Company is the high percentage of unaccounted for water (around 30%) and the need to rehabilitate a considerable portion of the network. Rehabilitation of the network has been initiated but is proceeding at a very slow rate due to limited financial resources. Other problems identified by the Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company are the relatively low water quality of Alluvial ground water sources that have high levels of hardness and nitrates, and the insufficient water pressure in some zones of the distribution network.
Wastewater collection, treatment and disposal are the main environmental concem in Shiraz. The most common method of wastewater disposal in Shiraz is through seepage pits. Only 8% of the population is connected to the wastewater collection system. Due to the high water table and low soil permeability, the use of seepage pits has been unsatisfactory causing groundwater contamination. Due to the lack of a proper wastewater management system, a great part of the wastewater is discharged in the seasonal rivers of the city or in open drainage channels that run along the roads adjacent to the residential areas. During the dry periods, the channels become open wastewater collectors emitting noxious odours, attracting mosquitoes and affecting the health of the residents. The wastewater collected by the existing sewers is conveyed along Khoshk River that divides the city in two parts and ultimately discharges in Maharloo Lake at xx km from the city. Thus, the uncontrolled discharge of sewage is causing severe environmental damage and serious health hazards to the inhabitants of the city.
The Ministry of Energy is developing this project to provide adequate and reliable water supply and wastewater management systems. Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
1.2 Terms of Reference
The Terms of Reference for this study are issued by the World Bank document entitled "Environmental Assessment of Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project ".
In preparing this Environmental Assessment, reference has been made to the requirements of the World Bank Operational Directive OD 4.01 of October 1991entitled 'Environmental Assessment of the Investment Projects and Programme, Scope and Process' by J.A.N Wallis, published by the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank in December 1989, 'Environmental Assessment Sourcebook' published by the World Bank Environment Department in 1999, and the requirements for Environmental Assessment within the Islamic Republic of Iran.
The project is classified as Category A in accordance with World Bank classification system, and would therefore require a full EA study.
1.3 Objectives of the Environmental Assessment
The objective of this environmental assessment study is to identify the Project's potential positive and negative environmental effects, and to recommend adequate measures to mitigate the predicted negative impacts of the project.
The ELA study will first describe the project in terms of the proposed project components, the current and future needs, the development phases of the project, and the project costs. It will establish the environmental baseline conditions. It will evaluate the potential impact of the project in terms of the biological, physical, and socio-economic environments. It will provide recommendations for mitigating the predicted impacts during the construction and operational phase of the project. Report Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment
2 Project description
2.1 Project Location and Setting
Covering an area of approximately 133,299 km2, Fars is one of the more important provinces in Iran, accounting for 8.1% of the country's total area. Located in the southem region of Iran and neighbouring the provinces of Isfahan, Yazd, Bushehr, Kohkilooyeh and Booyer Ahmed, Hormozgan and Kerman, Fars consists of 19 townships, 62 districts, 57 towns, 185 rural divisions and 4378 inhabited villages.
The Shiraz Township, the provincial centre of Fars, is composed of 6 districts, 23 rural districts and 812 villages, spanning an area of 10,531 km2. The location of the project area is shown on figure 2-1 in Annex A. The township includes the towns of Shiraz, Kharameh, Zargan, Sarvestan and Kowar. Map 1 (Annex A) shows the location of Shiraz Township relative to neighbouring towns.
The town of Shiraz is located on a large plain, 120 km long and 15 km wide. The plain constitutes the "Area of Influence" of the project, which geographically define the extent of the environmental effects of the project. The average altitude in the plain is approximately 1,540m above sea level and the average elevation is approximately 1,490m. The topography is such that the low grounds are located in the south and the southeast regions of the town. It is considered an enclosed area due to the mountain chains surrounding the area. The north of the township is met by the Baba Koohi heights, in the east the Shah Ghaib heights, in the south the Ghare Bagh (Sabzpooshan) hills and in the west the Barfi and Aramoo heights. The town is also limited in the southeast by the natural salt lake of Maharloo.
Shiraz is the most important historical city in Iran. Sites such as Persepolis, Pasargadae, the mausoleums of Hafiz and Sa'adi and the Shah Cheragh Mosque in and around the city have transformed Shiraz into a major tourist site, attracting many domestic and foreign visitors each year.
During the Karim Khan era, the construction of a barrier dam diverted the Khoshk River course slightly to the north. Thereafter, the northem boundaries of the town expanded from the Khan School towards the Koran Gateway. Shiraz lost its initial development momentum during the Qajjar Dynasty, but recently, the old town's walls and ditches were replaced by roads, with contemporary road construction tearing up the town's old
2-1 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report pattern. With the advance of modern civil works, the expansion of Shiraz to the west has been vigorous and is still continuing today. The growth of the population and the continued civil works over the course of the last three decades has given the town a dual image, to the extent that the old and new patterns are quite distinguishable.
The Old Town (Consists of two sections):
The historical part of the town of Shiraz covers an area of 360 hectares and includes the early town nucleus. The urban pattern in this area is characterized by low-rise, antiquated and dilapidated buildings and high population density. The transport network is weak and lacks the necessary efficiency. The presence of desolate and neglected construction in this area has resulted in low sanitation and has affected the quality of life of the old town's inhabitants.
The town centre also includes areas which expanded after 1941 and consists of the central parts of the town of Shiraz, excluding historical sites. It is characterized by densely built high rise buildings along the main roads. Roads and infrastructure are insufficient with respect to the intensity of urban activities of central Shiraz.
The New Town
The newer areas of Shiraz developed around the central and older neighbourhoods, and are characterized by modern urban development such as large boulevards and wide roads.
With the influx of migrants, new neighbourhoods and suburbs have grown around the town, especially in proximity to the southern perimeter, which are outside the town's approved master plan boundaries. Furthermore, the low income of the inhabitants has led to small sized properties and low quality of construction, exasperated by high population density. With the availability of large tracts of unutilized and arable lands in this area, further increased urban expansion is expected in the future.
2.2 Project Outline
The feasibility study for Shiraz water and wastewater management has been prepared to meet the study area requirements up to the year 2027. The study covered the city boundaries established by the Shiraz Master Plan with a total area of 22,075 ha having a forecast population of 1,944,860 in the year 2027. In accordance with feasibility study, the project area can be divided to two identified drainage zones: (1) the Emergency Zone
2-2 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report having an area of 6,760 ha with a forecast total population of 583,460 for year 2027 and (2) the Long Term Zone having an area of 15,315 ha with a forecast total population of 1,361,400 in the year 2027 (See figure 2-6 in annex A)
The required water and wastewater works will be completed over three phases. The first phase is expected to be carried out between the years 2003-2007; the second phase will commence in 2008 and continue until 2017; and finally, the third phase will begin in 2018, ending with the project's completion in 2027.
The Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project will cover works to be included in the first phase defined by the feasibility (2003 to 2007).These works can be described by the following:
Water Supply Component
* Development of new ground water sources to meet the increased water demands * Expansion of the city's water reservoirs capacity to meet seasonal and daily storage requirements. * Expansion and upgrading of the water supply network * Construction of pumping facilities for network system pressure * Replacement and rehabilitation of existing distribution system * Installation of pressure reducing valves for modulating the pressure in various parts of the network
Wastewater Supply Component
* Construction of main collectors and laterals with diameters between 200 and 400 mm; * Construction of trunk mains with diameters between 500 and 1800 mm; * Construction of two treatment modules of the Long Term Wastewater Treatment Plant * Construction of the discharge outfalls for conveying the treated effluent of the Emergency and the Long Term treatment plants to the end disposal point.
The following table presents a summary of the population growth, anticipated connection rate, corresponding water demand levels and generated wastewater flows that were used for the development of the feasibility study.
2-3 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
Table 2-1 Population and Demand Growth Levels Item Description Priect period I______2003 2007 201 7 2027 1,668,362 1,944,858 l I ______Population _ 1,240,592 1,360,895 WATER SUPPLY 2 Population connected to water 1,234,761 1,356,268 1,668,362 1,944,858 l ~~~distribution network
3 Total water demand (lit/s) 3,337 3,744 4,673 5,492 WASTEWATER 4 Population connected to collection system in Emergency Zone 85,500 183,721 375,381 583,457
5 Total wastewater flow in Emergency Zone (lit/s) 172 394 841 1339
6 Population connected to collection system in Long-Term Zone 40,500 238,157 759,105 1,361,401
7 Total wastewater flow in the Long- Term Zone (lit/s) 74 466 1560 2872
2.3 Water Supply
Shiraz is one of the first towns in which a water supply network was constructed, with the installation of a pipeline network initiated in 1945 through the efforts of the late Mohammad Namazi (entrepreneur and philanthropist).
The first phase of the water supply project became operational in 1952 and supplied piped water to 6,000 connections. The system's capacity expanded gradually in parallel to urban development and the town's increasing water demands.
Currently, the extent of water supply and wastewater service coverage is divided into four districts administrated by Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company consisting of 25 pressure zone for water supply and two separate wastewater collection networks (Long term and Emergency).
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2.3.1 Current status
2.3.1.1 Water Supply Resources
Water is currently supplied to Shiraz from surface and ground water resources. Approximately 75 % percent, or the majority of the city's water demands, is supplied from deep wells within the city limits and the surrounding hills, and the remaining supply is transferred from the Doroudzan Dam on the Kor River.
2.3.1.1.1 Surface Water Resources
The Doroudzan Dam was constructed on the Kor River, located northwest of Shiraz, and currently provides approximately 72,000 m3 per day of water to Shiraz. The installations currently operational in the transfer of water from the Dam to Shiraz, are:
* Intake Water Tower * Pumping Station No. 1: Located at a distance of 15 km from the dam and equipped with 4 electro-pumps * Water Treatment Plant: Located on Koohe Sabz hill, at a distance of 40.5 km from the dam, and consists of the following treatment processes: o Pre-chlorination o Destabilization o Flocculation o Sedimentation o Rapid gravity filter o Post chlorination o Treated water reservoir o 43 Sludge drying beds, having a total area of 11,000 m2 for drying the sludge generated at the treatment plant. * Pumping station No. 2: Located on Koohe Sabz hill and equipped with three electro- pumps * Pumping Station No. 3: Located along the Shiraz-Marvdasht Road at a distance of 25 km from the dam and equipped with 3 electro-pumps * A 120 km transfer line from the Doroudzan Dam to the city's reservoirs made of steel pipes, per following schedule:
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o DN 1400 from Doroudzan Dam to Pumping Station No. I o DN 1000 from Pumping Station No. 1 to the WTP o DN 1000 from WTP to Pumping Station No. 3 o DN 1000 from Pumping Station No. 3 to an elevated tank o DN 1000 from the elevated tank to the Isfahan-Shiraz Police Station o DN 750 from the Isfahan-Shiraz Police Station to the Pressure Breaking Reservoir and on to the Ebiverdi Tank inside the city o DN 750 from the Isfahan-Shiraz Police Station to the Moali Abad Tank inside the city The sludge resulting from the treatment plant operations, mainly from the sedimentation basins, is applied to drying beds. The sludge is left to dewater for a certain number of days, wherein the solids concentration in the sludge will increase from approximately 1% to a minimum concentration of 15%. Following dewatering, the sludge is hauled to Shiraz landfill for ultimate disposal. Presently, it is estimated that 1900 tons per year of dewatered sludge at 15% concentration are hauled to the landfill, and it is forecasted that this quantity will increase to 4200 ton when the plant capacity will be increased to 156,000 m3/day.
2.3.1.1.2 Groundwater resources
The majority of the Shiraz potable water demand is supplied from the groundwater resources in the Shiraz plains. These resources have always been the traditional, main sources of water supply.
They are divided into two main groups relative to their geological structure; the alluvial wells, and the Karstic wells.
Alluvial wells
Thirty four wells are situated in the alluvial formations within the city limits. These wells are located in zone 3. Of the thirty four wells, only 16 are currently operational, with water pumped to the network after chlorination.
Based on available data, the amount of water produced by the 16 wells in 2003 amounted to 469 lit/sec. However, due to high concentration of salts, the hardness of the water produced, and contamination by household wastewater, the remaining decommissioned eighteen wells have either been taken out of the circuit, or handed over to the municipality for irrigating green spaces.
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by Thirteen out of the sixteen operating wells deliver water to the network directly pumping. The remaining wells transfer the water to the reservoirs.
Karstic Wells
Another major source of groundwater supply is the Karstic wells, which have been drilled of on limestone anticlines around Shiraz. According to year 2003 data, 52 out of a total still 69 Karstic wells are currently operational. Ten wells have been bored recently, but have not entered the circuit; and seven were taken out of service.
is The distribution of the town's Karstic wells, their operating status, and output capacity shown in the following table.
Zone Name/Location Total No. of No. of Operational Total Capacity, Wells Wells I/s I north-eastern heights of Shiraz 38 34 1,460 614 2 Derak Wells 17 14 269 4 Sabzpooshan Region 9 4 216 5 northern region of Shiraz 5 5 Total Capacity of operating Karstic Wells 2,559
2.3.1.2 Water Supply Quality
Water supplied from the Doroudzan Dam has a high and consistent quality compared and a with ground water quality. Table 2.2 provides the water quality of Doroudzan Dam, comparison with WHO standards
Table 2-2- Doroudzan Dam Water Quality Parameters RAW Treated W.H.O |BOD (mng/1) 0.30 0.00 LCOD (mg/1) 1.40 0.00 pH 7.88 7.80 6.5-8.5 Salinity as TDS (mg/l) 327 360.10 1000 Alkalinity (mg/l) 172 177.47 - Conductivity (qs/cn2 ) 486 460.07 Ammonia| (mg/I) 0.08 1.5
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Parameters RAW Treated W.H.O Nitrates (mg/I) 4.7 4.5 50 Nitrites (mg/i) 0.01 0.00 3 Chlorides (mg/i) 58 41.59 250 Calcium (mg/i) 49.60 48.55 - Magnesium (mg/i) 17.28 25.71 0.1 Sodium (mg/l) 50 31.11 200 Potassium (mg/I) 2 1.39 - Sulphates (mg/i) 32 30.00 250 Iron (mg/i) - 0.58 0.3 Total coliforms 8 0 ND Fecal coliforms <2 0 ND Fecal streptococcus <2 0 ND Turbidity (NTU) 4 <2 5 ND: Not detected in 100ml sample
In contrast, the quality of the groundwater in Shiraz has been inconsistent for a long period of time, with high level of salts concentration. Due to the shallow water table and the unregulated construction of cess pits, raw wastewater has infiltrated the alluvial aquifer, resulting in the deterioration of its water quality. Consequently a number of wells were taken out of service. The amount of salt concentration and the hardness of water differ from well to well, but, in general, remains within the limits set by potable water standards.
Based on a series of water quality tests conducted for the operational wells (Annex C), the average quality of well water was calculated, and is indicated in the table below.
Table 2-3- Well Water QualitY GROUND WATER l ParametersW.O I Alluvial Karstic
BOD (mg/1) --- l--- COD (mg/i) 1.70 2.05
pH 7.16 7.50 6.5-8.5 T.D.S. (mg/l) 823.00 573.97 1000 Alkalinity (mg/i) 379.74 925.40
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Parameters GROUND WATER W.H.O Alluvial Karstic Conductivity (ms/cm2) 1244.00 903.01 - Ammonium (mg/i) NH4+ 0.10 0.06 1.5 Nitrates (mg/i) 24.31 17.32 50 Nitrites (mg/i) 0.00 0.00 3 Chlorides (mg/i) 85.80 69.47 250 Calcium (mg/i) 148.20 92.42 - Magnesium (mg/i) 64.81 45.97 0.1 Sodium (mg/i) 46.74 40.87 200 Potassium (mg/i) 2.38 2.24 - Sulphates (mg/1) 221.74 161.58 250 Iron(mg/l) 0.82 0.06 0.3
2.3.1.3 Water distribution network
The Shiraz water distribution network was created in various stages over the last fifty years and was expanded in parallel to need and urban development. The approximate length of the Shiraz main water distribution network, which includes pipes of over 100 mm in diameter, is estimated to be 1,015 km.
The material used in pipes in the network include cast-iron and ductile iron for large pipes, asbestos cement for pipes of 80 to 450mm in size, polyethylene for 63-160 mm laterals, and finally 1"-4" galvanized pipes.
The majority of the town's main pipes are ordinary cast-iron type and were installed over 45 years ago in old streets and roads in the town centre. Considering service age, most pipes in the network are corroded, causing a high rate of Unaccounted for Water (UFW) in the network, which is estimated at 30%.
The town's topographic layout creates a large difference in heights along the various points of the Shiraz Water Supply Network. The difference in altitude between the highest and lowest built-up area within the city limits (excluding the Golestan area) is approximately 220m. If the new expansion zone in the north western parts of Shiraz is considered, the total difference would reach up to 400m.
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Despite the large differences in altitude, the current water supply network is devoid of pressure zoning, resulting in variable water pressure. In some areas, water pressure is high, resulting in high leakage rates, while in other areas the situation is quite the reverse and intensifies during the summer season.
Currently 1,234,761 individuals, representing 99.53% of the total population are serviced by the Shiraz Water Supply Network. The remainder of the population obtain their water from other resources.
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2.3.1.4 Storage Reservoirs
A number of reservoirs and pressure stabilizing reservoirs are operational in various areas of Shiraz. Moreover, two new reservoirs have recently been completed, but are still not in service. Due to the topography and the natural slope of the town, all reservoirs in Shiraz are of the ground type.
As previously mentioned, the water supply network lacks principle zoning and reservoir tanks' capacities have not been able to provide the storage requirements commensurate with the network's expansion. Pumping facilities at the reservoirs lack reliability, since no standby power generation is provided. This has frequently resulted in water supply interruptions due to power outage.
3 The present capacity of operational water reservoirs totals 103,500 m , which is equivalent to approximately 31% of the total daily volume of water produced from existing resources.
The current water supply system has serious shortcomings which can be summarized by the following:
1. With the exception of Ebiverdi and Moali Abad reservoirs, which are fed water from the Doroudzan Dam installations, the storage tank capacities are not commensurate with water demand requirements of their zone. As a result, the reservoirs do not serve their purpose for storage, but rather function as break tanks for the associated pumping facilities.
2. The water quality in parts of the supply network remains inconsistent, due to alluvial well water. Attempts to improve the water quality in these parts of the network by blending Karstic and alluvial well water with the dam water failed, due to technical difficulties.
3. Many wells are connected directly to the distribution system without intermediate storage. This has often led to excessive pressure build up causing leakage, and water supply interruptions.
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2.3.2 Objective of Water Supply Plan
Due to the major shortfalls described in the preceding section, the current water supply problems will intensify and aggravate in view of the anticipated increase in population growth and associated urban development.
The objectives of the Shiraz water and wastewater Plan are to address these problems by expanding the Shiraz potable water network and upgrading the water supply facilities to achieve the following:
* Provide water supply quantities up to the year 2027 and * Provide water quality in accordance with prevailing drinking water quality standards
In order to achieve these objectives, the plan attempts to accomplish the following:
1. Increase the number of surface and ground resources to guarantee the required supply of water to meet the demand at various stages of the plan; 2. Stabilize water pressure in various points by dividing the city into suitable pressure zones and improving access to water; 3. Increase water storage capacity in Shiraz through the construction of suitably designed storage reservoirs to meet peak water demands and to eliminate excessive pressure build up through direct pumping into the network; 4. Rehabilitate the network, and replace worn-out pipes to reduce UFW to acceptable standard levels. 5. Expand the current work by the construction of new transmission mains.
2.3.3 Proposed Water Supply Plan Phasing
The target year 2027 was selected for the Plan for Expansion of Shiraz Water Distribution Network based on the results of studies conducted on existing facilities, projected limits on the physical expansion of the city, the current and-identified resources of potable water supply and finally, the Ministry of Energy directive, concerning this region's water supply requirements.
To achieve the objectives set for the year 2027, the project was subdivided into the following three phases:
* Phase I, 2003 - 2007
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* Phase II, 2008 - 2017 * Phase III, 2018 - 2027
2.3.3.1 Upgrading Works for Distribution Network
In order to meet the increased demand, the plan proposes to install new transmission lines. The plan includes for the construction of 230 km of transmission mains, with sizes 100 to 1200 mm diameter in phase 1, and 160 km of pipe sizes 100 to 700 mm in phase 3.
Due to the 400 m elevation difference within the city, and to comply with the allowed system pressure for the urban water network, the proposed plan divides Shiraz into 25 pressure sub-zones, connected to each other by pressure reducing valves. These sub- zones will make up five main networks, determined by water supply point, location of reservoirs and urban zoning. The location of pressure zones is shown on figure 2-3 in Annex A. The plan proposes the installation of 72 pressure reducing valves in 36 locations in phase 1, and 4 pressure reducing valves in two locations in phase 3.
To improve the condition of the current water network and to reduce the high level of UFW, the plan proposes the gradual replacement of worn-out pipes. During Phase I, approximately 36 km of pipeline will be replaced. In phase 2 and phase 3, 120 km and 257 km of pipeline will be replaced respectively. These works will include replacing pipes of 100-450mm in diameter.
2.3.3.2 Upgrading Water Supply Resources
Shiraz water supply resources need to be upgraded throughout the plan duration in order to provide sufficient water quantities meeting the water demand according to the population growth.
According to available data, the Fars Regional Water Board is currently expanding the capacity of the water treatment plant near the Doroudzan Dam, as well as the water transmission lines to the city. It anticipated that by the end of the first phase, in 2007, this capacity will be increased to156,000 m3/d. The balance of the water requirement will be supplied through wells to be bored in different areas. For this purpose one well, with an average discharge rate of 58 lit/sec will be drilled in Zone 5 (Do Koohak) and 16 others, with an average flow rate of 56 lit/sec, will be drilled in Zone 4 (Sabzpooshan) in an attempt to meet maximum water demands during the first phase.
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According to the plan, in phase 2 there will be 20 wells of approximately 56 I/sec in capacity, and in phase 3, 23 wells of approximately 56 lit/sec in capacity will be needed.
Due to the reasons stated previously, no new alluvial wells are proposed in the supply plan. However, if appropriate measures are taken to protect the alluvial wells from pollution and to improve their water quality, they could still be considered as a potential source of water supply.
Total population coverage and the water demand, water supply, and water balance are presented in table 2-4, while table 2-5 projects the expected quality of water in the city's main zones during the three phases of the project.
Based on table 2-4 the total volume of drinking water that will be available by the end of the first phase (year 2007) is 459,500 m3/day (156,000 m3/day from surface water and 303,500 m3/day from groundwater) which exceeds the total water demand for the year 2007 of 452,900 m3/day.
It should be noted that new water sources developed, and existing sources for that matter, will be chlorinated for disinfection. Proper safety procedures will be followed for the transportation and handling of chlorine and other chemicals to ensure the safety of operators and workers in accordance with Iranian law and internationally accepted Good Practices.
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Table 24 Population Estimates, Available Resources and Water Balance (year 2003) MAXIMUM MAJOR SUB- POPULATION DWATER WATER QUANTITY(m3/day) Water MAJOSRE PESUB- POUAIN DEMANDS 2003 Balance ZONES ZONES (m3/day) 2003 2003 ALLUVIAL KARSTIC SURFACE 2003
1 2472 804 2 3744 1218 3 5969 1942 8028 2612 4 -1902 1 _ _ .--- 18662 S 15880 5167 6 8491 2763 7 18620 6058 TOTAL 63204 20564 8 39709 12920 9 52092 16949 10 21625 7036 11 15332 4988 40522 12 21052 6849 13 117586 38258 2 14 20357 6623 187228 72000 -57176 15 0 0 16 154671 50324 17 42748 13909 TRANSFER 2182 18 386746 125833 TO 19 218380 71053 ZONE "4" TOTAL 1090298 354744 20 2474 805 2182 4 21 | 5984 1947 FROM ------570 TOTAL 8458 2752 ZONE "2" 22 3771 1227
23 38171 12419 4840 TOA24 9626 3132 EX. WELLS -11938 |TOTAL i 51567 16778 3 j 25 27065 | 8806 . 10368 EX WELLS .. 1562 GRAND TOTAL 1240592 403644 40522 221098 72000 -70024
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Table 2-4 Cont'd Population Estimates, Available Resources and Water Balance (year 2007)
MAXIMU MAJOR SUB- POPULATION M WATER WATER QUANTITY(m3/day) Water MAJOR PRESSURE DEMANDS 2007 Balance
ZONES ZONES (m3/day) 2007 2007 ALLUVIAL KARSTIC SURFACE 2007 ______WELLS WELLS WATER 1 2712 902 1367 2 4107 18662 3 6548 2179 FROM EX. 4 8806 2930 WELLS & _ +602 5 17420 5797 5011 6 9314 3099 FROM 1 NEW WELL 7 20426 6797 TOTAL 69333 23071 8 43559 14495 9 57144 19015 7894 ~~~~187228 10 23722 7894 FROM EX 11 16819 5597 WELLS 72000 & FROM EX 12 23093 7685 77415 TR PLANT 13 128989 42923 FROM\ 16 NEW S WELLS 84000 +5575 2 14 22331 7431 FROM 15 0 0 EXTENSIO 16 169669 56460 N ______~~TRNSER OF TR. 17 46894 15605 3088 PLANT 18 424250 141175 TO ZONE"4" & 19 | 239557 79716 13984 TOTAL 1196027 397996 20 j 2714 903 3088 4 21 6565 2184 FROM . 0 TOTAL i 9278 3088 ZONE"2" 91 F EX 22 4136 1 1376 4840 5 1 | 41872 | 13934 FROM EX 5 ~ ~232 172 _____WELLS 0 24 10559 3514 & 13984 t ~~~~FROM J______ZONE"2" TOTAL 56568 1 18824 3 25 29690 9880 10368WEXL .... +488 _ ~~WELLS | .. |+8 GRAND TOTAL 1360895 452858 303524 156000 +666
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Table 2-4 Cont'd Population Estimates, Available Resources and Water Balance (year 2027) MAXIMUM Water MAJORSUB- POPULATION WATER WATER QUANTITY(m3/day) Balance MAJOR SUB- POPULATION DEMANDS 2027
ZONES ZONES m3/day) 2027 2027 ALLUVIAL KARSTIC SURFACE 2027 WELLS WELLS WATER 2
1 11627 3972 23673 2 30434 10396 FROM EX. 3 | 64290 21961 WELLS & 3 64290 21961 65146 4 52539 17947 FROM 13 NEW 5 39251 13408 WELL +5458 6 13140 4489 TRANSFER 7 31791 10860 328 TOTAL 243071 83033 TO ZONE"4" 8 43972 15021 9 57932 19789 264643 10 28395 9700 FROM EX. 11 21681 7406 WELLS
12 37473 12801 145152 13 174196 59505 FROM 30 NEW WELLS 156000 0 2 14 32073 10956 _ FROM 15 14323 4893 TR.PLANT 16 299301 102241 TRANSFER 17 52647 17984 3051 ______~~~~~~~~TOZONE"4" & 18 545277 186267 16042 TO 19 292997 100088 ZONE"5" ______& 51 T O TOTAL 1600267 546651 ZONE"3" 20 2808 959 328 FROM 0 4 21 7082 2419 ZONE"1. & 3051 TOTAL 9890 3379 FROM N E"2" ______.______.______.ZO 22 4461 1524 4840 FROM EX 5 23 45461 15529 WELLS 0 24 11207 3828 & 16042 FROM TOTAL 61129 | 20882 ZONE"2" 10368 EX WELLS . 0 3 25 30501 10419 & 51FROAf
i______ZON E "2" . GRAND TOTAL | 1944858 664363 513822 156000 | +5458
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Table 2-5 Water Supply Quality Projection According to Pressure Zones Iranian Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Standards PARAMETERS 2007 2027 2007 2027 2007 2027 2007 2027 2007 2027
BOD (mg/l) ------COD (mg/I) 2.05 2.05 1.26 1.47 2.05 2.05 2.05 2.05 2.05 2.05 pH 7.50 7.50 7.62 7.59 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 6.5-9.5 T D. S. (mg/l) 573.97 573.97 491.67 513.10 573.97 573.97 573.97 573.97 573.97 573.97 1500 Alkalinity (mg/l) 925.40 925.40 637.58 712.54 925.40 925.40 925.40 925.40 925.40 925.40 Conductivity (ms/cm2) 903.01 903.01 732.56 776.95 903.01 903.01 903.01 903.01 903.01 903.01 Ammonium (mg/l) 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.5 Nitrates (mg/lI) 17.32 17.32 13.65 14.61 17.32 17.32 17.32 17.32 17.32 17.32 45 Nitrites (mg/l) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.004 600 Chlorides (mg/l) 69.47 69.47 58.74 61.54 69.47 69.47 69.47 69.47 69.47 69.47 Phosphates ------Calcium (mg/l) 92.42 92.42 75.54 79.93 92.42 92.42 92.42 92.42 92.42 92.42 200 Magnesium (mg/l) 45.97 45.97 38.17 40.20 45.97 45.97 45.97 45.97 45.97 45.97 150 Sodium (mg/l) 40.87 40.87 37.11 38.09 40.87 40.87 40.87 40.87 40.87 40.87 200 Potassium (mg/l) 2.24 2.24 1.91 2.00 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 Sulphates (mg/l) 161.58 161.58 110.95 124.13 161.58 161.58 161.58 161.58 161.58 161.58 400 Iron (mg/l) 0.06 0.06 0.26 0.21 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 1.00
Heavy metals ------
Herbicide and Pesticides ------
Total coliforms t
Fecal coliforms _ . . Fecal streptococcus
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2.3.3.3 Expansion of Storage Facilities
Storage reservoirs of adequate capacity need to be constructed to meet daily and hourly peak water consumption rates. The proposed additional reservoirs will be fed from ground sources, as such; their volume was calculated based on the wells pumping capacity and the daily demand variation. The peak daily demand accounted for in these calculations was estimated at 1.4 times the average daily demand during the year. The minimum volume required for proposed reservoirs was calculated to be equivalent to 50% (12 hours) of the maximum daily water demand at the end of each phase of the plan.
Six new reservoirs with a total capacity of 115,500 m3 are proposed for the first phase. The Fars Regional Water Board has accepted the commission to build two of these reservoirs at a total capacity of 45,000 m3. The layout of the reservoirs for the year 2007 is shown on figure 2-4 in Annex A. In the second phase (year 2017), four reservoirs of 40,000 m3 in total capacity will be constructed, and in the third phase (2027) three reservoirs of 45,000 m3 in total capacity will be constructed. Total storage capacity in 2027 will be 344,000 m3. The layout of the reservoirs for the year 2027 is shown on figure 2-5 in Annex A. Problems of land acquisition are not anticipated as the sites proposed for the construction of the reservoirs are either owned by SWWC or fall within public sector areas.
As previously mentioned, the storage reservoirs will be supplied mainly with water pumped from deep wells. As boring wells around each reservoir to supply it with water (as a result of existing limitations) is not possible, appropriate measures are required to connect the reservoirs to each other by means of a transmission line. The plan, therefore, proposes the construction of 35 km of transmission lines during the first phase and 10 km of transmission lines during the second phase.
2.3.4 Summary of Water Supply Components
The works to be undertaken in the planned expansion and rehabilitation of the Shiraz water supply system throughout the three phases are as follows:
1. Phase 1 (2003 - 2007)
* Replacing 36 km of pipeline with 100 to 300mm diameter pipes to rehabilitate the network
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* Execution of 230 km of pipeline with pipes of 100 to 1,200 mm in size to transfer water from reservoirs and expand the network * Drilling 17 Karstic wells * Construction of 4 reservoir tanks and a pumping break tank with a total capacity of 70,500 m3 * Construction of 35 km of transmission lines between reservoirs * Construction of two pumping stations with a total capacity of 47,500 m3/day * Installing 72 pressure-reducing valves in 36 locations to divide up the network into appropriate pressure zones
2. Phase 11 (2008 - 2017)
* Drilling 20 Karstic wells * Construction of 4 reservoir tanks with a total capacity of 40,000 m3 * Execution of 10 km of transmission lines between reservoirs * Increasing the capacity of pumping stations by 1,500 m3/day
3. Phase III (2018 - 2027)
* Replacing 257 km of pipeline with pipes of 100 to 450 mm in diameter to rehabilitate the network * Execution of 160 km of pipeline with pipes of 100 to 700 mm in size to transfer water from reservoirs and expand the network * Drilling 23 Karstic wells * Construction of 3 reservoir tanks with a total capacity of 45,000 m3 * Increasing the capacity of pumping stations by 1,500 m3/day * Installing 4 pressure-reducing valves in 2 locations to separate the new expansion zones
2.3.5 Pre-Construction Activities
The most important initiatives required before commencing the execution of the planned water project are:
1- Land Acquisition
1-1 Land acquisition for main pipelines and laterals
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All the water distribution pipes will be constructed in the city's streets, and therefore there is no need for land acquisition.
1-2 Land acquisition for reservoirs
The reservoirs will be constructed in public or land already owned by SWWC, therefore new land acquisition is not required.
1-3 Land acquisition for pumping stations
The construction and equipping of the two pumping stations and their related works can be undertaken within the perimeters of land already purchased for the construction of reservoirs; therefore further acquisition of new property is not required or anticipated.
1-4 Land acquisition for the expansion of the Doroudzan Dam
The expansion of Doroudzan Dam water supply facilities is not part of this project, and falls within the responsibilities of the Fars Regional Water Board, which would address the acquisition of new properties for this purpose. However, space availability within the existing treatment site should be checked, before initiation of any action pertaining to land acquisition for expanding Doroudzan Water Treatment Plant.
2- Resettlement of People
No resettlement of people will be necessary for the construction activities in the project.
3- Planning and Liaison
The construction of the water supply network and the other works of the project will require that construction activities are carefully planned to minimize disruption and that good liaison is maintained with other authorities.
The planning and liaison process should commence during the design of the project. At this stage, consultations with municipality, police traffic department, and various utility companies are conducted to ensure minimal disturbance to the population, and avoidance of possible conflict with other utility services.
Of particular importance, is the planning of the works in the historical quarters of the city. Consultations concerning the project works in these areas will concern all
2-21 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report stakeholders and particularly the Cultural Heritage Organization. Issues that will be discussed are planning of works, mitigation measures, and chance find procedures to ensure that potential impacts of the project are minimized. This subject is discussed further in Chapter 5 and Chapter 7.
4- Public Consultations
Considering the scale of this project, it is inevitable that the public will suffer in the short term from construction disturbances. It is therefore imperative that public awareness of the long term benefits of the project be raised at the commencement of the project. Consultations during the planning phase, as well as other phases, will assist in the smooth running of the project. The subject of public consultation is further discussed in Chapter 9.
2.3.6 Construction Activities
Construction of the project is to be carried out under several contracts. It is planned that several contracts be made, covering the first phase works, for the different components the project. A preliminary schedule of the contracts is as follows:
* One contract for the four water reservoirs * Three contracts for the transmission lines * One Contract for rehabilitation the existing pipelines * Three contracts for well drilling * Multiple contracts for the expansion works * Two contacts for the pumping stations
2.3.7 Post-Construction activities
Following construction and commissioning of the works, operation and maintenance activities will comprise mostly of inspections, routine maintenance, and monitoring. Regular maintenance and inspections of all the projects components will be conducted in accordance with an agreed maintenance plan. The maintenance and inspection activities will include among others, physical status of the network, illegal connections, operating conditions of all the works, and periodic maintenance jobs.
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Monitoring activities will be conducted for raw and treated water quality in all the components of the supply system to ensure full compliance with Iranian and other applicable Standards for potable water. Details on this subject are provided in Chapter 7.
2.3.8 Projected costs
The cost estimate of the water supply project throughout its phases is as follows (figures are in US Dollars):
Table 2-6 Water Supply Works Projected Costs
2003-2007 2008-2012 1 2013-2017 2018-2027 Description First Phase Second Phase Third Phase
Water project 24,660,000 9,697,500 10,026,250 16,148,225
Contingency @10% 2,466,000 969,750 1,002,625 1,614,823 Subtotal 27,126,000 10,667,250 11,028,875 17,763,048 Engineering and construction 1 supervision @7% 1,898,820 746,708 772,021 1,243,413
Total 29,024,820 11,413,958 11,800,896 19,006,461
Grand Total 71,246,135
2.4 Wastewater collection, treatment and disposal
2.4.1 Overview
Similar to many urban areas in Iran, Shiraz wastewater management facilities are way underdeveloped and lack the basic components of a proper wastewater management system. Presently these facilities comprise mostly of onsite sanitation systems, which proved throughout the years to be inappropriate, and have led to serious environmental problems. Due to high ground water levels in the city, the effluent of these systems has infiltrated the alluvial aquifer, causing its contamination. In many instances during heavy rains the high water table have caused back flow in these systems to cause flooding inside dwellings. In view of these conditions, which are causing health hazards, and serious repercussions on the city's development, the implementation of the Shiraz Sanitation Project has become a high priority.
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2.4.2 Drainage Zones
Shiraz is divided in two distinguished drainage zones due to the natural topography in the project area. These zones are called the 'Emergency' and the 'Long Term' zones and are separated by the Khoshk River, which forms the natural drainage course of the two zones. The Emergency zone, located to the north east of the river, covers an area of 6,760 hectares. The Long Term zone, located to the south east of the river, covers an area of 15,315 hectares. The location and geographical limits of the two zones are shown on Drawing SWWS-IR-1 in Annex A. The two zones are further subdivided to twelve drainage zones; A to L as shown on Figure 2-7 of Annex A.
It should be stated that the terms Emergency and Long term are somewhat confusing, as under the current project, the works in the Emergency zone do not have a priority over the works for the Long Term zone. The Emergency zone was simply called that way, since drainage works commenced initially there.
2.5 Existing Facilities
2.5.1 Sewage Wells
As discussed in the previous paragraph sewage wells or cess pits are the major treatment and disposal method in Shiraz. The cesspits vary in depth from 5 to 15 m, depending on the local soil conditions. Under normal operating conditions, sewage entering the cesspits is allowed to settle, and then to percolate through the soil to get treated by the soil's adsorptive and filtering capacity. The settled material, termed sludge, is allowed to digest by the naturally occurring bacteria. As the sludge builds up with time, the cesspits would require emptying, which normally takes place every few years.
The study of the geological formations in Shiraz plain has revealed that the groundwater hydraulic gradient moves the water from the north and west to the south east towards Maharloo Lake, where the water table is highest and reaches 2-3 m below ground levels, and in heavy rains can reach up to the surface. In view of the above, the operation of the cesspits has caused serious contamination to the aquifer by infiltration. Moreover in the older areas of the town, where toilet facilities are located below ground levels, the groundwater fills the wells and backflows to the toilets under heavy rains.
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2.5.2 Discharge to Surface Water & On-land Disposal
As the sewage well system has proved inappropriate, and in the absence of central collection systems, a growing number of buildings, hotels, and hospitals are discharging their wastewater either in the two rivers that run through the city, or in the city's storm water canals, or on land in the Fassa Bridge area. This situation, therefore, is causing severe environmental damage to ground and surface waters, and serious health and amenity problems to the local inhabitants.
2.5.3 Decentralized Treatment Systems
A number of the newer towns, certain institutions, hospitals, hotels and industrial centres have installed various wastewater collection and treatment systems. However, most are still not fully operational due to technical and other difficulties. Therefore, even centres with potential infrastructure discharge their wastewater to adjacent culverts and rivers, to make the deteriorating environmental situation even worse.
2.5.4 Existing Network
In an attempt to reduce, to a relative extent, the pollution in the Khoshk and Soltanabad rivers, which had been turned into main canals for collection and discharge of wastewater from adjacent areas, the faculty of engineering in association with the Department of the Environment in Fars proposed a plan to create two main wastewater pipelines with laterals, of an approximate length of 20 km along the course of Khoshk River. The pipelines begin at the Moali Abad region and end at the current location of the Emergency zone WWTP, located to the east of Torkan Village.
This plan has been partially implemented by constructing asbestos cement pipelines of 400 to 1000 mm diameters beginning upstream of Hafiz hospital and ending at Khoshk River downstream of the Electricity and Electronic College. The network has now been extended using 1,000, 1,200 and 1,400 mm pipes to reach the Emergency WWTP location.
Table 2-7 presents the length and size of pipes in the present Shiraz wastewater network:
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Table 2-7- Existing Wastewater Collection Network Pipeline Components Pipe Diameter Emergency Zone Long term Zone mm m m 200 67,996 85,786 250 24,742 46,048 300 10,141 16,415 350 6,200 8,168 400 18,162 795 500 11,914 9,197 600 6,552 9,445 800 2,195 8,924 1,000 2,566 2,159 1,200 3,170 4,771 1,400 4,688 700 Total 158,326 205,390 Grand Total j 363,716 meters
The table above indicates that around 66 km of trunk mains and 297 km of secondary collection lines have been constructed, representing 14% of the total required Shiraz wastewater collection lines. Thus far, 25,000 individual wastewater connections have been provided, of which 16,000 are in the Emergency zone and 9000 in the Long Term zone. Drawing SWWS-IR-3 in Annex A shows existing wastewater network and the current lines under construction.
2.5.5 Emergency Zone Wastewater Treatment Plant (E WWTP)
The design of the plant began at the same time the works on the wastewater network started. The plant is comprised of two modules; the first of which is nearing completion. According to the timetable proposed in the feasibility study, the module should be ready for operation in 2004. As shown in Drawing SWWS-IR-2 (Annex A), the main wastewater collection line has been extended to almost reach the Emergency WWTP.
The treatment plant specifications can be summarized by the following:
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Capacity and influent loads
Average BODs TSS
Phase Design No of Modules Population Flow load Load year Equivalent 3 l______m /d Kg/d Kg/d
1 2020 1 435,000 87,500 22.000 27,500
2 2027 2 583,000 118,300 28,400 37,000
Effluent Oualitv
BOD5: 20 mg/l TSS: 30 mg/l pH: 6.5-8 Total Coliform: 400/100 ml
Sludge Oualitv
50 % organic matter content Dry solids content: 25%
Treatment Scheme
The liquid phase is comprised of preliminary treatment by screening and grit removal. This is followed by primary treatment. Secondary treatment is achieved by conventional activated sludge with inclusion of anaerobic selector tanks. Finally the treatment process includes disinfection by chlorination.
The solids treatment phase for the primary and secondary sludge generated is comprised of sludge blending, gravity thickening, primary and secondary digestion, and dewatering.
Arrangement
The first module is comprised of multiple units. All process units are duplicated, except for the activated sludge plant and the secondary clarifiers wherein four units are provided.
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Sludge Production
The estimated sludge quantity for the first phase (year 2007) is 1825 tons per year. At year 2027, the estimated sludge quantity is 6000 ton per year.
Effluent discharge method
The effluent of the plant discharges to an existing earth channel which in turn conveys the effluent for discharge at Maharloo Lake. (See exhibit 1 in annex G)
The effluent quality of the above plant is in compliance with Iranian standard for discharge to surface water bodies or for reuse in irrigation.
Chemical and Energ Consumption
The chemical and energy consumption of the treatment plant for each module is summarized in the table below.
Table 2-8 Chemical and Energy requirements of the Emergency WWTP Partial Module Module 1, Year Module 2. Year Total for Description 1, Year 2007 2020 2027 Module 1&2 Treatment plant capacity (m3/day) 34,000 87,500 31,000 118,500 Total energy 1001504015 requirement (Kw) 1,000 1,500 450 1950 Total Chlorine requirement 120 237.25 85 322.11 (tons/year) Total lime requirement 1100 2149 825 2974 (tons/year) Total Poly-electrolyte requirement 13 24.6 9.12 33.72 (tons/year)
A detail review of the plant's environmental and technical performance is undertaken in Chapter 8. However, for the purpose of the discussion in this chapter the following points summarize the shortcomings of the plant in the context of this project:
The initial load progression estimated by the design consultant of the plant was over estimated. Therefore, the plant will have to be operated in partial capacity to match the
2-28 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report incoming loads so that the process is successful. For the year 2007, it is envisaged that only two of the four activated sludge plants will be operated.
The earth canal that will be used for discharging the final effluent is not suitable as it may lead to ground water infiltration. Furthermore the canal conveys surface run off as well, it may not be of adequate capacity to handle all the discharged flows, which would result in effluent overflowing onto adjacent lands in an uncontrolled manner. A concrete structure should be constructed in its place. The new canal will be 8 km in length, having a trapezoidal section, with 1.5 m width at its bottom, and 2.5 m in width at its top. Drawing number SWWS-IR-43 in annex A, shows the layout and routing of the outfall.
The treated sludge would not comply with WHO standards of one nematode egg per 100 gm, without the provision of long term storage. Therefore an area of 10 hectares will be allocated within the present site boundary for this purpose.
Further issues relating to effluent and sludge reuse in agriculture are addressed in section 3.6.
2.6 Objective of Sanitation Plan
Due to the major shortfalls described in the preceding section, the current sanitation problems will intensify and aggravate in view of the anticipated increase in population growth and associated urban development.
The objectives of the Shiraz Water and Wastewater Project are to address these problems by expanding the wastewater collection network and developing the required treatment facilities to achieve the following:
* Improving public health conditions by providing the required wastewater management facilities * Protection of ground and surface water sources from pollution, thereby improving environmental conditions * Promoting the reuse of treated effluent to conserve water resources and to improve agricultural practices * Promote the reuse of sludge to achieve environmentally sound disposal methods and achieve economic benefits * Achieving short and long-term economic, social and sanitary advantages for the region
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In order to achieve these objectives, the plan attempts to accomplish the following:
* Expand the existing collection network to provide full coverage of the project area up to year 2027 * Construct a treatment plant in the long term drainage zone and construct the second module of the emergency treatment plant * Construct the effluent outfall structure from both treatment plants to the lake for safe disposal.
2.6.1 Proposed Sanitation Plan Phasing
The target year 2027 was selected for development of the Shiraz Sanitation plan based on the results of studies conducted on existing facilities, projected limits on the physical expansion of the city, and the current wastewater generation rates.
To achieve the objectives set for the year 2027, the project was subdivided into the following three phases: * Phase I, 2003 - 2007 * Phase II, 2008 - 2017 * Phase III, 2018 - 2027
Based on this plan, the number of population served by the end of phase 1 is 421,878 representing 31% of the total population, and generating 76,359 m3/day of wastewater. By the end of the third phase, there will be full coverage for the whole project area, with 1,944,858 people served generating 365,961 m3/day of sewage. Table 2-9, shows the population progression, the service level, and the wastewater collected and treated.
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Table 2-9 Sanitation Facilities Service Level Development Description Phase I 1 Phase 11 I Phase III
______n |!2004 2005 12000 || 2007 22012 21017 2022 2027 |______Emergency Zone . Population 380,890 389,807 398,932 408,269 454,623 500,509 543,458 583,457 Population connected 30 35 40 45 60 75 88 100 (%) . I-. Population connected to a 114,267 136,432 159,573 183,721 272,774 375,381 475,526 583,457 collection system ._11 Total wastewater 22,045 26,247 30,920 35,945 53,827 74,627 96,194 117,673 3 flow (m /day) 4 - ,:. ,lon T Zoner .j
Population 888,744 909,549 930,842 952,627 1,060,787 1,167,853 1,268,068 1,361,401
Population _ I_ _ i connected 10 15 20 25 45 65 84 100
1(%) ! ! . . II Population connected to a 88874 136432 186,168 238,157 477,354 759,105 1,065,177 1,361,401 collection system Total wastewater 14,376 22,280 30,981 40,414 83,284 134,932 192,943 248,288 3 flow (m /day) -7- 7.77 >,- -oect-Air l _Population_ ojc1,360,896 A _ _ 1,668,362 1 ,944,858
Population ' connected 31 68 100
connectdhton a l 421,878 1,134,486 1,944,858
|, .sy.s,tem . | wastewater | l l | 76,359 209,559 365,961 |flow (m3/day)|
2.7 Project Components
According to the timetable proposed by the consultant in the feasibility report, all trunk mains need to be in place during the first phase, as well as the construction of the two modules for the Long-Term WWTP. As the situation currently stands, the first module of this plant will be operational by 2006, but works on the second module will only begin in the middle of 2004, and will continue until the end of 2008. This schedule means that
2-31 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report construction of the second module of the Long-Term WWTP will begin in the first phase, but completion and operation will occur only after this phase has ended.
The following lists the works in the Shiraz wastewater project that will be undertaken during the first phase:
* Installation of approximately 785 km of main collectors and laterals, using pipes of 200 to 400 mm in size, of which 373 km will be installed in the Emergency zone and 412 km in the Long-Term zone * Delivering 75,473 connections, 32,867 connections in the Emergency zone and 42,606 connections in the Long-Term zone * Installation of approximately 377 km of pipelines using pipes of 160 mm in size, with 164 km of pipeline extended in the Emergency zone and 213 km in the Long-Term zone * Execution of 91 km of main trunks, 23 km in the Emergency zone and 68 km in the Long-Term zone * Construction of the two modules of the Long-Term WWTP, with a total capacity of 100,000 m3/day * Construction and rehabilitation of 18 km of outfalls for discharging treated effluents from the Emergency and Long-Term WWTP to Maharloo Lake
2.8 Long-Term Wastewater Treatment Plant
The Long-Term WWTP is comprised of five treatment modules, with a capacity of 50,000 m3/day per module. Each module is comprised of five streams to allow for flexibility in the plant's operation. According to the predicted load progression one module will be operated by year 2007, two modules and three streams by year 2017, and all five modules by year 2027.
2.8.1 Plant Site
The Long-Term WWTP is located on a plot of land covering 80 hectares (See exhibit 2 in Annex G). It is bounded from all sides by agricultural fields, which are currently uncultivated. The prevailing winds are north and north - westerly. The total built up area, including the treatment works amount to 10 ha. The site has a flat terrain with a minor slope in the southwest direction. Presently the site is covered with shrubs. There is no valuable vegetation or special wildlife habitats on adjacent plot of lands.
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The advantage of the site is that the agricultural fields around it offer a perfect opportunity for the disposal of the effluent as well as for sludge reuse.
The geographical location of the site permits gravity conveyance of the Long Term Zone sewage flows due to the lower elevation of site with respect to the drainage area. Thus investment and operational cost of pumping stations are saved.
The size of the plot is properly chosen, as adequate space is available for the plant's future expansion, and for the long-term storage of sludge and temporary storage of screenings and grit.
2.8.2 Outfall
The treated effluent will discharge to an existing earth channel leading to Maharloo Lake. The canal requires rehabilitation and concreting. The existence of this canal precludes any need for acquisition of new land for the outfall purpose.
A trapezoidal canal measuring 11 km in length, 1.5 m wide at the bottom and 3 m wide at the top is proposed for rehabilitation of this earthen canal. Drawing number SWWS-IR- 43 in annex A, shows the layout and routing of the outfall.
2.8.3 Treatment process
The proposed treatment process for the Long Term WWTP is based on the conventional activated sludge system, which includes the following treatment units:
1- Distribution channel 2- Aerated grit chamber 3- Primary settling tanks 4- Anaerobic selectors 5- Aeration tanks 6- Final settling tanks 7- Chlorination basin 8- Chlorination building 9- Parshall flume 10- Primary sludge pump station 11- Scum sludge pump station 12- Return and excess sludge pump station
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13- Sludge blending tank 14- Thickeners 15- Thickened sludge pump station 16- Digesters 17- Gas storage tank 18- Gas flare 19- Digested sludge pump station 20- Sludge conditioning and dewatering 21 - Long term sludge storage area 22- Blowers
Other facilities provided at the plant include:
23- Power distribution building 24- Transformer, emergency power plant and main HV & LV distribution panel building 25- Administration building 26- Store and workshop 27- Guard room 28- Canteen
2.8.4 Effluent quality
The effluent produced at the wastewater treatment plant will conform to the WHO microbiological standards of nematode eggs and fecal coliforms. The relevant WHO standards are listed in annex B of this report.
2.8.5 Treated sludge
The sludge production is estimated at 2,000 tons per year at 2007 and 12,400 tons per year at 2027.
2.8.6 Chemical and Energy Consumption
The chemical and energy consumption of the treatment plant at the end of phase 1 and 3 are summarized in the table below.
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Table 2-10 Chemical and Energy requirements of the Long Term WWTP Descri tion i At year 2007 At year 2027 Treatment plant capacity 50,000 250,000
Total energy requirement 620 3100 (Kw) j 6 Total Chlorine l requirement (tons/year) 135 677 Total lime requirement 1222 6110 (tons/year) Total Poly-electrolyte 14 71.4 requirement (tons/year) I _I
2.9 Effluent and Sludge Reuse in Agriculture
Since effluent and sludge reuse in agriculture are considered to be one of the main objectives of this project, this section will provide an initial assessment of the reuse potential. Proceeding Chapters will provide further insight on the agricultural conditions in the project area, potential impacts of reuse, and mitigation and monitoring measures.
2.9.1 Agricultural Areas
The total agricultural lands identified as available for effluent reuse in the areas of the Long Term Treatment Plant and Emergency Treatment Plant are 7260 ha and 1700 ha respectively, which amount to a total of 8960 ha.
2.9.2 Volume of Effluent to be used
The volume of treated effluent will be increasing each year as connections are made. By the year 2027, the available volume for reuse will reach 118,250 m3/day from the Emergency WWTP and 250,000 m3/day from the Long Term WWTP.
2.9.3 Irrigation Water Supply
In the area of the Long Term Treatment Plant, irrigation water is being sourced from local wells and raw wastewater to irrigate an agricultural area of 5160 ha. Irrigation with raw wastewater accounts for 1000 ha, whereas rain fed lands amount to 2100 ha. Therefore the potential area for irrigation by the treated effluent at the Long Term WWTP is 3100 ha.
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As for the emergency WWTP, the sources of irrigation in the identified agricultural lands downstream of the plant include the Khoshk River and ground water supplies. The main source of water in these lands is the groundwater since the river is seasonal. The annual estimated quantity of irrigation water provided from each source is 1.0 million m3 for the river and 3.8 million m3 from groundwater. These sources account for irrigating 450 ha. Therefore, the balance agricultural area of 1260 ha can potentially be irrigated with effluent of the Emergency WWTP.
2.9.4 Crop Pattern and Irrigation Methods
The crops cultivated in the potential reuse area comprise of wheat, barley, beans, as well as green vegetables. The predominant method of irrigation is by surface methods.
2.9.5 Extent of irrigation Potential
Based on the year 2027 effluent flow rates stated in the preceding paragraphs and an application rate of 84 m3/day per hectare, the area that can be irrigated by the Emergency Treatment Plant is calculated to be 1260 ha, which constitutes all the potential area available for irrigation. As for the Long Term WWTP, the total area that can be irrigated is calculated to be 2870 ha.
In summary, out of the 8960 ha of agricultural lands available near both treatment plants, the potential area that can be irrigated is 4130 ha at year 2027.
2.9.6 Treated effluent for Reuse
The requirements for reuse in agriculture are governed by several standards as follows:
1- Microbiological standards: less than one nematode egg per litre according to WHO standards
2- Fecal Coliforms: less than 400/100 ml according to Iranian standard and less than 23/100 ml according to EPA standard for surface irrigation and foods eaten raw (unrestricted irrigation)
3- BOD5: Less than 25 mg/l according to EC directive and less than 30 mg/l according to EPA standards
4- TSS: Less than 35 mg/l according to EC directive and less than 30 mg/I according to EPA standards
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5- FAO standards for potentially toxic elements (PTE), setting limits for sodium, boron, etc.
With regard to the WHO standard for nematode, studies for activated sludge plants in the Tehran area have shown that the effluent level of one nematode per litre was consistently attained and that the established removal rate of nematodes by this process is 99%. It is envisaged that compliance with this standard will be met as long as the influent level of nematodes remains less than 100/ litre, which has been verified by the Teheran studies. Therefore, it is recommended that continuous monitoring of plant influent and effluent be exercised to ensure strict adherence with this standard.
As for the effluent levels of BOD, TSS, and fecal Coliforms the current processes are adequately designed to meet the requirements of the various standards. The chlorination facilities included are suitably designed to attain the lower level of 23 FC/100 ml required by EPA standards.
With respect to the FAO standard for PTE, the concentration level of these parameters is not influenced by the level or type of sewage treatment. Therefore careful monitoring of the plant influent and control of potential discharge of PTE at source has to be made to ensure compliance with FAO standard.
In summary the treatment plant's effluent will meet the requirements of the various standards for reuse of effluent in agriculture; however, careful monitoring of the influent and effluent should be conducted to ensure strict adherence.
2.9.7 Sludge Use in Agriculture
The proximity of agricultural areas to the plant, provides a useful outlet for the sludge generated. The advantages of using sludge in agriculture are considerable and can be summarized by:
* Its ability as a fertilizer to provide most nutrients and micronutrients needed for crops * It broadly facilitates adjusting the ratio between the principle nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus * Its high organic content, which can be of value as a soil conditioner in arid zone soils.
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2.9.8 Quantity of Sludge Available for Reuse
At the ultimate capacity of the two plants projected for the year 2027, the available sludge for reuse on agricultural land amount to 18,400 ton per year; 12,400 tons from the Long Term WWTP and 6000 ton from the Emergency WWTP.
2.9.9 Sludge Application Rate
The sludge will be applied at a rate of 8 tons per hectare per year, the lowest rate which is considered practicable. Therefore, at the ultimate plants' capacity the area which will benefit from sludge application is approximately 2300 hectares. This approximates to 56 % of the potential area for irrigation. It is proposed that the sludge application on the identified area be rotated each year, so that a particular field will receive sludge every 2.4 years. In this instance the quantity of sludge would be sufficient for an area of up to 5,800 hectares.
This will ensure that over a long period of time, the sludge would be applied uniformly to all the land to minimize the application per hectare of potentially toxic elements.
2.9.10 Compliance with Prevailing Standards
The sludge treated by the plant will comply with WHO standard of less than 1 nematode egg per 100 gm by the provision of long term storage area of 10 hectares at the Emergency WWTP and 20 hectares at the Long Term WWTP, which will ensure a sludge storage time of one year.
Other standards for sludge are the EC standards for heavy metal content. As stated earlier, considering the industrial situation in Shiraz, it is not envisaged that these standards be exceeded. Nonetheless, monitoring and the application of a sludge management scheme should be implemented to ensure the success of the application program, and the compliance with the standards as discussed in the proceeding paragraph.
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2.9.11 Sludge Quality Monitoring and Application Requirements
The sludge applied shall comply with EC directives for reuse and will be subject to the restrictions attached to its use as outlined in chapter 5 (type of crop, application frequency, physical contact, etc).
Another consideration is the use of pesticides in agriculture, which through surface run off can find their way into the treatment plant to end up in the WWTP sludge. This would make the sludge hazardous and unsafe for use. Standards have also been established in Europe and North America for organic pollutants (egg. PCB <10 mg / kg of dry weight). This issue could be of significance in Shiraz, since the plant is located in an agricultural area, and the pesticides can infiltrate to the treatment plant due to the high water table. Therefore close monitoring for pesticides content in the sludge should be carried out at least initially.
To sum up the monitoring of heavy metals, nematode eggs, and pesticides is required to ensure compliance with required standards.
2.10 Pre Construction activities
1- Land Acquisition
* Land acquisition for main pipes and laterals
Wastewater pipes are usually installed on the right side of roads (public property), and therefore land acquisition will not be required. Location and routing of the pipes however will be coordinated with the authorities responsible for other utility services, such as, the Electricity Board, the Regional Water Board, the Gas Company and the Communications Department.
* Land acquisition for treatment plants
Currently the formalities related to the purchase of land required for the construction of Emergency WWTP have been completed and works on the construction of the first treatment module are already in progress. The land for the proposed site of the Long- Term WWTP has already been acquired.
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* Land Acquisition for outfalls
At present there are two dirt channels from the WWTP sites to the Maharloo Lake. In the proposed plan, the same channels will be used as outfalls of the treatment plants after modifying their dimensions and providing concrete lining.
2- Coordination with the Department of Environment and the Ministry of Industry to identify potential industrial users of the sanitary network and to ensure that pre-treatment of industrial effluents is being affected.
Other pre-construction activities will be the same as those discussed in section 2.3.5
2.11 Construction Activities
Construction of the project is to be carried out under several contracts. It is planned that several contracts be made, covering the first phase works, for the different components the project. A preliminary schedule of the contracts is as follows:
* One contract for each module of the Long Term WWTP (total two contracts) * One contract for each treatment plant outfall (total two contracts) * Three contracts for the Emergency zone trunk mains * Five contracts for the Long Term zone trunk mains * Multiple contracts for the house connections * Six contacts for the lateral pipelines.
2.12 Post-Construction activities
Following construction and commissioning of the works, operation and maintenance activities will comprise mostly of inspections, routine maintenance, and monitoring. Regular maintenance and inspections of all the projects components will be conducted in accordance with agreed maintenance plan. The maintenance and inspection activities will include among others, physical status of the network, illegal connections, operating conditions of all the works, and periodic maintenance jobs.
Monitoring at the treatment plant will comprise of process monitoring for ensuring that process parameters are optimized as well as environmental monitoring for mitigation of adverse potential impacts. In this instance, monitoring activities will be conducted for raw and treated wastewater quality, treated sludge quality, soil and agricultural products
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that are subject to reuse applications, and receiving water bodies. Monitoring activities will be required to ensure full compliance with Iranian and other applicable Standards governing reuse in agriculture or discharge to a water course.
Post construction activities will also include capacity building activities. These topics are all discussed in detail in Chapter 7.
2.13 Wastewater project projected costs
The estimated costs for the wastewater project throughout the planning and implementation periods are as follows:
Table 2-11 Wastewater Works Projected Costs 2003-2007 2008-2012 ! 2013-2017 2018-2027 Description First Phase Second Phase Third Phase Wastewater project 120,712,375 36,812,500 40,062,500 68,737,500 Contingency o10% 12,071,237 3,681,250 4,006,250 6,873,750 Subtotal 132,783,612 40,493,750 44,068,750 75,611,250 Engineering and construction supervision @7% 9,294,853 2,834,563 3,084,813 5,292,788 Total 142,078,465 43,328,313 47,153,563 80,904,036 Grand Total 313,464,377
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3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
In order to successfully implement and operate the proposed water supply and sanitation project for the City of Shiraz, it is essential to have, on the one hand, an adequate legal and regulatory framework, and, on the other hand, an efficient institutional and organizational framework to enforce the related legislation, policies and standards and effectively manage the project.
The construction and operation of the proposed Project will be governed and affected by the existing legislation and other regulatory controls that are specific to the Project and the local, regional and national environment.
In this context, this chapter presents the relevant existing policy and legislative framework as well as the organizational and institutional framework.
3.1 Policy Framework
3.1.1 National Policies
Macro Environmental Policies The Third Five-Year Economic, Social and CulturalDevelopment Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Article 104 In order to protect the environment and achieve sustainable utilization of the natural resources of the country, the enforcement of the following regulations is necessary: The utilization of the country's natural resources must pay attention to the potential of these resources. In order to achieve this, the Government is obliged not only to preserve the rate of increase in the country's production and to make sustainable use of these resources, but also to take appropriate measures to preserve the balance of the natural environment in executing projects such as preserving pastures for livestock, protecting forest reserves, protecting important cultural assets migrating tribes, and the villagers, achieving harmonious management of essential resources, and institutionalizing the participation of people in planning, decision making, and project execution. The executive regulations of this section include the environmental rules developed by the Department of Environment in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad and ratified by Cabinet.
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I. In order to reduce the sources of environmental pollution, especially the pollution of natural resources and the water resources of the country, productive industrial units are obliged to ensure their technical systems are capable of complying with environmental regulations and are to take appropriate measures to reduce the risk of polluting the environment. The expenses of these pollution control devices are considered as acceptable outlays for these units. Industrial units which do not follow these regulations and whose activities damage and pollute the environment are fined in proportion to the damage that they have inflicted on the environment. Financial penalties gained in this way are placed in public funds, which are used, in a yearly budget for environmental improvement projects. The regulations of this section, including the amount of fines and the conditions and methods of collecting and spending them, are proposed by the Department of Environment to be ratified by Cabinet Committee. Article 105
All the massive plans and projects for productive units must be studied prior to construction and evaluated to stand the test of the regulations proposed by the Environmental High Council and ratified by the Ministers' Committee. Observing the standards is obligatory for the designers and executors of these plans and projects. It is the duty of the Organization of Planning and Budget to supervise the proper execution of this article. The Department of Environment is obliged to provide the practical and executive methods for the construction and place such projects under environmental protection. As such if environmental articles and standards are observed, the construction and development projects are pernitted to continue - if not the projects are stopped.
3.1.2 International Cooperation
International, regional and bilateral cooperation have been important priorities for the Islamic Republic of Iran in all fields and particularly in areas related to sustainable development and the environment. Iran is a committed signatory member of most environmental conventions. The Iranian government has ratified a large number of international environmental treaties, among which the followings are of importance. * The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially waterfowl Habitats, RAMSAR, 1971. * The Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural Heritage, 1972. * The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters.
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* The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES) 1973. * The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985. * The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989. * The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992.
* The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992. * The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 1994. * The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987. * The Kyoto Protocol on the Control of Greenhouse Gases, 1997. * The Kuwait Regional Convention for Cooperation on the Protection of the Marine Environment form Pollution, 1978.
* The Kuwait Protocol on the Protection of Marine Environment from Land Base pollution, 1990.
In addition, the Islamic Republic of Iran is a member in several international organizations and committees, among which are: * The Commission on Sustainable Development. * The United Nations Environment Program. * The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). * The International Water- fowl Research Bureau. * The Regional Organization for the Protection of Marine Environment (ROPME). * The South Asian Countries' Environment Program (SACEP).
3.2 Legal Framework
3.2.1 Environmental Laws
The protection of environment finds its highest legal importance in the fiftieth article of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to which: In the Islamic Republic, the protection of the environment, in which the present and the following generations should have a social life of constant development, is a public responsibility. As a result, every economic or other forms of activity,
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the execution of which necessitates the pollution or the irretrievabledestruction of the environment is forbidden. The list of existing Environmental Laws and Legislation in the Islamic Republic of Iran is presented in Annex B-I.
The environmental laws that are of relevance to this project include: * Environmental Protection & Enhancement Act, 1974 and its amendment of 1992.
* Game and Fish Law, 1974 and its amendment approval of 1996. * The clauses number 81, 82, and 83 on the Laws of the Second Five-Year Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan, 1994. * The Law of Islamic Punishment, 1996 with amendments of 1997. * The Law of Just Distribution of Water, 1982.
* The Law for Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Life Resources, 1995. * The Law of the Amendment of the Fifth Article of the Law of the Protection and Proper Utilization of the Forests and Pastures of Iran, 1975. * The Law for Reclaimed Coastal Lands, 1975.
* The Law for Protection and Preserving the Natural Resources and Forest Regions of the Country, 1992.
* The Law on Establishment of Water & Wastewater Companies, 1990. * The Law of Preserving the Efficiency of the Agricultural Lands and Gardens, 1995. * Air Pollution Act, 1995.
* Regulations for prevention of water pollution. These regulations, ratified in May 7th, 1994, are presented in Annex B-II.
The most relevant executive by-laws and the ratified parliamentary approvals related to the environment are:
* The Executive By-law for the Prevention of Water Pollution, 1994. * The Executive By-law of Air Pollution Act, 2000, * The Executive By-law for Noise Pollution Control, 1999, * The Executive Bylaw for Environmental Health, 1992, * The Executive Bylaw for Environmental Protection & Enhancement Act, 1975,
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* The Regulations for the Proper Utilization of the Lands and Construction of Buildings and Establishments Outside the Legal Boundaries of the Cities, 1976 and its amendment of 1994,
* The Criteria for Sitting of Industries (approval of the Cabinet) 1999, * The ratified approval number 138 of the Environmental High Council about those Projects that should be subject to Environmental Impact Assessment, * The regulations for Environmental Impact Assessment, as approved by the Environmental High Council on their meeting of December 22nd, 1997. These are presented in Annex B-III of this Report.
3.2.1.1 Regulations for the Control of Air and Noise Pollution
The Islamic Consultative Assembly ratified the law for the prevention of Air Pollution in 1995. This law is organized in six chapters and has 36 articles and 14 comments. According to the law, sources of air pollution are divided into the following three groups: * The motorized vehicles. * The factories, workshop, and power plants. * The commercial, domestic, and other sources.
According to the law, spreading pollutants above their permissible amount from any of the above sources is forbidden and will result in legal prosecutions for delinquent person or organization.
The Department of Environment in collaboration with other related organizations are responsible to prepare and compile the necessary regulations for the execution of this law. Based on this law, various standards to control the pollution emitted from mobile (automobiles) and immobile sources have been compiled and announced. Furthermore, the standards of ambient air concerning the permissible density of the classic polluting factors, including S02, NOx, SPM, and CO, have been introduced and announced.
According to Article 27 of this law, it is forbidden to pollute the environment with irritating noise. The regulations and the standards for the control of noise pollution have been compiled and issued by the Department of Environment.
3.2.1.2 Surface and Groundwater Quality
Other than the 1973 Regulations of the Department of Environment, there are no specific laws regarding the groundwater quality.
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The organization responsible to control the water pollution in Iran is the Department of Environment.
The Department of Environment evaluates the water quality according to the regulations stipulated in the 1975 Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act.
In order to set compatible laws and regulations the Department of Environment as well as the Ministry of Energy were given authority to classify various water resources depending on their usage potential. These are as follows: * Class 1, Potable supply * Class 2, Fisheries and animal life * Class 3, Irrigation * Class 4. Industry * Class 5, Recreation
* Class 6, Small rivers and road ditches not covered under classes 1 to 5
When water pollution issues are being investigated within Environmental Assessment studies, all waters are considered as Class 2, unless other classifications are determined.
The discharge of any waste to any of the above classes of water requires a special license from the DOE or other related authorities.
The Regulations for the discharge of wastes to any of the above-mentioned classes of water are mainly related to the conditions of the receiving bodies of water, such as: * For Classes 1 to 5 waters, these conditions encompass increases in temperature, suspended solids (SS) and chemical substances; reductions in dissolved oxygen; and limits on pH.
* For Classes 1, 2, and 5 waters there are additional conditions for toxic substances, limits on settleable solids and exclusion of pathogenic organisms.
* For Class I waters, there is an additional condition on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 ). Also, the storage of rubbish and waste materials on riverbanks is prohibited.
* For Class 6 waters, there is an additional condition, which prohibits the discharge of wastes containing feces or wastes of industrial or agricultural origin into drains of public roads, although such discharges are allowed under certain conditions when the disposal to a public sewer or to underground strata is impossible. * The effluents shall not emit objectionable odors nor contain organisms.
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* The settleable solids content of the effluent shall not exceed a certain limit.
* Effluents containing industrial or agricultural wastes shall not exceed certain limits regarding temperature and pH.
* Effluents shall be free of fuels, including petrol and lubricating oil.
The above-mentioned classification does not contain standards, and, as such, the Japanese surface water quality standards are used. Thus, for the purpose of this EIA, the Japanese standards are used to indicate the river water quality that can be used for the water supply treatment plants. These are presented in Section 3.2.2 (Standards) of this Chapter.
Conditions for the discharge of industrial wastewater into public sewers are also covered in the Regulations. Permission is required by license from the appropriate authority for the discharge of all such effluents and in considering an application for a discharge, the authority is required to consider the protection of sewers and wastewater treatment works, the safety of health of personnel, and the cost of treatment.
Industries are required to construct their own treatment plants but in special circumstances they may allowed to directly discharge their wastewater in the sewerage system for treatment elsewhere.
General conditions for the issue of licenses to discharge industrial wastewater are given in the Regulations and these include limits on temperature, pH values, suspended solids, oil and grease, and size of particles. They also prohibit certain inflammable and toxic substances. Industries must provide sampling chambers and, if required by the designated authority, flow measurement facilities. In addition, the designated authority shall be allowed to take samples of wastewater and measurements of flow.
3.2.1.3 Discharges of Wastewater
In order to discharge any waste to any of the above classes of water, a special license must be acquired from the Ministry of Energy.
The regulations that exist for various polluting factors are mainly related to the condition of receiving water bodies. For Class 1 to Class 5 waters, the environmental conditions are primarily temperature, suspended solids, chemical substances, and reduction in dissolved oxygen and pH changes. For the Class 1 waters there is an additional condition on Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). There are also conditions related to toxic substances that could be examined for waters categorized under Classes 1, 2 and 5.
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The conditions set for wastewater discharge to the waters categorized under Classes 1, 2 and 5 include limits on suspended solids and exclusion of pathogenic organisms. They also prohibit storage of rubbish and waste materials on riverbanks for Class 1 waters. These regulations prohibit the discharge of waste containing feces or agricultural or industrial wastes into the Class 6 waters, unless disposal to public sewer or underground strata is impossible and in cases that effluents do not emit offensive odor. In order to discharge these wastewaters a special license must be obtained through the Department of Environment or its local offices. The Department is required to consider the protection of sewers, safety and health of personnel and cost of treatment.
Industries may be requested to construct their own treatment plant but in special cases direct discharge to water bodies is permitted. Generally, the waste being discharged has to qualify certain limits on pH, temperature, suspended solids, fat or grease and size of particles. Discharges of toxic and inflammable substances are also prohibited. The designated authority shall have the permission to take samples of the wastewater to measure its quality and quantity.
Other than the above-mentioned regulations, the Department of Environment (DO) has published separate standards in 1973 entitled "Maximum Permissible Discharge of Pollutants to the Environment".
The Clean Water Act 1982 placed new responsibilities for the owners of water wells and subterranean canals. This Act requires them to control the water pollution within heir ability and, in cases beyond their ability, to consult with the relevant government organizations. One major initiative of the Clean Water Act is to require institutions using water for various purposes to ensure their wastewater is treated. Issues of both water quantity and quality are of concem. The reuse of wastewater is one of the main options being considered as a new source of water in regions where water is scarce. The standards required for the safe use of wastewater and the amount and type of wastewater treatment needed are contentious. Many organizations have been involved in devising standards for the use of treated wastewater in agriculture.
3.2.1.4 Disposal and Reuse of Sludge
At present, there is no law regarding the disposal and reuse of sludge except what was included in the Regulations for the Prevention of Water Pollution (May, 1994), whereby it is stipulated that the sludge or other solid materials generated by wastewater treatment works must be properly treated before their final disposal, which should not cause any pollution to the environment.
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3.2.1.5 Disposal of Solid Waste and Industrial Wastewater
The following articles are taken from the Regulations for the Prevention of Water Pollution that was ratified on May 7th, 1994 and presented in Annex BII. Article 7
The Department of Environment is obliged to collect samples of the sewage and the solid waste materials, according to the previously prepared program, in order to determine the kind and the rate of pollution related to each source. If the severity of pollution in any of these sources of pollution exceeds the standard limits of article (5) of the present paper of regulations, the Department will warn the responsible person to take measures in stopping the pollution. In this warning, the type of pollution and its rate will be specified, and with respect to the potentials and equipment available, the deadline to prevent from spreading the pollution will be determined and directly stated.
Note: Considering the industrial complexes and towns which possess their own public sewer system, the Department will collect samples from the sewers of the industrial and non-industrial parts of the towns and complexes and will take the appropriate measures in stopping the pollution with the responsibility of the company or complex.
If the units established in these towns and complexes have industrial sewage containing poisonous substances of heavy metals, which cannot be controlled through the municipal sewer system, according to the decision of the Department of Environment, that unit will be asked to construct a system of sewage works.
3.2.1.6 Pollution Abatement
The following articles are taken from the Islamic Penal Code - TAAZIRAT- Approved on 1996.05.23 Article 688
Any act constituting a threat to public health, including the contamination of drinking water, or distribution of contaminated drinking water, unsanitary disposal of human of animal feces and wastes, pouring poisonous materials into rivers, disposing of trash on the streets, unlawful slaughtering of animals, illegal use of raw sewage or waste water from sewage treatment plants for agricultural purposes is prohibited, and should offenders not be liable to stricter penalty under other laws, they shall be sentenced to imprisonment of up to 1 year.
Note 1: The task of identifying whether the committing of any one of the offenses mentioned above constitutes a threat to public health or it is merely the pollution of
3-9 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report the environment shall lie between the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Department of the Environment. Note 2: Pollution of the Environment is construed as the mixing or scattering of foreign materials in water, free air, soil or ground to the extent that their physical, chemical and biological characteristics are changed in such ways as to become harnful to human, living animals and plants, or damaging to structures and buildings. Note 83 of Law of the second five-year economic, social, and cultural development plan of Islamic Republic of Iran: Note 83: To prevent and eliminate the pollution of water resources caused by industrial effluents, industries and factories located in cities and industrial townships are required to establish and operate facilities for the collection and conveying of effluents and set up industrial waste water treatment installations based on the standards of the Department of the Environment and with the collaboration and/or the supervision of water and sewage companies of Provinces.
3.2.1.7 Protected Areas and Natural Habitats
The 1975 Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, outlines the designation and protection of the National Monuments and Wildlife Refuges. Presently there are eight National Parks, forty-six protected regions and fifteen protected rivers in Iran, which cover a total area of 7.6 million hectares.
Wildlife regulations are being introduced by the Department of Environment, to protect endangered species, such as Persian fallow deer, Caspian tiger, bear, cheetah, crocodile, great bustard and Caucasian black grouse.
Some of the most important Regulations Governing about National Parks, national Nature monuments, Wildlife Refuges and Protected Areas are:
Executive By-Law on the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act
(Approved by the Council of Ministers on 1975.02.20 with Subsequent Amendments Thereof) Article 8 Grazing animals, felling trees, uprooting shrubs, encroachment upon or the destruction of the environment and , in general , any action that causes damage to and destruction of vegetation or leads to any form of alteration of ecosystems in the National Parks and national Nature Monuments shall be prohibited, except for cases arising from the necessity of protection forest wildlife, improving National Parks and National nature Monuments or conducting allowed scientific and geological studies in conformity with the provisions of the Law of the Protection and Exploitation of
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Forests and Ranges, where such actions are executed by the country's Forest and Range Organization, or by the Department of the Environment, or by other authorized organizations or persons.(l) Note: Domestic animals entering National Parks and National Nature Monuments shall be driven out from these areas by the functionaries of the " Department " and violator(s) shall be prosecuted according to the provisions of the Law.i Article 10
Entering and passing through areas referred to in Section 3 part (a) of the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, with the exception of areas where public roads exist, shall be according to the regulations enacted by the "Department". Article 11
Felling trees, uprooting shrubs, encroachment upon and destruction of the living environment, cutting thistles, burning wood into charcoal and, in general, any action that may lead to the eradication of vegetation and alteration of ecosystems in the wildlife refuges and protected areas that constitute land belonging to the government shall be prohibited without acquiring needed permits.(1) Note 1: Implementing approved industrial and mining projects in the wildlife refuges and protected areas, in conformity with existing regulations, shall be exempted from the provisions of this Article. Note 2: Grazing of animals, in reference to the amount and quality of grazed material, in wildlife refuges and protected areas shall conform to the agreement between the Forest and Range Organization and the " Department " and regulations prepared thereof. Note 3: Herding animals into and grazing in wildlife refuges and protected areas without permits or in excess of quantities indicated in the permits issued, which are contrary to the provisions of this Article, shall be prohibited. The functionaries of the "Department " shall drive out the animals, and violator(s) shall be prosecuted according to regulations thereof.(2)
Note 4: Hunting or fishing in wildlife refuges and protected areas and rivers shall require special permits issued by the "Department." (3)
1- Amendment approved by the Council of Ministers on 19.04.1995.
2- Amendment approved by the Council of Ministers on 19.04.1995.
1-Amendment approved by the Council of Ministers on 19.04.1995. 2- Amendment approved by the Council of Ministers on 19.04.1995. 3- Amendment approved by the Council of Ministers on 19.04.1995.
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Article 12
Ministries and governmental institutes and firms, with prior approval from the "Department", can conduct their intended studies, investigations and operations in protected areas and wildlife refuges within the framework of their legal authorities.
Article 14
Designation of areas referred to in Section 19 of the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act shall be subject to the fulfillment of at least one of the following requirements and criteria:
Existence of one or more sources in the area polluting or threatening the pollution of the environment.
Human activities in industry, agriculture, trade or the like adversely affecting the environment or causing changes in the natural conditions of the area or threatening the area with environmental changes.
Existence of large centers of population in the area and the necessity of adopting precautionary measures to prevent pollutions harmful to human health.
Existence of one or more national parks, national nature monuments, wildlife refuges or protected areas in the vicinity or within the boundaries of the region, and the necessity of preventing changes or the degradation of the natural conditions in these four mentioned areas.
3.2.1.8 Archaeological and Cultural Heritage
The first rule in regard to protection of the cultural inheritance goes to 1930. In this year 10 legal articles were approved. Some of these important articles are: In Article 83 of the Iranian Constitution it is stated that: Buildings and governments properties which are recognized as national heritage cannot be transferred to others unless by approval of the Islamic Parliament, and if they are not recognized as having special heritage value. According to a legal article, approved in 1979, any excavation for antique relics is prohibited. Preservation of the Cultural Heritage is considered important in the Islamic laws and regulations. In Article 558 of these regulations it is stated that: Any body who damages to some or all buildings lands, yards, or collection of religious, historical and cultural which are recorded in the list of national Iranian
3-12 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report relics, in addition to compensation, the perpetrator (s) will be sentenced to prison from I to 10 years. The law has identified specific punishments for those who do not respect the laws and regulations related to the preservation of Cultural Heritage. According to Article 563 of these regulations anybody, who affects the integrity of areas of religious and historical lands which are recorded in the list of national Iranian relics that have not got any private owner, can be sentenced to prison from 6 months to 2 years. In addition, according to Regional Urban laws and regulations that were approved in 1987, it was requested that the Urban Land Development Organization and the Ministry of Housing should be committed to the preservation of the Cultural Heritage in urban development projects.
3.2.1.9 Environmental Assessment
The Department of Environment is familiar with the environmental impact assessment concept and has established a special office for following up on the EA issue.
Based on the Environmental High Council (EHC) approval No. 138 of April 13th 1994, the undertaking of environmental assessment for the following projects became legally mandatory: 1. Petrochemical Plants. 2. Refineries. 3. Power Plants (more than 100 MW capacities). 4. Steel Mills. 5. Dams and other water constructions (man-made lakes, water and irrigation projects etc.). 6. Industrial Estates (more than 100 hectares). 7. Airports. Based on consequent approvals of EHC, other development projects were added to this list as follows: 8. Major road projects 9. Major railroad projects 10. Agro-Industry units, 11. Industrial slaughter houses,
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12. Sitting of urban solid waste landfills for cities with more than 200,000 population, 13. Solid waste recycling or compost units 14. Eco-tourism projects 15. Gas and oil transmission lines projects, 16. Sea oil platform projects 17. Oil storing projects
As previously mentioned, the Environmental High Council ratified the general pattern of evaluating the environmental impact proposed by the Department of Environment this pattern, the during its meeting on December 2 2nd, 1997. According to environmental assessment of construction projects is carried out in two stages; first briefly and generally and then in detail. The text of the country's policy for environmental assessment is given in Annex B-III of this Report.
The policy for environmental assessment called, "the Criteria for the Environmental Assessments for the Seven Kinds of Projects" has been prepared by the Organization of Planning and Budget and the Department of Environment.
According to Article 1 of the Regulations concerning environmental impacts, ratified by the Environmental High Council on 22nd December, 1997, the executors of these seven kinds of projects and plans, while preparing their report for finding and evaluating the location, should prepare an environmental assessment compatible with the regulatory outline and guidelines.
According to this policy, the executors of the plans and projects should present a brief report to the Department of Environment, after proper examination of the case, within one month, to highlight the critical environmental factors that should be considered.
The executors of the plans will then prepare an environmental assessment report based on the points announced by the Department of Environment.
The environmental assessment for construction and operation are to be prepared separately and the experts responsible for preparing the assessment have to indicate the main activities carried out to reduce the detrimental impacts on the environment as well as their related costs.
The experts preparing the report on the environmental assessment express their findings in one of the following three ways:
d The execution of the project without special activities.
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* The execution of the project with special activities to reduce the negative impacts (expenses of the activities included) * The non-execution of the project due to the severity and wide extent of its negative impacts on the environment.
The Department of Environment, on the basis of the above-mentioned regulations, announces its final opinion within a three-month period.
A committee that consists of experts and academic authorities, representatives of the Management & Planning Organization, Forest & Rangelands Organization, the Standard Institution and Industrial Studies as well as a representative of the ministry or the organization proposing the plan is formed and is headed by Department of the Environment,
The examination of the reports on the environmental assessments is undertaken in the headquarters of the Department of the Environment within the Environmental Impact Assessment Bureau.
3.2.2 Standards
3.2.2.1 Existing Iranian Standards
The existing standards in the Islamic Republic of Iran, which are presented here below, have been prepared according to articles 3 and 5 of the Regulations for the Prevention of Water Pollution (1994), in collaboration with the Ministries of Hygiene, Health and Medical Education, Power (presently Ministry of Energy), Industries, Mines and Metals, Interior Affairs, and Agriculture Jihad by the Department of Environment. These are presented in Annex B-IV and include the following: * Drinking water standard of the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (Annex B-IV-1). * Sewage Effluent Standard of the Department of the Environment (Annex B- IV-2). * Industrial Discharge Into Sewage Collection System Standard of the Ministry of Industry (Annex B-IV-3). * Outdoors Noise Standard of the Department of the Environment (Annex B- IV-4). * Air Pollution Standard of the Department of the Environment (Annex B-IV- 5).
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Drinking Water Standard(Annex B-IV-1)
The Management and Planning Organization published the full list of Drinking Water standards (1992, No 116-3, 1992). But the Water and Wastewater Company no longer use these standards; instead, the WHO drinking water standards are used. However, the formal drinking water standard that must be used (June 1997, No 1053) is the one developed by Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISMRI).
The drinking water standard includes: * Maximum permissible and desirable levels for different physical parameters, such as, turbidity, color, odor, pH, taste and oil. * Maximum permissible limits for toxic metals (e.g., As, Pb, Cr...). * Maximum permissible limits for toxic organics (e.g., DDT, lindane, THMs...). * Maximum permissible limits for inorganic substances (e.g., TDS; NO3; NO2;
NH3; Al; Zn . ). * Maximum permissible limits for microbial parameters will be according to WHO standards.
Sewage Effluent Standard (Annex B-IV-2)
The sewage effluent standard includes a long list of contaminants whereby the maximum permissible limits are indicated for the quality of wastewater before its discharge into (i) surface water bodies; (ii) absorbing wells and (iii) irrigation canals for agriculture use.
Since the standard covers the wastewater effluent re-use issue, it also sets limits to microbial pollution; namely, Fecal Coliform No/lOOml; Total Coliform No/lOOml (MPN) and Nematode egg. IndustrialDischarge Into Sewage Collection System Standard(Annex B-IV-3)
The industrial effluent quality, which is set by the Ministry of Industry, includes a list of contaminants with their corresponding threshold limit values. These limits shall be respected by the industries that wish to connect to the sewerage system.
The list of contaminants includes the following parameters: Temperature; PH; Total oil & grease; Sulphates; Suspended solids (SS); BOD5; Phenol and creosol; heavy metals; and radioactivity. However, the list does not include the required level for COD. Outdoors Noise Standard(Annex B-IV-4)
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The outdoors noise standard set limits for different types of zoning and differentiates between: Residential area; Residential- commercial area; Commercial area; Residential-Industrial area; and Industrial area. It also differentiate between noise levels during day and night time. Air Pollution Standard (Annex B-IV-5) The air pollution standard covers major air pollutants, such as, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, Non-Methane Hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide... and sets limits for each pollutant on the basis of: * Annual average levels. * Maximum 8-hour concentration levels. * Maximum 1-hour concentration levels.
3.2.2.2 Standards Proposed in this EIA
For the purpose of this EIA, the following standards are proposed to be used, applied and enforced for the proposed Project: * Iranian drinking water standard (Annex B-IV-1), which have been developed by the Iranian Institution of Standards and Industrial Research. This standard will be supplemented with the Japanese water standards (Annex B-IV-6); namely, those related to the following: o Conservation of the Living Environment in rivers. o Conservation of the Natural Environment and Uses of rivers. o Environmental Quality Standards for Water Pollutants Regarding Human Health (annual mean values for different pollutants). o Monitoring Substances and Guideline Values. * Sewage Effluent Standards of the Department of the Enviromnent (Iran) (Annex B-IV-2). The standard's part that deals with the use of treated wastewater in irrigation, will be supplemented with the following: o FAO Guidelines for Maximum Permissible Concentration of Elements in Water Used for Irrigation (Annex B-IV-7). o WHO Guidelines (1989) for the Recommended Microbiological Quality for Wastewater Use in Agriculture (Annex B-IV-8). * Industrial Discharge Into Sewage Collection System Standard of the Ministry of Industry (Annex B-IV-3). The World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, which sets the limits for the different types of industries, will supplement the Iranian Ministry of Industry standard
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(Induistrialeffluent discharges are to be pre-treated to levels that comply with the limits prescribedin this handbook before their discharge in the wastewater collection system). * Outdoors Noise Standards of the Department of the Environment (Annex B- IV-4). * Air Pollution Standards of the Department of the Environment (Annex B-IV- 5). * Since no Iranian standards are available for sludge utilization in agriculture, the WHO and European Directive (Annex B-IV-9) will be used.
The above-mentioned standards and limits will therefore be used to monitor the quality of drinking water, wastewater effluent and sludge in this Project. These limits are also presented in the monitoring program described in Chapter 7 of this Report.
3.2.2.3 Comparison of Relevant Standards
The assessment of the different environmental parameters relevant to the proposed Project, led to the undertaking of a comparison between the international environmental standards and those applicable in I.R Iran. In most cases, the higher standards have been used to indicate the severity of an environmental problem (surface and ground water pollution) or to ensure the attainment of hygienic quality (for example in drinking water).
For instance, comparing the WHO drinking water quality Standard with that of the Iranian; it was found that the former is less stringent on nitrate concentration than the latter. Both standards compare equally on turbidity, chromium, mercury and nickel, while for parameters such as total coliforms, TDS, chloride, sulphate, zinc, cadmium and lead the WHO standard is more stringent than the national one. Thus, since the WHO standard is more complete and stringent on the majority of the parameters, and especially on those that have a direct negative impact on health, it is proposed to use this standard for evaluating the quality of the water.
So far, and as mentioned earlier, there are no standards in the I.R. Iran regarding surface water quality and sludge use in agriculture. In the absence of such standards, and for the purpose of this EIA, it is proposed, to supplement the Iranian standards by using the following standards: * The Japanese surface water quality standards (Annex B-IV-6) related to the following: o Conservation of the living environment in rivers (Refer to table below) o Uses of river water (Refer to table below)
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* The European Union (EU) Directive on "Sludge in Agriculture" (86/278/EEC). This directive indicates the maximum permissible concentration limits of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the sludge to be applied to agricultural land and the receptive soil. These concentrations are shown in the table presented further in this Chapter.
As previously mentioned, the reuse of wastewater effluent and sludge in agriculture are to comply with the applicable European Union (EU), World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Guidelines, including concentrations of cadmium, chromium, nickel, led and zinc.
In addition the World Health Organization (WHO) have three different approaches for establishing guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater for reuse in agriculture. These approaches have different objectives as their outcomes: the absence of fecal indicator organisms in the wastewater, the absence of a measurable excess of cases of enteric disease in the exposed population and a model-generated estimated risk below a defined acceptable risk. The guideline limit for intestinal nematode eggs is less than 1 per 100 grams dry weight of sludge.
3.3 Administrative Framework
3.3.1 Key Government Organizations
A. The Ministry of Enerav:
The Ministry of Energy oversees major portions of the country's development and resource exploitation activities. This Ministry is responsible for: generating & distributing energy for light and heavy industry consumption, supply and improvement of energy consumption, supply and distribution of water to all sectors of society, urban sewage system control, quantitative and qualitative protection of water resources, and implementing river and coastal development plan.
Whilst the Ministry of Energy is the lead entity with overall responsibility for the implementation of the proposed Project, there are a number of other ministries, local government departments and service agencies with direct involvement in the environment. If the Project is to be constructed and operated successfully it is vital that the actions of these various ministries, organizations and bodies are adequately coordinated.
B. Department of the Environment: The Department of Environment (DOE) has the responsibility of protecting the environment and controlling the pollution in the I.R. Iran. In addition, the DOE is
3-19 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report responsible to a policy making board called the Environmental High Council, consisting of representatives from various Ministries.
The DOE is responsible for all aspects of environmental protection, including water pollution control, effluent discharge standards, and wildlife conservation.
The responsibilities of the Department of Environment with respect to water and wastewater issues include: * Conducting economic and scientific research and studies concerning environmental protection and enhancement. * Preparing plans for the elimination or reduction of pollution in any area or province. * Monitoring and enforcing the regulations. * Controlling pollution and preventing any disturbance in environmental balance, by: o Controlling of any such alterations in the biological, chemical or physical condition of land, water and air caused by various physical developments as may induce changes in the natural conditions, including alteration and degradation of river-beds, degradation of forests and rangelands, marine ecological changes, disturbance in the natural drainage of waters and modification in and destruction of wetlands; o Recommending standards and criteria for purposes of controlling and preventing the pollution of water, air and land; discharge of refuse, including garbage and industrial waste matter; and other issues affecting the environment.
C. The Ministry of AgricultureJihad:
During the last decade, the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad (established in 2001 by merging two ministries together; the Ministry of Agriculture and that of Jihad Sazandegi) focused its actions for the protection of the environment and sustainable development. Among the most important measures taken for achieving environmental protection and economic growth, the Ministry attempted to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and poisonous pesticides and proposed plans to replace the old methods of pest control with new techniques. According to the decisions and ratified criteria of this Ministry (1) no hazardous high-risk pesticide can be imported and used and (2) the subsidy for buying agricultural chemicals are to be gradually omitted and (3) additional consumption of additives will be gradually adjusted to the specific need of the land and the product efficiency.
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of The Cabinet meeting on 2nd February, 1994, has set some objectives to the Ministry Agriculture Jihad that are directly related to the utilization of water resources. These were: * Conducting scientific and economic experiments and studies on different fields of Agriculture Jihad (including studies concerning proper exploitation of water resources) and publishing their results. * Conducting any research or taking any executive and supervisory measures in order to improve the general knowledge for proper exploitation of water, land, etc. * Conducting research studies concerning the water and the soil inside the specific fields, including correction and renovation of old irrigation systems and sewage as well as constructing tributary irrigation systems, irrigation channels, etc. * Improving the efficiency of irrigation through proper selection of development projects and by changing inappropriate methods of irrigation.
* Conducting research studies planning and exercising small projects for developing water resources (subject to approval of Ministry of Energy). * Fulfilling the responsibilities of executing the law of Just Distribution of Water
According to the general laws of the country some of the responsibilities concerning the protection and proper utilization of water and aquatic life resources as well as forest and pasture resources that were under the responsibility of the Ministry of Jihad, and were lately transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, are as follows: * Conducting comprehensive research studies on the water resource of the country and presenting plans for proper exploitation of the lands. * Developing policies and taking the required measures to preserve, renovate, develop, expand, and put into proper use all the water and aquatic life resources. * Policy-making, planning, constructing, developing, and maintaining the systems of potable water (provision, treatment, transmission, and distribution) in villages as well as the proper disposal of the wastewater.
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Organizational Chart Of the Department of the Environment Secretariat of Naltional Irainian Head ( onnuttee on Sustainable College of thc EIl iromoeot DcNvloprlent t(Nti l'rtsideiit, tIhe Rtelptblic)
Ensironniental Ofrice of the Flead of 1ielrl Security Monitoring & t Departne. oI' Putblic Relatiois & Control D)irectorate lnterniatioiial Affairs it o
Dcputy Head| Deputy Head Deputy Head Deputy Heatd Administrative & .jducation & Planning Natural linvironnient & tinat Fmionnent Parliamentarian Aftairs Biological D)iversit
)irectorate of I.egal & EnFironmental l ducation 'rotected Arieas & Ilabilati |ix | onmental Inipac | Pailianientarian Affairs D)irectoratc |irectoitD As,esSntent )ircrtoi ate
I ictrt flnaiicc public Participation Wildli ic &- A(qUatics A,\iiis r l'oltioll DoCI)irCia Plann)irnItorate IN)itrtcto;atc u r Wat'l & Soil P lti
[)itcto-atolAdilinitratall Plannling & Inlormnatiolt Nattim flinbtors Nlustini I);Wa| & l Pollttc | I)il-cbtorats l | D)rector3tc 1'irectorate Directoiate
BUdILget& rganizatioinal ] Marine Enri~iron ntcent Central Labojatit s Dir ctorat rcctorater
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D. Shiraz Water and Wastewater ComPan':
The Shareholders General Assembly is the supreme decision and major policymaking body at the Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company. The Company's General Assembly holds the legal responsibilities of the Board of Directors and in fact, acts as the Board of Directors. * The Managing Director is elected by the Board as the head of the company and is responsible for supervising the performance of WWC. * Six directors work directly under the supervision of the Managing Director and are in charge of the following: o Director of Contracts and Legal Affairs o Director of Security and Confidential Affairs o Director of Public Relations and Training o Director of the Monitoring Group and Financial, Economical and Administrative Evaluation o Director of Urban Units o Director of Safety Issues * Five deputies are in charge of the following departments and work under direct supervision of the Managing Director: o Department of Water and Wastewater Operations o Department of Planning and Improving Management o Department of Engineering and Development o Department of Revenues and Customer Affairs o Department of Finance and Logistics * All executive managers listed in the chart are under the supervision of the Managing Director's Deputies.
3.3.2 Other Government Organizations
A. The Ministry of Health and Medical Education:
The articles and the comments of the Regulations conceming the environmental health ratified by the Cabinets in 1992 not only defined the term "potable water" and explained its various kinds of pollution but also gave the responsibility of constant supervision on the quality of potable water to the Ministry of Health. According to the second section of the third article, govemmental and private companies and
3-23 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report institutions, which provide potable water, have to observe all the hygienic conditions, rules, and standards demanded by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. According to article number four of this executive bylaw, a Committee for the Protection of Potable Water Resources has been formed in each province and is headed by the Province Governor General and the membership of provincial managers and director generals of the Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Department of Environment, Regional Water Organization of the province, Organization of Agriculture Jihad, Management & Planning Organization and Water & Sewage Company. The committee is to examine possible causes of water pollution and ways for treatment and protection of water resources.
The Ministry of Health is therefore responsible for public health, control of foodstuff, drinking water and medical care. The Ministry of Health has an important role in monitoring the effectiveness of the proposed Project in terms of public health improvements and in the establishment of public health education programs.
B. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development:
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Development is responsible for the control of land-use, town planning and building regulations. As such, the Ministry has an important role in ensuring that the capacity of existing and proposed water and sewerage facilities has been addressed in the future land-use plans of the city. Regarding its building regulation responsibilities, the Ministry has to ensure that new developments make the needed adequate provision for connecting to the public sewer.
C. Ministry of Industries and Mines:
The Ministry of Industries and Mines is responsible for industrial development in Iran. Thus, it has an important role in the control of industrial effluent discharges to public sewers and watercourses.
The Ministry also provides training and advice to industrialists and financial assistance for upgrading or installing treatment facilities. On the other hand, and whenever necessary, the Ministry enforces relocation of industries.
D. Institute of Standard and Industrial Research:
Affiliated to the Ministry of Industries and Mines, this institute is responsible for settling and publishing national (official) standards.
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E. Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs:
The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs is responsible for labor affairs and for establishing and enforcing occupational safety regulations.
This Ministry will monitor and enforce the application of the occupational safety regulations during construction and operation of the Project.
F. Universities and Research Institutes:
There are different universities in Iran conducting different environmental activities including environmental sciences, environmental planning & management, environmental engineering (water and wastewater, air), natural resources...
Many universities have joint projects with related Ministries in different environmental fields through their research centers especially for wastewater management projects. Thus, these universities may play a consultative role and conduct particular researches regarding special issues such as wastewater and sludge reuse.
G. City Councils and Municipalities:
City councils are responsible for planning of city management at the macro level and enforce the plans through related municipalities.
The Municipalities are engaged with environmental issues within cities based on Section 20 of Article 50 of Municipalities Act of 1955 and are bound to notify any developer of a new urban development project of the requirements of the DOE regulations.
The municipalities are supposed to play their role in monitoring the implementation of the Project.
H. Cultural Heritace Organization:
According to the laws and regulations the Cultural Heritage Organization has the following responsibilities: * Prepare and regulate the ancients' relics research programs in the country. * Study and recognize of precincts, hills buildings and historical collections and prepare a list of maps. * Implement all the legal affairs related to cultural heritage and pursue all the penal claims against the infringers as claimants.
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* Take the necessary action to recognize and reclamation of Iranian cultural properties.
* Prepare and perform necessary plans to secure and safeguarding, repairing and revival of master pieces
* Encourage the people to participate in all activities related to recognition, to save and revival of the cultural heritage.
The Cultural Heritage Organization as well as the Ministry of Research, Science and Technology are responsible for Archaeological and Cultural Heritage. The Cultural Heritage Organization is directly responsible for the preservation of the cultural and historical monuments and artifacts. Cultural Heritage includes ancient relics which depict the historical development of the human race.
The organizations whose work is related to the preservation of the Cultural Heritage are set out in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1: The Organizations related to the Preservation of Cultural Heritage No. Institutions Responsibilities - Prepare and regulate to carry out researching program about the remaining the ancients relics - Prepare and perform necessary plans to secure and safeguarding, repairing and revival of master pieces. The Cultural Heritage - Studying and recognition of precincts, hills buildings and Organization historical collections and preparation list of maps of them - Exclusive the implementation of all the legal affairs related to cultural inheritance and pursuing all the penal claims against the | infringers as claimants. Preservation of cultural and historical monuments in urban 2 Municipalities development projects; necessary consultation with the Cultural 2 Municipalities Heritage Organization in case of finding any historical monument or artifact In charge of punishment of those who do not respect the laws 3 The Judicial Court and regulations related to the preservation of the cultural
______||heritage. Preservation of cultural and historical monuments and artifacts 4 IThe Ministry of 1 4 Heusing of while implementing urban development projects; necessary Housing consultation with the Cultural Heritage Organization The Urban Land Preservation of the cultural and historical monuments and 5 Development artifacts l_ || Organization __
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3.3.3 Overall Environmental Management
The construction phase of the project will be monitored by the Environment and Safety Officer (ESO) in the Technical Support Unit (TSU) as part of his contract.
The Department of the Environment (DOE) will be responsible for the control of water pollution. Thus, the DOE will monitor the: * Water quality in the Khoshk and Soltanabad Rivers and Maharloo Lake. * The quality of the discharged effluents in the environment (whether it is a public river or water course...). and control its compliance with the applicable related standards.
The Ministry of Agriculture Jihad will be responsible for monitoring the use of sludge and treated wastewater in agriculture under the supervision of the DOE. The qualified and skillful staff of the Ministry will perform the monitoring program. An evaluation of responsibilities and capabilities of organizations to fulfill these responsibilities is provided in Chapter 7 of this Report.
The AWWC however, will have the responsibility for controlling the quality of the discharged effluents in the wastewater collection network. As such, the AWWC will be responsible for ensuring that industries treat their wastewater before discharging it in the collection system or the natural environment.
The rehabilitation of the existing and the construction of both the water network and sewerage throughout the City will have significant impacts on traffic. The Municipality will need to be closely involved in the development of traffic mitigation measures during the implementation of the project.
Monthly monitoring reports will be presented to Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company (AWWC) during the construction and operation phases of the Project. The reports will highlight environmental issues, describe the applied mitigation measures (as proposed in the Environmental Management Plan) and propose corrective actions and improvements.
An overall project coordination committee needs to be established to ensure proper coordination among the different representatives of the diverse ministries and organization involved in the Project.
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3.4 Conclusion
The Islamic Republic of Iran has standards and regulations governing the likely key environmental parameters for this Project - particularly with regard to: * water quality (potable water standards and effluent standards; * air quality; * protection of rare and endangered species and habitats; * noise and vibration; * preservation of cultural heritage.
Iran also has strict policies to protect the environment and to assess significant development projects through the EIA process. These policies have been enshrined with new laws, policies and standards, which compare favorably with international standards.
The only exception is in regard to standards for sludge and surface water where Iran's standards have not yet been established. In this regard, and for the purpose of this EIA the use of WHO and EU standards for sludge and Japanese standards for surface water quality. On the other hand, whenever an existing standard is unclear or outdated or less stringent than those internationally recognized, it is proposed to use the latter.
Since there are many ministries and governmental agencies, which have managing and monitoring responsibilities and prerogatives on the issues raised by the proposed Project, it is recommended to establish an overall project coordination committee to ensure proper coordination among the different representatives of the various players.
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Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report
4 Baseline Environmental Data
4.1 Introduction
In this section the environmental baseline data for the study area of Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project shall be examined under three headings: Physical, Biological, and Socio-Economic. Since the project effects extend beyond the city of Shiraz, the environmental conditions of the outlying area in Shiraz plain shall also be studied. This outlying area is termed the "Area of Influence" and is 120 km long by 15 km wide.
The City of Shiraz, N 290 37' and E 52° 32', with a total area of 220 km2, is located in the Shiraz plain. This plain is surrounded by the Babakoohi, Kaftarak and Posht-e- moleh heights in the north, the Qarebaq (Sabz Pooshan) and Soltan Abad heights in the south, the Derak and Tange Sorkh hills in the west and southwest, and the Maharloo Lake in the east. The location of the project area is shown on figure 2-1 Annex A.
4.2 Physical Environment
4.2.1 Topography
Shiraz plain slopes gently in the eastem and southeastem parts. However, in the northem and westem parts of the city the topography changes and is characterized by steep slopes. The highest point in Shiraz is situated in the northwest of the city reaching an altitude of 1700 m above sea level and the lowest point is in the southeastem sections with a minimum altitude of 1490 m. With regard to Shiraz Plain, it has an average altitude of 1540 m, with a maximum of 3100 m in the west and the minimum of 1400 m on the banks of Maharloo Lake, located 23 km southeast of the city center.
4.2.2 Climate
4.2.2.1 Temperature
Shiraz climate can be described as dry and warm in general, with climate changes to fall, winter, and spring conditions. The average minimum temperature recorded over a twenty-five years period (1975-2000) was 10.44 °C while the average maximum temperature recorded over the same period was 25.27 'C. The Mean average temperature of Shiraz is 18.5 'C.
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The highest temperature recorded in Shiraz was 43.2 'C in July 1997, while the lowest recorded temperature was -9.6 'C in January of 1992. The cold season in Shiraz starts in mid November and lasts until the end of March. The freezing period lasts for an average of 36 days per year. The longest freezing period recorded is 59 days, which took place in 1983.
4.2.2.2 Precipitation
The weather fronts from the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf have an important effect on the winter and spring precipitation of Shiraz. The Mediterranean and the Polar fronts are the main sources of precipitation during winter. The average precipitation in Shiraz is 368.3 mm. Records of rainfall for thirty five years (1966 - 2001), indicate that most of the rainfall occurs from November to the end of March, with 45% of the total precipitation falling between January and February.
4.2.2.3 Relative Humidity
Shiraz has a higher relative humidity than the areas in its vicinity, due to its surrounding mountains, the Maharloo Lake and the gardens in Ghasroldasht (west of the city). The average humidity is 38.67% based on twenty five year records (1975- 200). The maximum humidity recorded is 72% in November of 1992 and January of 1984. The minimum relative humidity of 13% was recorded in July 1979 and 1980. The relative humidity is higher in winter than in summer.
4.2.2.4 Wind
Wind is an important factor because it affects the rate of evaporation and consequently the amount of water. The dominant winds blow from west and northwest. The annual average wind velocity is 13.2 km/br, and the maximum wind speed recorded is 86.4 km/hr in February 1994 and March 1996. The prevailing wind directions are shown in Figure 4-1.
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Figure 4-1: Wind Magnitude and Direction
4.2.2.5 Evaporation
The average annual evaporation rate in Shiraz Meteorological Station is 2284 mm, with a recorded maximum rate of 540.1 mm/month during June 1985 and 1986 and a minimum rate of 138 mm/month recorded during December 1982-83.
4.2.3 Air Quality
Shiraz is one of the seven most polluted cities of Iran. The extension of the pollution generated in the city has covered all the Shiraz Plain. The concentration of industrial institutions in the northwest section of Shiraz and the presence of large industrial plants such as the Cement Factory, vegetable Oil, Dena Tire, communications industries, etc have caused considerable pollution in the city. Moreover, the recent development of residential buildings in areas used to be old gardens and public parks in the western parts have had a compounded adverse effect on air quality.
Vehicles account for 70 to 80 percent of air pollution in Shiraz. It is estimated that some 96,000 cars and 49,000 motorbikes consume up to 749,000 liters (1988 estimate) of petrol a day. This amount of fuel releases 262 tons of carbon monoxide, 47 tons of hydro-carburant, 101 tons of nitrogen dioxide, 10 tons of sulfur dioxide and approximately 1 ton of suspended particles in the atmosphere per day.
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4.2.4 Noise Pollution
The movement of all types of vehicles, the proximity of Shiraz airport to the city and the electricity power plant station in Shiraz are the main sources of noise pollution. The other noise pollution sources are the industries and the urban construction development activities.
4.2.5 Geology
The project area is located on the Zagros fault, where Paleozoic, Mesozoic and the Triassic strata are deposited on top of each other on a single slope. The geological map of Shiraz plain and Khoshk River Watershed is presented in Figure 4-14 of Annex C.
4.2.5.1 The Regional Formations
The order of appearance of the regional formations is: 1- The Sachoon Formation (SA): From a lithological point of view this formation has a very diverse composition and is made up of red marls, white and grey gypsum and yellow dolomites. It dates back to early Eocene period. It is not an appropriate basin for water, and in fact reduces the quality of nearby surface and ground resources, by imparting magnesium carbonate, thus increasing hardness of the water. It extends to the Bamoo and Kaftarak anticlines in the project area. 2- The Jahrom Formation (JA): From a lithological point of view it is composed of dolomite and includes caves, crevices and surface Karens. Due to its thickness, crevices and cracks it has many large water basins and many springs. The wells dug in this formation usually produce good quality water. The formation is spread throughout the region. 3- The Asmari Formation (As): This formation is composed of light to dark brown limestone. It was formed from the Oligocene to early Miocene periods. This limestone formation has crevices, caves and surface karens. Due to its thickness and high permeability, it has many water basins. A considerable number of springs and wells can be observed in this formation, and they produce good quality water. This formation is sporadically dispersed throughout the region. 4- The Razak Formation (Rz): This formation is composed of red to green and grey marls with secondary layers of silt-limes. It dates back to early Miocene. Due to its high permeability, it does not have any water basin and has a negative impact on the quality of surface and ground water resources, caused by imparting very fine particles to the water. This formation is widely spread throughout the area.
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5- The Aghajari Formation (Aj): From a lithological point of view this formation is made up of calcareous sandstone of brown - grey color, gypsum veins, red marl and siltstone. It dates back to the upper Miocene and Paleocene period. This formation cannot hold underground water basin, and through many soluble substances it will impart dissolved solids, and thus have a negative impact on groundwater resources. This formation is widely spread in the project area. 6- The Bakhtiari Formnation (Bk): It is formed from cherty limestone conglomerates, which occur intermittently in sandstones. They are usually hard, compact and folded. This formation is dispersed in the project area. 7- Quaternary deposits: The most recent and most widespread deposits are the Quaternary era deposits, which are either the result of mountain erosions caused by seasonal floods and winds or taking shape.
There are two types of sediments in Shiraz Plain: large grains on the foot of the mountains and the fine granular deposits on the banks of Maharloo Lake. The sediments in the north and northwest are mostly large grains such as sand, gravel and pebbles resulting form the erosion of limestone in the mountains (Asmari Jahrom formations) and conglomerates (the Bakhtiari formation). In the central areas of the Plain the grains are medium sized and consist of sand and gravel and a mixture of clay and silt. In the western and southwestem regions the deposits are mostly fine resulting form the Razak-Aghajari (Fars Group) formations. In the east and southeast and around the Maharloo Lake the sediments become gradually finer, consisting of clay, silt, gypsum and marshland or lake sludge. The thickness of alluvial sediments increases in the southeast and east of the basin reaching to over 300 mm around the Lake.
The geological formations in the project area are of alluvial deposit type dating back to the Quaternary era. They are made up of sand, gravel and silt and have a high potential to contain ground aquifers. As they are of shallow depths, these aquifers are subject to contamination by illicit discharges and subject to salt accumulation, which makes them of inferior quality to the deeper Karstic formation aquifers.
4.2.5.2 Seismology
Fars Province is located an active seismic region of Iran. There are many faults in the region such as the Sarvestan, Rorandeh (northeastem side of the Kohhe Ghare), Kohe Ahmadi, Kohe Kaftarak, Baba Koohi, Kohe Sabz Pooshan and the Chenar Rahdar. Shiraz is part of the seismic region of the Zagros chains, with strong and frequent earthquakes. In the past year alone, Jahroum city, located at 200 km from Shiraz experienced four earthquakes measuring more than 4 on the Richter scale. According to data collected over the past hundred years, the eastern parts of Shiraz are subject to
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Shiraz are subject to more frequent occurrence of earthquakes and are thus considered higher risk zones. Figure 4-2 in Annex C, classifies the areas in Shiraz according to the risk of seismic activity. The nearest fault to the study area is located at a distance of 9 km south of the project area. The second nearest is located at a distance of. 27.5 km to the north of the project area. More than 350 earthquakes of magnitude greater than 4 on the Richter scale have been recorded in Fars province; the most devastating in Shiraz was in 1824 and 1825 causing hundreds of deaths and extensive damage to buildings. The most recent and important earthquakes in the Province are the following:
Lar city, at 330 km to the south east of Shiraz, experienced an earthquake in 1961 which measured 6.1-6.9 on the Richter scale
Ghir city, at 200 km to the south of Shiraz, experienced an earthquake in 1972 which measured 6.9-7.1 on the Richter scale
Zanjiran region, at 100 km to the south of Shiraz, experienced an earthquake in 1994 which measured 6.1 on the Richter scale, and resulted in two deaths and more than 100 injured.
Khohmareh Sorkhi region, south of central Zargos mountains, experienced an earthquake in 1999 which measured 6.5 on the Richter scale, and resulted in twenty two deaths, more than 100 injured, and twenty thousand people displaced.
4.2.5.3 Soil
The soil in Shiraz is made up of sediments, which are composed of materials eroded from the mountains and carried by rivers, floods and irrigation waters deposited in and around the area. Some areas at the foot of the mountains have alternating layers of gravel and soil. Most of the soil profiles are well developed and have brown colour. Lime is quite prominent in Shiraz, but calcareous crystals have also been observed in the southern fields of Shiraz plain. The salt affected soils are located at a distance of 10 km south of Shiraz and extend to the banks of Maharloo Lake in the south east and to the inner limits of the Plain near Soltanabad to the southwest. In most places the land is covered with salt crystals and salt mounds.
Soil composition ranges from clay loam to silty clay, clay, and silty clay loam. Most of the soils are deep and quite suitable for agriculture. Most areas of the Plain are flat or have a very gentle slope. Except for the eastern parts, the soil has a very low salinity and a pH range of 7.3 to 7.9.
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In the low lands of Maharloo Lake, the soil is deep with heavy to very heavy texture with high salinity and alkalinity. Groundwater table is high and due the very high salinity, vegetation is scarce and is limited to plants like Salsola and Salicorina.
Along the banks of Maharloo Lake the presence of Low Humic Gley and accumulation of lime and salt can be attributed to the high to medium humidity levels. Topsoil, which comes under the Histosol classification, can also be observed in the region. Soil in the Shiraz Plain is alluvial, colluvial and brown whereas in the Maharloo region it is saline, saline gypsiperous and sodic.
Soil specifications in the site of Emergency and Lon z Term Wastewater Treatment Plants
The soil around the Emergency Wastewater Treatment Plant has a loamy texture consisting of clay, with average conductivity of 8-16 millimohs/cm. The soil erosion is low due to the gentle slope of the region. Generally the treatment plant's underlying soil is a layer of fine grain soil made up of silt or silty clay. Crops in the area of the emergency WWTP are limited to barely, wheat, alfalfa. The soil properties at the Long Term Wastewater Treatment Plant has better quality soil then the Emergency WWTP in terms of agricultural use, because soil salinity ranges from 3 to 8 millimohs, which is suitable for cultivating beans, corn, and vegetables.
Soil Qualitv
Water from Khoshk River in the downstream eastern reaches of the river is used for irrigation. However, some industries discharge their effluents in the river causing the soil and agricultural products to be contaminated with heavy metals, as clearly proven by the samples of agricultural lands around the Khoshk River. Table 4-1 shows the level of heavy metals (microgram per gram) in the contaminated soils around Khoshk River.
Table 4-1: Heavy Metal Levels in the Soil Around Khoshk River Metal AAmount of heavy metal Standards | ______. (micro gr. /gr.) Zinc 33 50 Nickel 57 40 Iron 383.3 l Lead 13.3 10 Copper 15 20 Silver 4 l Manganese 220 150 Chrome 32.4 100 Cobalt 8.4 l Cadmium 2.57 0.06 Ref. General Department of Environment Province of Fars (1997)
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It can be seen from above table that the soil concentration levels of nickel, lead, manganese and cadmium exceed the permissible levels quoted in the DOE standards.
4.2.6 Water Resources
4.2.6.1 Surface Water Resources
The MaharlooLake
Maharloo Lake is located at a distance of 23 km southeast of Shiraz and oriented parallel to the general direction of Zagros fault (NW-SE). The Lake's largest dimensions occur in the rainy season of December, January, and February; reaching 31 km in length, and 11 km in width. The lake's water is saline with an average salt concentration of 188 g/l in June.
The average depth of the lake is 40 cm and the deepest point when the lake is full is 3 m. Around 1.625 billion m3/year of rainwater enters the Maharloo Lake's aquifer. Out of the 1.625 billion mi3 , the lake receives 40 million m3 from the ground resources and 230 million mi3 from surface resources (a total of 270 million) annually. The seasonal rivers of Khoshk, Soltanabad, Nazarabad, the floodways and the drains in the Sarvestan Plains are the main sources for water replenishment of Maharloo Lake.
Salt formations such as Hormoz, Sachoon and Razak are the main sources of salinity that enter the lake by being dissolved in surface and ground flows. A salt layer of I to 60 cm in thickness can be seen covering the lake bottom. The cations of Mg', Ca', K+ and Na+ and the anions of Cl-, So4-- and HC03- enter the lake through seasonal rivers.
The Lake has an economical significance, since annually around 150 thousand tons of industrial salts are extracted from the Lake's waters. In the past years between 15 to3O thousand tons of edible salt used to be extracted from the lake. However, this is no longer possible due to the lake's contamination by heavy metals (especially iron, lead and cadmium), persistent pesticides used in agriculture and organic matters. In Table 4-2 the average concentration of heavy metals in four samples taken from different areas of Maharloo Lake in 1994 and one sample taken in 1997 is compared with Iranian standards and the International Codex (affiliated to FAO/WHO) for metal content in salts.
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Table 4-2: Average Amount of Heavv Metal in Maharloo Lake (ppm) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IranianInternational Element Sample SampleI I ple Dry salt standards standard 1 2 Sample3 4 1998 on edible Coe 1 2 sample ~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~saltCox Fe_ r 7.53 7.49 7.23 j 7.12 8.4 0.5 0.5 Cu 0.96 0.64 0.61 0.53 0.4 0.5 2 Pb 5.8 |[ 5.57 5.35 5.17 3.4 5 2
As 2.35 2.18 2.1 1.85 _ _0.5 0.5 Cd 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.00 - 0.5 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.00 0.1 Ref. General Department of Environment (1999)
As shown in the table the levels of Fe and Cd in the dry salt sample from the Maharloo Lake exceed the levels required by the prevailing standards.
Currently, all the urban, industrial and agricultural wastewaters from Shiraz are conveyed to the lake by surface and ground waters, causing severe pollution (See Exhibits 3 in Annex G) However considering that the lake's water is highly saline, total and fecal coliforms do not represent a concern. Table 4-3 shows the physical, chemical and biological parameters in the Maharloo Lake obtained from two series of test samples. The first (high water season) concerns the results of sampling from 20 stations in various locations in the Lake in January 1999 and the second (low water season) is the result of sampling from 11 stations in April 1999.
Table 4-3: Analysis of Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters of Maharloo Lake
Parameter Average AverageReak Concentrations, Jan 99 Concentrations, April 99 Remarks Salinity g/ 198 319 EC micromoles/cm 158,500 312,200 pH 6.78 - 7.14 6.6 - 7.18 BOD mg/l 6.8 - 10 4.6 - 10.7 DO mg/l 1.28-2.72 (14)-(30) 3.20-6.4 (35)-(71) 1 Total coliforms 90-46000 4-930 2
M PN/lIOOM L______Fecal coliforms 0-24000 0-230 3 MPN/1OOML N03 mg/l 8.00 - 12.8 7.00 - 87.5 4 Cd (ppm) 0.3 - 0.49 0.23 - 01.156 5 Pb (ppm) 0.56 -0.82 0.22 - 0.49 6 Cr (ppm) 0.30 -0.50 0.11 -0.28 Cu (ppm) 0.2 - 0.38 0.032-0.041 Fe (ppm) 1.03 - 2.35 2.240-3.13 Ni (ppm) 0.32 - 0.40 0.42-0.65 7 Zn (ppm) 0.22 - 0.36 0.20 - 0.63
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Ref General Department of Enviromnent, Province of Fars (1999) 1- Figures in bracket show the ratio of saturation in relation to limit of saturation under normal conditions (9 mg/I) 2 and 3 -The high figures of salinity in Maharloo Lake, which destroys the Coliforms, are recorded at the beginning of the lake (estuary of Khoshk River), gradually decreasing towards the centre. 4- The nitrate level is at its maximum at the estuary of Khoshk River, showing the latter's role in transporting nitrates to the Lake 5,6 and 7- The level of heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Ni is at its maximum during the high season in the central parts of the Lake as well as its northeastern section at the Khoshk River estuary.
The Seasonal Khoshk River
1. The hydrology of Khoshk River The Khoshk River is a 65 km long seasonal river that originates from Ghalat and Kelestan heights (northwest of Shiraz). It passes through the middle of the city, and flows southeastward to the Maharloo Lake. The average flow rate of the river is 52.94 Mm3 per year, of which 26.43 Mm3 is base flow and 26.50 Mm3 is runoff. The river is fed by surface runoff of, the Ghasre Ghomsheh and the Tange Sorkh qanats. The maximum flow occurs in the months of February, March and April and the minimum flow occurs from July to November. The river is seasonal and starts flowing after a medium rainfall. Seasonal and annual discharges are shown in Table 4-4.
Table 4-4: Seasonal variations of Khoshk River Discharge at Baghe Safa Brid e Season Parameter Discharge (m3/sec) Average 2.40 Autumn Maximum 22.90 Minimum 0.00 Average 5.20 Winter Maximum 54.10 Minimum 0.00 Average 4.00 Spring Maximum 37.40 Minimum 0.00 Average 0.40 Summer Maximum 0.50 Minimum 0.40 Average 3.90 Annual Maximum 54.10 Minimum 0.02 Source: Parab Consulting Engineers, 2002
2. The quality of water in Khoshk River The river receives urban runoff and wastewaters from industrial developments, hospitals, educational centers, houses and hotels along its banks. Due to these discharges, the river's
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water quality is highly polluted with contaminants (See exhibits 4 & 5 in Annex G) Quality tests for the river's water confirmed the presence of heavy metals as shown on Table 4-5, which shows the corresponding limits required by FAO standards for irrigation water. The pollution level increases towards the down stream end of the river. Thus the river is a major conduit for conveying pollutants, particularly heavy metals, to Maharloo Lake.
Table 4-5: Level of Heavy Metals in Khoshk River Id FAO guidelines on permitted Paramete 1V series 2nd series concentration of trace elements in r (ppm) (wet season) (dry season) agricultural water
__ _ _ _ ~~~~~A B Cd 0.003 0.003 0.01 0.05 Cr 0.017 0.01 0.1 I Cu 0.004 0.005 0.2 5 Fe 0.484 0.116 5 20 Ni 0.026 0.035 2 2 Pb 0.017 0.016 5 10 Zn 0.009 0.020 2 10 Hg 0.00 0.00
Ref. General Department of Environment Province of Fars (1999) A= Long term use for every soil. B= Waters used for a maximum of 20 years in fine grain soils with a pH value of 6.5 to 8.5
The figures in this table are lower than the limits required by FAO standards for irrigation. Nonetheless, the presence of heavy metals causes concern since it accumulates in soil, plant, and water bodies as can be seen from the test results of Maharloo Lake (Table 4-3).
The results of the chemical and biological analysis of Khoshk River obtained from two series of tests (March 1999 and April 1999) sampled at its estuary are shown in Table 4-6, along with the corresponding concentration limits required by Iranian standards for river water quality.
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Table 4-6: Water Quality Measurements at Khoshk River and Comparison with Relevant Standards. Standards related to Average Average FAO guidelines the conservation of Parameter concentratio concentration, on irrigation the aquaticnlif n, March 99 April 99 water rivers pH 7.45 7.54 6.5 - 8.4 6.5-8.5 DO mg/l - 4.36 (48)* - 2 mg/l or higher BOD mg/l 6.8 38 - 10 mg/l or less COD mg/l 34 173 - Total 5000 or less coliforms 43000 46000 - MPN/l OOML Fecal coliforms 15000 24000 - MPN/1 OOML no restriction <5 17 30 slight to N03- mg/l moderate restriction 5-30 Ref. General Department of Environment, Province of Fars (1999) * Figures in bracket show the ratio of saturation in relation to limit of saturation under normal conditions (9 mg/l)
It is clear from above table, that the BOD, Total Coliform levels exceed the limits set by the Standards. The river water quality also indicates that nitrate levels fall in the slight to moderate restricted irrigation use per FAO Standards.
The quality of Khoshk River water corresponds to class C3SI in Wilcox Diagram, which means that it is suitable for irrigation with regard to SAR and salinity requirements. Figure 4-3 plots the results of tests carried out on Khoshk River samples (April 1999 and March 1999).
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Specific conductance, in uSlcm at 275C 1OO 2 3 4 5 16 7 1000 2 3 4 50O0 30m m fl 7 30 28
24
22
\ \2100 2507602250 20
:518
0 CCC217C
10 Ca I0 I
Low Jwr Medium Highl _ Very high Salinity h,urd Figure 4-3: Wilcox Diagram of Khoshk River
3. Sources of pollution in Khoshk River
Domestic Discharges
Around 148,000 m3 of domestic wastewater is generated daily in Shiraz, which is discharged untreated, either in absorption wells or in the Khoshk and Soltanabad rivers.
IndustrialDischarges
Industries that discharge raw wastewater in the river include 6 poultry slaughterhouses, 4 flour mills, 2 soft drink factories, 5 starch factories, 2 processed meat units, 10 plating units (the most important of which are the electronic industries, the remote commnunications industries, and Siemens communications), 5 pickles and tomato paste factories, the glass wool factory, the Narges Shiraz Vegetable Oil, Dena
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Tires (sanitary wastewater), Golsar Hygienic Products (sanitary wastewater), the Iran Fila Factory, the Alcohol Distilleries, the Rishmak factory and a number of traditional dye factories. The plating industries have been a major contributor of heavy metal discharges to the river, causing water quality degradation and soil contamination. Considerable quantities of chrome, nickel and zinc were being discharged to surface and ground water bodies. (Figure 4-1 lf[Annex C]).
The main pollutants in the Khoshk River and the volume of inflowing wastewater were estimated by DOE and are shown in Table 4-7.
Table 4-7: Pollution Sources and Estimated Discharge Volumes in Khoshk River Type of sources and Wastewater volume wastewater volume Number (m3/day) 1- Industrial units - Food industries 16 2835 - Electrical industries 8 1600 - Chemical industries 3 240 2- Medical and health units 5 995 3- Services 16 1800 4- Residential & educational 23 1800 complexes 17 2900 5- Areas dominating the river - 8400 6- urban runoffs 1500 7- Miscellaneous (transported by 300 tankers) ll Total 19535 Ref. General Department of Environrnent Province of Fars
3 In the past, around 19,000 m of wastewater were discharged daily into the river along its course. At the present a portion of this wastewater is collected by the network and discharged untreated in the canal in Vazirabad region (the current site of Emergency Wastewater Treatment Plant) and conveyed towards Maharloo Lake, causing severe water and soil pollution.
SoltanabadRiver
Soltanabad is a seasonal river, which originates from the Derak Heights (west of Shiraz) at an altitude of 2700 m above sea level. After passing through the western limits of Shiraz Plain, and after receiving the waters of the springs in the Sabzpooshan Mountains, it joins the Shiraz Airport drainage canal and discharges in Maharloo 3 Lake. It has an annual flow rate of 35.77 Mm , of which 22 Mm3 is from base flow and around 13.8 Mm3 is from the surface runoff. The river flows from west to the east and passes through the city's southern limits. It becomes completely polluted when it borders the city conveying only wastewater and
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farm drainage water during the dry seasons. The chemical analysis of samples collected from Soltanabad River taken at Fassa Bridge on two occasions (March 1999 and April 1999) along with the corresponding concentration limits required by Iranian standards for river water quality are shown in Table 4-8.
Table 4-8: Water Quality Measurements at Soltanabad River and Comparison with Relevant Standards.
FAO Standards related Average Average guidelines to the Parameter concentration, concentration, on irrigation conservation of March 99 April 99 water Aquatic Life for water ~~rivers PH 7.48 7.36 6.5-8.4 6.5-8.5 DO mg/l - 5.52 (61)* 2 mg/lor higher BOD mg/I 7.4 6.8 - 10 mg/l or less COD mg/l 75.5 114 _ Total coliforMs 11000 24000 5000 or less MPN/l OOML ______Fecal coliforms 2400 9300 l MPN/ 1OOML no restriction <5 N03- mg/l 7 29.8 slight to moderate restriction 5- 30 Ref. General Department of Environment, Province of Fars (1999) * Figures in bracket show the ratio of saturation in relation to limit of saturation under normal conditions (9 mg/I)
It is clear from above table, that Coliform levels exceed the limits set by the Standards. The river water quality also indicates that nitrate levels fall in the slight to moderate restricted irrigation use per FAO Standards. Table 4-9 shows the level of some heavy metals in the Soltanabad River and the corresponding limits required by FAO standards for irrigation water.
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Table 4-9: Heavv Metals Levels in Soltanabad River
2nd series FAO guidelines on permitted Parameter 1" series concentration of trace elements in (wet season) season) agricultural water _ _ _ _e__ _)A _o_ B Cd 0.002 0.003 0.01 0.05 Cr 0.018 0.002 0.1 Cu 0.002 0.004 0.2 5 Fe 0.464 0.236 5 20 Ni 0.028 0.019 2 2 Pb 0.015 0.012 5 10 Zn 0.010 0.019 2 10
Hg 0.00 0.00 _ Ref. General Department of Environment, Province of Fars (1999) A= Long term use for every soil. B= Waters used for a maximum of 20 years in fine grain soils with pH value of 6.5 to 8.5
The above figures are lower than the limits required by FAO standards but due to the accumulative characteristics of the heavy metals, the use of the river water for irrigation will certainly cause high build up of heavy metal in plants and soils. In 1999, DOE conducted a research to study the effects of heavy metal contamination of water on the Shiraz Plain. The concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, nickel, manganese, cobalt, lead, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium in the plants growing around the Soltanabad River, were measured. The test results indicate that the concentration of manganese in canes was equivalent to 649.18 mg/kg of dried plant, which is above the critical limits of (300-500 mg/kg).
According to the Wilcox Diagram for irrigation, the river's water quality at Fassa Bridge in wet season corresponds to class C4S3, which is unsuitable in terms of SAR and Salinity levels. In the dry season, due to a very high EC value, the water quality is beyond the chart's limits and the water cannot be used in agriculture at all. Figure 4-4 (Wiclox Diagram) below, shows a plot of the result for the sample tested in March 1999 at Fassa Bridge. This point is at the downstream end of the river, and as the plot indicates, Soltanabad water cannot be used in irrigation. However, for the same period of time the water in the upstream part of the river has very good quality, and can be used in unrestricted irrigation.
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Specific Sonduc-ance, in aSten- at 25'C 10XX 2 3 45 6 7 1oo 2 3 .4 5000 3 FF T 1 30 SaL FiA m_m_ 26
20~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~2
a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
LX L _ Mcd ~ . h |V.ry high -
Figure 4-4: Wilcox Diagram of Soltanabad River
TheKor River
The Kor River is geographically located outside the project area, but it is described here since it is a main source of water supply for the project area. 1. Hydrology
Kor River is formned by its two tributaries; one is located in the east and the other one in the North and North West of Doroudzan Dam. The river discharges into Bakhtegan and Tashk Lakes. The River supplies 15 to 20 percent of potable water of Shiraz by the reservoir created at Doroudzan Dam. The dam was built in 1972 on this river at a distance of 100 km from the city. According to the latest data obtained from Fars Regional Water Board, 72,000 m3 of water is transferred daily from this dam to Shiraz (total of 26.2 Mm3 per year) The physical, chemical and biological quality of the water at Doroudzan Dam is suitable for potable water supply (see Table 2-2 in Chapter 2) and all its parameters
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conform to WHO standards during most of the year. It is only during the dry seasons that algae grow in the dam's reservoir increasing the colloids concentration.
Runof
There are no precise studies on the hydrological characteristics of surface runoff in Shiraz Plain. The average rainfall in this Plain is about 378.5 mm per year, and the rate of evaporation and transpiration is estimated to be 53 percent. Therefore, throughout the year around 47 percent either infiltrates the ground or flows as runoff. Studies in the Shiraz indicate that hard surfaces (buildings, pavement, etc.) amount to 15 thousand hectares of surface area. The roads and the rural building areas, estimated at 60 percent of the region's area, are either asphalted or covered by cobblestone of negligible permeability (about 3 percent). For the remaining 40 percent area, a permeability rate of 20 to 30 percent has been estimated.
The average coefficient of permeability of the basin in general is assumed to be 10 percent. Therefore the amount of rainfall (average 378.5 mnm/yr) that infiltrates the ground is estimated to be around 10.6 million m3 per year.
4.2.6.2 Ground Water Resources
Ground water resources in Shiraz include karstic and alluvial aquifer resources. General water flow direction in the plain is from North West to South East. The Plain is replenished by calcareous formations to its north and northwest and is drained at the extreme east at Maharloo Lake. The maximum of the ground water level is 40 m in the northwest of Shiraz and minimum water table depth is 0.5 m in the southeastern areas of the plain. Water table fluctuates with the amount of rainfall, and has an upward trend that is quite apparent in the south and southeastern regions of Shiraz. (Based on data collected from 1971 to 2001).
There are two groundwater aquifer types in Shiraz Plain, both of which are alluvial: Unconfined Aquifer: Shiraz Plain is underlain by an unconfined layer, the depth of which varies between 2 to 50 m.
Confined Aquifer: There are some Artesian wells near Shiraz Airport. The thickness of these artesian aquifers and their hydrodynamic characteristics are not known. The pressure of the aquifer is limited such that during summer the flow is very small. In the raining season the flow from the artesian wells is between 2 to 10 lit/s. Water quality in the artesian aquifers is good and can be used as a drinking water source. Groundwater resources in the study area of the Shiraz Plain include wells, springs and Qantas.
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Wells (deep and semi-deep): There were totally 1062 wells in the region in the year 2001, with an estimated annual discharge rate of 128 million m3. The number of wells and the volume of water drawn from these wells have decreased during 1999 to 2002. This was caused by urbanization, destruction of agricultural fields and consequently elimination of wells. A number of alluvial wells in Shiraz, which were used as potable water supply, are no more used, due to microbial and chemical contamination.
Springs: There are around 20 large and small springs in the region, most of which discharge the water stored in the marginal hard formations. The Karstic formations provide the maximum water supply, some of which provide in excess of 100 lit/s, which is not suitable for drinking purposes. Qanats: The traditional method of supplying potable and agricultural water in Shiraz was through qanats. Nowadays with the progress of drilling technology, deep wells are more commonly used. Water drawn from qanats during the irrigation season is mostly used for agriculture, or discharged in the Khoshk River and Maharloo Lake during winter. According to the data collected in the year 2002, a total of 52 qanats existed in the Shiraz Catchment Basin, of which 42 are operational and 10 are not operational. The Alimoradkhani Qanat and Ghasre Ghomsheh (north west of Shiraz) provide the highest water supply volume at 200 lit/sec. The number of ground resources and their production capacities in the years 1994 and 2001 is summarized in Table 4-10.
Table 4-10: Number and Capacities of Ground Water Resources (well, qanats, springs) = ~~~~~No.icag o. Discharge N . Discharge Discharge of of N.o icag rate of . rate of rate of No. of Discharge deepdep welsemi -dep qanat deedep els depsemi dep . rate of wells (I/s) qanats springsspig 1s weelp wells(l/s) (u/s) spring os 199 426 168 629 52 45 103 19 56 200 435 101 627 27 42 42 20 52
I I______Ref. Parab Fars Consulting Engineers (2002)
The total volume of water discharged to alluvial aquifers in Shiraz Plain is 162.2 Mm3 per year 3 and the total discharge from these aquifers is 143.5 Mm per year. The 18.7 Mm3 surplus is elaborated in Table 4-11.
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Table 4-11: Water Balance of Groundwater Resources in the Project Area Feeding resources (million cubic meters per year) Infiltration Groundwate Rain Losses in Infiltration Grinflouwat from Infiltration iflRation water from industrial from surface Total r inflow infiltration network irrigation and urban runoff ______I_ _ _ _ waters 17.02 10.6 2 1 26.3 84 3.3 162.2
Discharge agents (million cubic meters per year)
Alluvial resources Drains Evaporation from aquifer Drainsl Outflow Total
128.8 10.4 0.13 4.16 143.5
Difference between feeding and discharge 18.7
3 About 14.7 and 7.31 Mm of floodwater per year, reach Khoshk and Soltanabad Rivers respectively. Moreover, around 3.3 Mm3 of water infiltrate to the groundwater resources. The highest infiltration rate of 84 Mm3 per year is from industrial and urban effluents.
Currently Ground water resources constitute the main supply source for domestic demand, industrial, agricultural, and landscaping demand, and only 15 to 20 % of domestic water demand is supplied from surface sources (Doroudzan Dam). The amount of water drawn from ground and surface resources in the project area is shown in Table 4-12.
Table 4-12: Water Demands of Different Sectors and the Sources of Supply Groundwater Surface Consumer sector water Total Well Spring Qanat Damoroudz
Potable 92 18.7 110.7 Industrial 16.1 - - - 16.1 Agriculture and green 66.2 26 24.5 611.7
3 Ref Parab Fars Consulting Eng. 2002. Figures in million m.
As far as quality is concemed the groundwater resources are divided into three groups: * 60 % of wells are classified as of the Sulfate type * 25 % of wells are classified as of the Chloride type * 15 % of wells are classified as of the Bicarbonate type
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In 1996, the DOE commissioned a testing program for 50 selected wells to test for Coliforms and heavy metal concentrations. These results show that all wells tested had water suitable for irrigation except for one well which had high level of copper. However for drinking water use, the concentration of TC and FC as well as some heavy metals exceeded the limits required by the standards for a number of wells. Table 4-13 shows the results of analysis of pollutants of wells in Shiraz Plain.
Table 4-13: H avy Metals and Coliform Measurements in 50 selected Wells Range of DOE No of wells WHO No of wells P m RMeasumeo standards exceeding standards exceeding nts for reuse in irrigation for drinking water nts agriculture standards drinking standards Total coliforms 11010ND3 MPN/IOOM 0-100 1000 N.D 3 L Fecal coliforms 0-467 400 - N.D 3 L Ba ppm 0.042-1.265 1 - 0.7 2 Ag ppm 0-0.027 0.1 - U Cd ppm 0-0.0167 0.05 - 0.003 5 Co ppm 0-0.025 0.05 2 - Cr ppm 0-0.079 1 - 0.05 2 Cu ppm 0-0.422 0.2 - 1 3 Fe ppm 0.011-2.577 3 - 0.3 6 Mn ppm 0-0.547 1 0.1 1 Ni ppm 0-0.99 2 0.02 11 N.D.: Not detected in lOOml sample. U: It is unnecessary to adopt a health based guideline value for these hazardous compounds because they are not to human health at concentrations normally found in drinking water. Ref. Department of Environment (1996)
In summary, well water currently supplies more than 75 % of the total water demand. The quality of the well water in general can be described as hard. Alluvial wells, with depths less than 120 m have high hardness content. Magnesium, sulfates, fluorides, and nitrate content, have exceeded the required limits for a number of wells, which confirms the contamination of these wells by uncontrolled discharge of sewage. Furthermore, tests on some of these wells have shown the presence of fecal Coliforms and heavy metals, thus rendering those wells unsuitable for drinking. As a result of these conditions, 21 out of 37 wells have been decommissioned. The Karstic wells, although have high hardness with some wells not complying with the standards for
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magnesium, sulfates, fluorides, and nitrate, are less prone to contamination due to their depths, and thus can offer a more reliable water supply source than the alluvial wells.
4.3 Biological Environments
In this section the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, the fauna, flora and the protected species and the sensitive habitats in the project area are studied.
4.3.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems
Shiraz Plain and the surrounding mountains including Sabzpoushan Mountains and Bamoo Mountains form a valuable and diverse habitat, which can be categorized as brumal-submontane. Shiraz City is located in the submontane-compestral habitat and due to high rate of evaporation and soil salinity; the area around Maharloo Lake is categorized as anhydrous habitat.
The Bamoo National Park covering an area of 48,075 hectares is located just north of Shiraz.
4.3.1.1 Flora
The vegetation in the project area is divided into three groups:
Wild vegetation: This type of vegetation is found mainly around the city. The complete list is provided in Annex CIV.
Planted vegetation: This type of vegetation is found mostly in gardens of the city, parks, urban green spaces and the green belt around the city, as well as along the large streets. The most important gardens in Shiraz are the Gasrol Dasht Garden covering an area of 1000 hectares and the Chamran Garden, which has an area of 200 hectares. The prominent species in Shiraz gardens are Plane tree, Maple, Poplar, pomegranate, date palm, apple, peach, sour cherry and cherry trees. There are 400 hectares of urban parks and green belts around Shiraz and 650 hectares of urban green spaces and boulevards. The prominent species in these areas are Plane tree, Maple, Angelica, Elm and sour-orange trees.
Agricultural products, are Wheat, Barely, Alfalfa, Beet root, Cotton, Maize and Fallow.
None of the plants (except for the species in the Bamoo National Park as listed in annex C) in the project area are listed in the Red Data Book of Iran as protected species.
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4.3.1.2 Fauna
As a result of urban development and destruction of wildlife habitat, animals have taken refuge in the surrounding mountains and only a few species such as the golden jackal, cape hare, wild boar, etc can be seen around the city.
None of the animals (except for species in the Bamoo National Park as listed in annex C) in the project area are classified as protected by IUCN-2002 (Intemational United Conservation of Nature). It should however be mentioned that the eagle owl (Bufo bufo), the black bellied sand grouse (Pterocles orientatlis), the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and the tawny eagle (Oenandhe isabellina) are among species protected by the Department of Environment of Iran. There are also no species of commercial value in the project area. Furthermore, these species pass through the project area during their migration and are not native of the project area.
4.3.2 Aquatic Ecosystems
* Maharloo Lake
Maharloo Lake is located in a region, covering an area of 20,000 hectares, possessing various springs and extensive grasslands, which are created by the submerged estuary of Khoshk and Soltanabad Rivers. They support various native and migrating birds. The lake and its banks are unique sites in the whole area. At present a major part of the urban and industrial wastewaters are conveyed by the Khoshk and Soltanabad rivers to be discharged into the Lake.
The high salinity of Maharloo Lake has prevented the development of aquatic habitat and no rare or endangered species live in the area; however, the Lake has a large population of Artemia (zooplankton), which has attracted many kinds of waterfowls and migrating birds.
The lake is not only important as an ecosystem, but also offers many economical opportunities, since around 15,000 tons of industrial salts are extracted from its waters annually. During spring time, nature lovers from the area visit the lake for recreational purposes.
The lake has a high saline environment, which affect the flora and fauna. A swamp has been formed at the point where freshwater flows into the lake, facilitating the growth of canebrake and various other plants as well as birds. However, no plants can grow in the eastem regions of the lake, which is devoid of any freshwater flow, and where the rate of evaporation is high resulting in high salinity. Consequently the number of bird habitats is also reduced to a great degree. Therefore the lake is mainly oligotroph (with little nutrient) and the dominant plants around the lake are halophytes.
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Flora in Maharloo Lake
Halophyte species such as Salsola sp., Salicomia europaea, Typha Sp., Phramites australis, Tamanrx Sp., and Carex Sp have been identified in the saline banks of the Maharloo Lake. Other species identified in the saline grounds next to the lake are Spergolaria marina, Polypogon monspeliensis, Saeda Sp, Cressa cretica, Frankenia persica, Frankenia pulverulenta, and Awloropus littoralis.
Fauna in MaharlooLake
Most of the birds living in the Lake belong to the Gruidae, Ralidae and Aratidae families. Other breeding birds belong to the Charadriidae, Sylviidae, Scolopacidae and Anatidae families. Large populations of migrant birds arrive at Maharloo Lake during autumn and winter. The Large area of the lake and its extensive vegetation attract many waterfowls and wading birds. There are more than 126 species of birds including native and migrant species living in the lake. According to the latest DOE statistics there were 30,060 birds in total living in and around the lake. The results of this bird count are presented in [Annex CV]. According to IJCN-2002 classification, the Aquila heliaca and the Falco naumanni are considered among the vulnerable and protected species.
* Other Aquatic Ecosystems
Other aquatic ecosystems consist of seasonal rivers including Khoshk and Soltanabad rivers, as well as the Borom Shoor, Bolbolak, and Nilgoonak springs, which feed the Maharloo Lake. The seasonal rivers of Khoshk and Soltanabad are devoid of biological life. However the majority of the Maharloo Lake's vegetation is found in the northwestern areas where the Khoshk River and Bolbolak and Nilgoonak Springs meet the Lake. Canebrakes can also be found in the Barm Shoor Spring area, which is the breeding ground for other types of birds.
4.3.3 Sensitive Habitats
DOE references identify two sensitive habitats in Shiraz Plain, which are: Maharloo Lake, which is directly affected by the project. Due to its many habitats and ecological value, it is protected by DOE and no hunting is allowed in this region. Moreover since the Lake's characteristics conform to international definitions of a marshland, the Lake is also referred to as a marshland.
Bamoo National Park is also a sensitive habitat in the region, and can be visited during certain parts of the year so as not cause year round disturbance to the natural ecological conditions.
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4.4 Socio-Economic Environment
4.4.1 Population Characteristics
4.4.1.1 Shiraz city * Present population: During the past four decades (1957-1997) the population of Shiraz has increased tenfold, however the average annual rate of increase has declined. The average annual increase rate is now comparable to the national average as shown in Table 4-14 below.
Table 4-14: Population and Growth Rate of Shiraz (1957-1997) Year Population Average annual growth rate 11957 170659 4.69 [1967 269865 4.67 1977 425813 7.14 1987 848289 2.61 1997 1073523
Ref: Feasibility Study 2003 * Population Projections: The population is projected to increase by around 870,000 between 1997 until the end of the project (year 2027), which amounts to 81% increase over 30 years. The annual average growth rate is anticipated to decrease significantly to below 1.5 percent in 25 years time. The population pyramid will be an aging one although the largest age work group will be those in their 30s. The increase in population however, places further pressure on infrastructure needs.
Table 4-15: Population Projection Throughout the Project Life (1997-2 27) Year Growth rate Population Average age l ______(percent) 1997 2.43 1073523 20.37 2002 2.31 1212214 24.8 2007 2.15 1360895 25.3 2012 1.92 1515410 27.7 2017 1.65 1668362 30.1 2022 1.42 1811526 32.2 2027 1944858 34.2 Ref: feasibility Study 2003
* Population density:
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Distribution of population density varies between 4 people/hectare to 421 people/hectare. Based on the Feasibility Study and Shiraz Master Plan, the population density distribution of Shiraz for the years 1997 and 2027 is according to Table 4-16.
Table 4-16: Population Density Distribution in Shiraz Number of Population Population Area Average residents (person) (% (ha) (person per ______h a ) Actual Density Distribution in Yeark.1997?. . ~. <25 95737 9.1 6558 15 25-75 316708 30.1 6751 47 75-150 346616 32.9 3314 105 150-300 245623 23.3 1216 202 >300 48341 4.6 144 335 total 1053025 100 17984 L 59 Projected Density Distribution in Year 2027 . <25 66245 3.4 3903 17 25-75 350574 18 7080 50 75-150 620405 31.9 J 5887 105 150-300 778050 40 3795 205 >300 129587 6.7 356 364 total 1944858 100 21021 93 Ref: feasibility study 2003
Figures 4-5 and 4-6 (Annex C) show the population density distribution in the City of Shiraz in 1997 and 2027.
The population density maps of Shiraz show that in 1997, the very high-density points were in the center of the city and very low-density points were at the east and west. However, the trend of density increase in Shiraz shows that the high-density increase in population will be in the eastern part and medium density increase in the western part. * Immigration:
Immigration statistics and projections for years 1997 to 2027 show that immigration will not have a significant impact on the average growth rate, as shown in Table 4-17. The growth rate can be attributed mostly to natural growth rate.
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Table 4-17: Immigration Projection (1997-2027) in Shiraz year Net immigration Growth rate due to during the Plan immigration °O l 1997-2002 62416 I 2002-2007 64191 _
2007-2012 ,[ 66119 0.92
2012-2017 74713 0.94 2017-2022 84428 0.98
2022-2027 95403 1.01
Ref: feasibility study 2003 * Gender Distribution
According to 1997 statistics, the ratio of men to women is 106 to 100. * Age pyramid of population
The population age pyramid of the year 1997 shows that Shiraz population is young and that the ratio of 10-14 years age groups is higher than all the others as shown in Figure 4-7. This "bulge" in the population age pyramid will continue to be the highest age group as it moves through the time frame of this project such that by 2027 the 40- 44 age group will dominate the pyramid.
AMales 80+ F.emales 75-79 70-74 I 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44
- -35-39 30ZS-34 L 25-29 20-241 . 15-19 10-14 5-9
0-4 2 9 6 3 0 0 3 6 9 (Numbers in 10000)
Figure 4-7: Age Pyraniid (1997) * Literacy situation According to the 1996 census, 89.7% of people over 6 years of age in Shiraz were literate. This means that for every 100 persons, 90 are able to read and write.
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Although about 10% of the population are still illiterate, this literacy rate is acceptable for Iran.The number of students and number of classes is shown in Table 4-1 8.
Table 4-18: Educational Level in Shiraz 2003 Level Number of Students Number of classes Kindergarten 8196 310 Elementary 110775 3728 Junior High school 69029 2065 High school 69954 2317 Total 257954 8420
Ref. The statistic summary of Education Department (2003-2004)
4.4.1.2 Population Characteristics in the Villages Around the Treatment Plant Some of the smaller villages are located in the vicinity of Shiraz treatment plant and will eventually receive water supply and wastewater collection services. The key physical and social conditions of these villages are shown in Table 4-19. These villages are: Aliabad, Gachi, Torkan, Dast-e Khezr, Ghale-Nov,Kooshkak.
Table 4-19: Population Data of Villages around the Treatment Plant
No.of Services Sanitation/health No.of Village Working residential Population and Utilities facilities families population facilities
Islamic Female Male Elect. Water I_Council
Ali Abad Veterinary 168 253 972 23 253 + + +
Gachi Bath, Health 292 369 1,865 15 centre 431 + + +
Torkan - 179 195 909 2 216 + + + Dast-e- Bath 426 454 Khezr 2,458 15 584 + + +
Ghale No - 76 96 393 3 97 + + + Health centre, Kooshkak doctor, medical 89 115 526 0 118 + + assistant
Ref: General Census, 1996
It should be stated that none of the villages have a central gas utility system
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4.4.2 Social- Cultural
A variety of ethnic groups live in Fars Province including Arians, Arabs, and Turks. The Province has a long cultural history, reflected in its architecture and social structure. Key factors in the social environment are discussed below. * Religion:
Generally, religion is one of the most significant factors shaping the cultural and social characteristics of people. Table 4-20 below, shows the distribution of religious groups in Shiraz. Religious belief is an important part of the culture and is reflected in the people's behavior. For instance, many Muslims, particularly the middle aged and the elderly, consume large volumes of water for hygiene and ablutions according to religious practice.
Table 4-20: Relative Distribution of Religious Groups in Shiraz Religion Shiraz city Urban Suburb Muslim 99.06 98.89 99.7 Zoroastrian 0.065 0.04 0.025 Jewish 0.33 0.330 Christian 0.02 0.02 Others J 0.43 0.25 0.18 Ref: 1997 Census * Language
The majority of people speak Farsi but there are some other dialects, given the ethnic composition. Other languages such as Turkish, Lori, Arabic, Hebrew, Armenian and Assyrian are also spoken.
4.4.3 Employment Situation
The distribution of employed people in different economic activities is an important indicator of the economic conditions of any city. Table 4-21 gives a general picture of employment in Shiraz City.
The ratio of people employed in Shiraz city is higher than other urban regions of the province and Township (in all major economic groups but with some exceptions). In 1997 the lowest percentage of employment in Shiraz belonged to the mining category and the highest to the social and individual service. Hotels, industry and construction categories rank lower in decreasing order.
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Table 4-21: Employment Level in Major Economic Activities (1997) Shiraz Number of People Percentage Employed Farning, Forest, hunting, 5000 2 fishing Mine exploration 2433 1 Industr 32870 13.1 Electricity, gas, water 4972 2 Construction 31714 12.7 Restaurant and hotel 50697 l 20.2 Communication, transportation, 27058 10.8 warehouses Financial services and insurance 3851 1.5 Social and individual services 87111 34.8 Unidentified and unclear 4932 2 Total 250638 100 Ref: 1997 Census
Table 4-22 shows the distribution of employed people with ten or more years of experience in major groups of economic activity over the past three decade of 1997, 1987 and 1997. According to this table, Shiraz is maintaining a service sector economy. In 1997 more than 69.2% of people were working in the service sector for more than ten years compared to the national average of 46.3%.
Table 4-22: Distribution of Employment in Different Economic Sectors in Shiraz Year Economic Sectors Aericulture Industry Service 1977 2.6 28.7 68.7 1987 2.3 25.1 72.6 11 1997 2 28.8 69.2 l Ref: Iran comprehensive census 1976-1986-1996
The employment state of Shiraz in year 1997 is shown in Table 4-23 according to gender for the age group ten years or older. The table shows that within this age group, 30.2 % are employed, 3.2% are unemployed, 30.2% are students, and 27.7% are housewives. The rest has an income without a job or can be categorized in other groups.
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Table 4-23: Employment State in Shiraz year 1997 Female Male Male and female Employment Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number State 100.0 403164 i 100.0 427448 100.0 830612 Total 8.1 | 32610 57.3 244626 33.4 N. -______I______277236 Active .______population 7.0 i 28097 52.1 222541 30.2 250638 Employed 1.1 4513 5.2 22085 3.2 26598 Unemploed Inactive 91.0 366689 41.3 176788 65.4 543477 population
30.6 123578 29.8 127279 j 30.2 250857 Student 56.6 228132 0.5 2281 27.7 230413 Housewife 1.4 5488 5.9 25230 3.7 30718 wIthoutmob 2.4 9491 5.1 21998 3.8 31489 Others 0.9 3865 1.4 6034 1.2 9899 undeclared Ref. Feasibility Study 2003
4.4.4 Health
Environmental health is closely related to water quality, hygiene and sanitation as well as the state of the water and wastewater infrastructure in urban areas. As part of the over-all programme for the water supply and wastewater treatment projects in six cities of Iran, including Shiraz, investigations into water related health issues were undertaken by the World Bank in 2002. The objectives of the Word Bank's environmental health study were twofold:
* To take stock of available statistics and existing literature on water related diseases in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and;
* To establish a baseline with regard to direct and indirect water-related diseases that would help monitor progress and measure the outcome during and after the implementation of the water supply and sanitation project.
These objectives were realized using a combination of desktop research and interviews with relevant government officials.
The study focused on the cluster of diseases traditionally associated with water-borne infections such as Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Cholera, Intestinal helianthus, Gastroenteritis, Infectious hepatitis A and B, and eye and skin infections. Also Malaria, Filariasis, and other vectors, prevalent in certain cities, were also investigated as they can also cause water-born diseases. Moreover, reproductive disorders, cancers, nervous system damage and liver damage could be caused by the presence of high levels of nitrates, nitrites, pesticides, chlorinated solvents and heavy metals such as lead in drinking water.
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Water borne diseases in Shiraz: A water distribution and treatment network was built in Shiraz 50 years ago, supplying the inhabitants with safe potable water. However, due to a high groundwater table and numerous pipe breakages in the aged network, the risk of water contamination constitutes a serious problem. According to health official statements, most of the infectious diseases are treated without need for hospitalisation. Table 4-24 shows the numbers and types of water bome diseases recorded in Shiraz in 2001.
Table 4-24: Water Borne Diseases 2001 Item Unit Shiraz Diarrhea Number NA Amoebiasis Number 165 Shigellosis Number 451 Fascioliasis Number NA Typhoid Number 28 Cholera Number 0 Eye infection (conjunctivitis) Number l Hepatit A Number 672 Other type of Diarrha Number 1500 Ref: World Bank Study, 2003 Table 4-25 shows the average cost of diarrhoeal and in Dysentery treatment in Shiraz.
Table 4-25: Average Cost of Diarrhoeal and in Dysentery Treatment in Shiraz Cit= Intervention Rials Private out-patient 40000 Public out-patient 30000 Public In-patient 350000 Pharmacy 10000 Ref. World Bank report 2003
Apart from the issues addressed by the 2002 World Bank Study, there is also concern with the impact associated with the contamination of the key food products such as bread. Recent investigations show that high levels of lead were found in bread, however the source of the contamination could not be identified, although three possibilities were determined and considered: water, salt (from Maharloo Lake) and flour. * Medical Facilities
Shiraz has 23 hospitals, 7 clinics, 3 polyclinics, 4 health centres, 4 medical centres and laboratories, 16 physical therapy clinics, 34 radiology centres and 88 independent drugstores.
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The number of hospitals and health centres and the related number of beds in Fars province and Shiraz Township are presented in Table 4-26.
Table 4-26: Number of Hospitals and Beds in Shiraz in 2000 Patients/hospital or Description bed Shiraz Township l___ Township Population __1,214,511 No. 63,921 19 Hospitals Beds 438 2,773 Matemity wards No. 607,255 2 Beds 5,190 234 ENT Hospitals No. 303,628 4 Beds 7,361 165 Pediatric Hospitals No. 607,255 2 Beds 8,865 137 Psychological No. 404,837 3 asylums Beds 1,813 670 Others No. 1,214,511 1 Beds 23,356 52 Total No 39,178 31 Beds 301 4,031 Ref. Statistical Book of Fars province in 2000, Management and Planning Organization Iran, Fars Province
4.4.5 Land Use
The study of land use in the project area addressed two different zones:
1-Urban Land (In this project comprises Shiraz)
2-Farming Land (In this project comprises the lands around the long-term and emergency wastewater treatment plants)
The land use conditions of the City of Shiraz were considered in the Feasibility Study. These studies focused on the possibilities of future urban expansions, and on analyzing the existing land uses such as business, industries, military, green spaces, roads and housing.
The land use around the long-term, and emergency treatment plants was studied, and the farming situation was investigated.
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4.4.5.1 Land Use of Shiraz * City boundaries:
North: The Babakoohi Mountain is located in the north of Shiraz Plain. There has been no urban development in this direction. The agricultural lands around Kaftarak road can possibly be used in the short-term for service and residential needs. East: The existence of Maharloo Lake in the east is a limiting factor for development. Also, the high water table in some areas can hinder the development in this region. West: Qasroddasht Gardens, Qalat and Derak mountains are located in this part. Shiraz municipality, has restricted the development in this area to protect the environment.
South: In this area, the plain stretches from southeast to southwest and continues to reach the foot of mountains, beyond which the town of Bonab is located. The largest areas for development are located in this region.
Different Land Uses in Shiraz.
* Commercial regions:
In Shiraz no special zones are designated for service or commercial uses. The majority of these centers are dispersed throughout the city, especially in the old quarters. New local commercial centers have been established to meet the demands of surrounding communities. * Industrial regions:
A number of industrial facilities are located within the project area of influence including food, electronics, weaving, metal and wood industries. Among these industries only five facilities are located within the project area and could be connected to the wastewater network if their industrial discharges are pre-treated. These industries include: two food industries, one electronic industry, one rubber industry and one medical industry. The total volume of wastewater produced by these industrial facilities is around 2,160 m3/day. Out of these five industrial facilities, the edible oil facility has a pretreatment provision for its effluent comprising of grease trap and the tire manufacturing facility has a neutralization system to treat its effluent prior to disposal to the sewage collection system.
There are numerous small and light industries around the city boundaries. According to the Master Plan of Shiraz city (1990), an industrial zone, covering an area of 240
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hectares, has been allocated in the south and southwest of the city for the establishment of factories and light industrial units. * Military Regions:
According to the Shiraz Master Plan, the police and military barracks occupy an area of around 320 hectares. There is a plan to relocate these facilities outside the city limits. * Green spaces:
According to statistical studies of 1993, Shiraz has 19 public parks covering an area of 98 ha. The main parks in Shiraz are: The Khold-e Barin Park, the Fanfare and the Azadi Park. * Roads and pavements:
Due to the population density and the concentration of business and government centers, the existing transportation network in the central area and the old section of the city is not adequate and traffic here is very congested. Naturally the implementation of any development plan in this area would be very difficult. The roads and streets outside this area are in better condition with easier traffic flow. There are 465 km of roads in Shiraz, of which 234 km are access roads, 83 km are grade 2 streets, 125 km are grade 1 streets, and 24 km are highways.
4.4.5.2 Agricultural Activities * The Emergency Treatment Plant:
The Emergency Plant is located near Torkan village southeast of Shiraz. The villages of Kooshkak, Mah-e Firoozan, Eqbalabad, Morghan, Dast-e Khezr, Abounasr, Torkan, Sharifabad and Kharchool are located adjacent to the outfall route from the Emergency Treatment Plant to Maharloo Lake and along the downstream streches of Khoshk River. The villages use the river water to irrigate their farms (Figure 4- 13[Annex C]). Table 4-27 show agricultural lands that are irrigated with the river water. A typical farmland can be seen in exhibits 6 and 7 in Annex G. Shallow wells are also used in farming, 3 it is estimated that about 1 m /sec of water is pumped from shallow wells, for this purpose.
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Table 4-27: Agricultural Data in Villages adjacent to the Emergency Plant in 1990 (hectares) Name of Total Vegetables and Vegetables Potato Wheat Barley Village cultivated other crops and V area irrigated by summer ______11______Khoshk River crops Kooshkak 134 10 12 12 30 80 Mah Firoozan 80 25 10 20 40 10 Eqbalabad 130 10 20 10 100 Morghan 65 10 20 20 25 Daste Khezr 215 40 100 100 15 Aboonasr 140 30 60 60 20 Torkan 110 30 30 30 50 Sharif Abad 70 5 10 1 0 40 10 Kharchool 166 10 20 40 100 6 Total 1110 170 282 302 420 106 Ref. Department of Environment, Fars Province 1997
From the total arable lands, about 282 hectares are irrigated with groundwater and 170 hectares by pumping water directly from the river. Consumptive use of major crops is shown in Table 4-28. In this table the overall efficiency of irrigation is considered as 50% (Application efficiency x Conveyance efficiency = Overall efficiency). Table 4-28: Consumptive Use of Major Crops in Shiraz Valley Crop Net consumptive P______use Gross Water Requirement - mm rn/ha (Overall efficiency of 50%) Wheat 700 7000 14000 Barley 650 6500 13000 Alfalfa | 1300 13000 26000 Beets 1200 12000 24000 Cotton T 800 8000 16000 Corn 850 8500 17000 * Long-term treatment plant:
The location of long-term plant is in Ghare-Bagh Plain. Land use around this plant includes agriculture, industry, and animal husbandry. The Industrial zone of Shiraz and the Special Electronic Zone are located in this area. The agricultural conditions of the villages in this plain is shown in Table 4-29.
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Table 4-29: Farmng Condition in Gharebagh Total Irrigated Dry Village Arable farms farnming Water supply Crops . land . .. Eslamloo 680 650 30 Spring and Rice, wheat, summer I drainage crops Joestan 1090 584 506 Raw wastewater Wheat, barley, alfalfa, and well fruits, Jamalabad 250 200 50 Wheat, barley, alfalfa, summer crops and grape Hasanabad 58 58 - Semi-deep well Rice, wheat, barley, summer crops Doodman 145 45 100
Soltan Abad 470 300 170 Well and wastewater Vegetables, barley (dry) Well Sanjanak 254 and Wheat, maize, barley, 239 15 drainage grape, summer crops, drainae .vegetables Shapoorjan 295 295 - Deep .______well Rice, wheat, maize, ______Barley, alfalfa, broad been Qarebagh Ali 836 441 395 Raw wastewater Maize, barley A bad ______(dry) ______Kadooni 103 93 10 Well and Wheat, summer crops, aqueduct maize Kofn 128 120 8 Spring .______and well Wheat, barley, summer ______crops, alfalfa Kooshk bidak 481 476 5 Semi-deep and Water planted wheat, deep well summer crops, vegetables Kianabad 410 Wheat, tomato, maize, 410 - Deep well summer crops
Gachi 590 120 470 Barley (dry)
Zafar abad 615 567 50 Well Wheat, vegetables
Kooshke 550 350 200 k h alil ______Mahmoodabad Wheat, rice, alfalfa, broad 310 220 90 Well been
Total 7267 5168 2099
Main crops in this region include wheat, barley and maize, which are produced to cater for the high market demands of the city. Twenty seven percent of the farmers practice dry fanning since water is not enough for irrigation.
4.4.6 Infrastructure Services Governmental departments offer services for fire fighting, civil defense, abattoirs, cemeteries, mortuaries, waste collection and baths.
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* Energy 1. Heating The energy needed for heating in houses, industries etc. is generated using electricity, gas and kerosene. 2. Electricity Power plants in Shiraz, Pole Fassa, and the Do-Gonbadan Plants are connected to the national grid and supply the electricity needs of Shiraz. In 1993 there were 222,590 connections in Shiraz, of which 184,707 were of the household types. 3. Gas Currently a major section of Shiraz and its suburbs are covered by the natural gas supply network, while works continue to expand and complete the gas pipelines. The total number of connections in the year 2001 amounted to 157,291.
* Water Supply, Sewage collection and Treatment The existing services for these infrastructure facilities were discussed at length in Chapter 2.
* Fire Fighting and Civil Defense
There are 9 fire Fighting stations in the city. The Fire Brigade Headquarters is situated in Golestan Boulevard. This organization has 27 fire engines and 300 firemen. Under normal conditions all the engines pump their water from the urban water network. However, in case of a fire, they use the closest fire hydrant, pool or stream in the city to refill their tanks.
Most fire hydrants in the central parts of the city were installed simultaneously with the early stages of constructing the water distribution network. There are 45 hydrants connected to the existing water supply networks.
Fire stations do not own a special well and use the deep wells belonging to the Water and Wastewater Company and the Municipality. In recent years an average of 4 to 6 fire cases were reported daily throughout the city.
* Abattoir
Shiraz city has an abattoir on the Airport Road, covering an area of 46,000 mi2 . There are also three private slaughterhouses. The main abattoir has adequate health facilities and a wastewater treatment plant. However, factors such as high groundwater levels, infiltration to the treatment units, and the improper use of these facilities have affected
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the efficiency of the plant. The Abattoir's solid wastes are discharged in the sanitary landfill of the city.
* Cemetery and the Mortuary
Shiraz city has a large cemetery (Darorrahme) with an area of 37 hectares. There are also 14 other graveyards and 4 cemeteries for the religious minorities. The total area of the land occupied by closed and operating cemeteries is about 54,000 mi2 . The water demands of mortuaries for ceremonial washing and the Martyrs' Plot is supplied from the water distribution network. But the water needed for green space is provided from wells. There is a shortage of water during summer seasons for irrigation purposes.
* Collection of Municipal Solid Wastes
According to the information obtained from the Recycling Office of Shiraz Municipality, 750 tons of solid waste are generated daily in Shiraz, which are collected at two main waste collection centers and then transported to Barmshoor area on Fasa road with appropriate vehicles.
Ten percent of the total waste is collected through a mechanized system, 78% through a semi-mechanized and 12% through a traditional system. The new landfill in Barmshoor area (Fasa road) covers an area of about 40 hectares at a distance of 50 km from Shiaz and 15 km from the airport. The nearest population center and niver are at a distance of 5 and 6 km respectively from the landfill. Operations at the landfill comprise of waste spreading, compaction, and application of covering material. The landfill is provided with a methane gas collection system; however no leachate collection system is available.
* Public Baths and Toilets
According to the 1998 census about 95% of the total residential units are equipped with bathrooms. However, Shiraz has 22 public baths, used traditionally for personal hygiene.
Previously most of this public baths had their own wells for water supply, but they are now connected to the urban water supply network.
The wastewater from these bathrooms is usually disposed through special vehicles conveying the refuse to rivers or absorption wells.
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4.4.7 Tourism
Shiraz is a national and international tourist centre. In addition to the fair climate of the area, historical, cultural, religious points of interest, and unique natural scenery attract many visitors to the city.
* Tourist Agencies
The yearly number of tour operators in Shiraz is shown in Table 4-30. Table 4-30: Tour Agencies in Shiraz and Number of Tourists (1986 - 1999) Description Number of licensed No. of tourists Year agencies with guides Iranian Foreign Total 1986 3 1850 5800 7650 1987 3 1700 5600 7300 1988 3 1650 6900 8550 1989 3 1950 6400 8350 1990 3 2050 7500 9550 1991 3 1460 8900 10360 1992 3 1930 9800 11720 1993 3 3300 10300 11360 1994 3 3450 10500 13950 1995 3 3450 12500 15950 I 1999 7 3038 15918 18956 Ref The Fars Province Master Plan on Tourism (2000)
According to The Fars Province Master Plan for Tourism, 7,650 tourists including 1,850 Iranian tourists and 5,800 foreigners visited Shiraz in 1987. In this year the average number of tourists in any tour was about 36 persons.
In 1996 about 15,950 tourists visited the city. They are comprised of 3,450 Iranian tourists (21.6%) and 12,500 foreign tourists (78.4%). In this year, the average number of tourists in any tour decreased to 15 persons. At present a comprehensive plan for promotion of tourism is being carried out in Shiraz.
* Accommodation
An important component of tourism is the standard of tourism accommodation including guesthouses and hotels. These should have standard hygienic, safety and comfort facilities. The extent of tourist accommodation and the existing guesthouses in Shiraz are shown in Table 4-31, and Table 4-32 respectively.
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Table 4-31: Number of Hotels and Guests in Shiraz (1987 - 1995 - 1999) No. of hotels No. of beds No. of rooms No. of guests 1987 N 1995 - 1999 1987 19 999 1987 1995 19991 1987 1995 1999- 13 16 1 18 1,537 11,945 12,247 715 884 998 7,325 22,070 3,700 Ref The Fars Province Master Plan on Tourism (2000)
Table 4-32: Number of Rooms and Guests in Shiraz Guesthouses Description No. of No. of No. of beds Net change in guest_ouses rooms Facilities ]
Year 1992 2000 1992 2000 1992 12000 guesthouseIroom[Ibed Shiraz 147 137 3298 |3,016 9,480 | 8,536 -6.8 | -8.6- |10 Ref The Fars Province Master Plan on Tourism (2000)
4.4.8 Cultural Heritage
Shiraz City was founded during the Achaemenian Dynasty (2500 years ago). The City has significant historical and cultural sites, and offers many attractions to tourists. These sites are mostly located in the old quarters and are shown on Drawing No. SWWS-IR_42, in Annex C. A listing of the cultural heritage places is presented below.
Shrines:
Shahecheragh (5 th century) the most important place for pilgrims, located in Shahecheragh Square (See Exhibit 8 and 9)
Seyyed Mir Mohammad Shrine
Astaneh Tomb: From Safavid era located in Astaneh square
Ali-ebn-e Hamze: From Azododdole era, located in Isfahan gate
Emamzadeh Ebrahim: Located in Lab-e Ab neighborhood in Sibooyeh boulevard.
Seyyed tajeddin gharib Shrine: Located near Kazeroon gate
Bibidokhtaran Shrine: Located in Mishe clock area.
HistoricalMosques:
Masjed Jame Atiq (Friday mosque) (3rd century): The oldest mosque in Shiraz
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Nour mosque: (Shohada) (7th century): One of the largest and the most beautiful mosques of Iran to the west of Shahecheragh
Nasirolmolk Mosque (1305 H.): In Lotf Ali Khane Zand Street (Near Go'd Araban Neighborhood)
Moshir Mosque (1289 H): Located on the old Qa'ani Street
Hoseinie Moshir: Located on Qa'ani Street
Shiraz HistoricalSchools.
Agha Baba Khan School (1240): Located on Karimkhane Zand Street
Khan School (1204): Located on Ahmadi Junction
Qavam School: Located on Lotf Ali Khane Zand Street
Hakim School: Located on Ahmadi Street
Nezamie School: Located on Ahmadi Street (Lab-e Ab neighborhood)
Moqimieh School: Located East of Shahecheragh
Mausoleums.
Sa'di (1331) a famous 7th century poet: The mausoleum is located in the north of Shiraz (See exhibit 10
Hafez (1316) a world famous 8th century poet. The mausoleum is located in the north of Shiraz
Khajoo-ye Kerami (1315) one of the famous Sufis of 7 th century. The mausoleum is located in the north of Shiraz and near the gate.
Vakil Buildings:
These historical monuments are in the heart of the city (Lotfali khan-e Zand street, Municipality Square). Teh area was developed during Karim Khan-e Zand's reign (1163 to 11 93Hijjra) and is called the "Zandieh Ditch".
Some of these buildings have been destroyed, however the remaining ones are:
-Karimkhan's Citadel
-Vakil Bazaar
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-Vakil Bathhouse
-Divankhaneh building
-Pars Museum and Nazar garden
-The "Haft Tan Tekich" (Graves of seven anonymous Sufis now turned into a museum)
-The "Chehel Tan Tekieh" (Graves of fourty persons of religious importance)
-Isfahan Gate Bridge.
Famous Gardens:
The Eram Garden: Northwest of Shiraz and one of the most famous gardens of Iran
The Delgosha Garden: Northeast of Shiraz
The Afifabad Garden: West of Shiraz
The Khalili Garden: Centre of the city
The Jahannama Garden: Next to Hafezie
The perimeters of the above mentioned ditch is now limited to Takhti and Ferdowsi streets in the north, to Sibooyeh Boulevard in the south, to Sa'di and Tohid streets in the west and Sa'di gate and Khatoon square in the east.
Other HistoricalMonuments:
The Quran portal or the Quran Gate: North of the city
Babakoohi in the northern mountain of Shiraz
The Narenjestan Qavam (Qavam Orange Grove) in Lotfalikhan-e Zand Street
The Abounasr Castle at 8km from the east of the city
Gahvare Did in the northern mountain of Shiraz
Morteza Ali's well on Chehelmaqam Mountain
All of these historical places are protected by law. In the present project, potential effects on these places are fully considered and these monuments will not sustain any
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damages. Recently the Council for Protection and Restoration of Cultural and Historical Monuments in Shiraz was formed with representatives from the Ministry of Housing and Urbanization, the Municipality, the Cultural Heritage Organization, the Faculty of Engineering of Shiraz University and the city's Islamic Council.
4.4.9 Planned Developments
The most important development plans in Shiraz are:
Plan for Management of Khoshk River:
The objective of the Plan is to develop flood control facilities and improve the aesthetic state of the river's surroundings. These are achieved through the construction of a dam to control floodwater, sedimentation and pollution in the River and to maintain a continuous flow, thereby creating a suitable environment for leisure activities.
Plan for the development of Maharloo Lake Surroundings:
The purpose of the plan is to attract tourists by constructing different recreational facilities on the banks of Maharloo Lake. To this end, the pollution sources will be identified and controlled. After which, an appropriate leisure infrastructure will be set up, and the natural landscape improved. Finally a study of the flora and fauna will be undertaken to preserve the natural ecosystem.
Urban Subway System:
The aim of this plan is to solve the structural and operational problems of the current transportation system, due to the increased air pollution by developing and operating an urban train network.
This project involves the construction of 28.5 km of deep, semi-deep and surface rail tracts (Figure 4-10 [Annex C]). The deep tunnels will not interfere with other urban infrastructure, but the semi-deep tunnels and the surface tracts will undoubtedly affect many urban facilities.
The Gharebagh Water Transfer Plan:
This project will irrigate an area of 21,000 hectares located 15 km south of Shiraz, by supplying agricultural water to the villages of Jarsaghan, Aliabad, Gachi, thus a total of 1120 families and 206 farmers will benefit from the plan. The objective of the Plan is to guarantee a sustainable supply of water for
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agricultural development, improve water transmission efficiency, to create employment, and to prevent migration to cities.
The Water Supplv Plan to Sarvestan Plain:
The Plan involves the supply of 95 million m3 of water from ground resources and 48 million m3 from surface resources of Khoshk and Chenar Rivers. Eventually 143 3 million m of water will be transferred to the Sarvestan Plain to irrigate 17,000 ha of agricultural fields and to improve the quality and replenish the water resources in this area.
The Shiraz Industrial Zones:
Shiraz has three industrial towns called the Large Industrial Town of Shiraz, the Ab Barik Industrial town and the Special Electronic Zone. Covering an area of 1134 hectares (including the expansion plan), the large Industrial Town of Shiraz is situated to the southeast of Shiraz and at an approximate distance of 15 km from the city. It is accessed by the Pole Fassa bypass road. It has a capacity to accommodate 1000 industrial units; currently 113 units have been built and only 99 are operational. These include food industries, electrical and electronic units, textile, non-metal and metal mineral industries, wood and cellulose, chemical, pharmaceutical and hygienic products, small industries, service companies, warehouses and workshops. An independent wastewater collection and treatment system has been planned for this industrial town, and so far the collection works are 90% complete, whereas construction of the treatment plant have just started.
The Ab Barik Industrial Town, located outside the project area covers an area of 32 hectares and is located at a distance of 26 km from Shiraz along the Shiraz - Marvdasht Road. It has a capacity to accommodate 100 industrial unit, of which 78 are in place and 62 are operational. The industrial activities here are quite diverse and resemble those in the Large Industrial Town of Shiraz. This industrial Town has an operating wastewater collection and treatment system.
The Special Electronic Zone is along the course of the Main Shiraz - Fassa Road and at a distance of 4 km from Shiraz. It covers an area of 1000 hectares, of which 300 are considered for development during the first phase. It can accommodate over 860 industrial units, but it is so far devoid of any industries. An independent wastewater collection and treatment system has been included in the design of the Zone.
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The Animal Husbandry Complex:
The objective of the Plan is to resettle all the animal farms in an area outside the city limits and to improve their efficiency.
4.4.10 Townscape
Shiraz has the following townscape:
Old citv structure:
This is the historical core of the city covering an area of about 350 hectares .It has a very compact urban structure and its buildings are old. It is a very important part of the city where the historical monuments and important trading centers are concentrated. It therefore has a high population density.
Central region:
This region has a significant number of high-rise buildings constructed along the access roads, which are not sufficient to cope with the demand on housing. Some of the buildings are 40 years old.
Southern part of the city:
This is the poor neighborhood of the city, where the properties are small and population density is high. In the Urban Master Plan (1990), this region was selected as the first priority area for urban development.
North and northwest:
This region has a low population density due to Qasroldasht gardens and larger properties and houses, clearly reflecting the higher income groups living in this area. The Urban Master Plan (1990) considered the continuous expansion of the city from the western side as impossible due to the existence of mountains, the lack of suitable land for construction, and the presence of Bamoo National Park.
However, slow development of the city in this region could be possible through the development of suburban towns of Golestan and Shahid Beheshti.
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East and Southeast:
People in this area are considered to be in the middle and poor income groups. The area has a high density of low-rise buildings. The population density varies from medium to dense. Shiraz Airport is also located in this area. Both the long-term and the emergency treatment plants are located in this area.
Building heights:
Seventy one percent of the buildings in Shiraz are one-storey buildings, 22% are two storey, while 5.6% are three storey or more.
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Shiraz Water Supply and Wastewater Project Environmental Assessment Report
5 Potential Environmental Impacts
In this chapter, the potential environmental impacts of the various components of the Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project on the physical, biological, socio- economic environment will be identified and evaluated.
5.1 Impacts on the Geophysical Environment
5.1.1 Changes of Land Use
Change of land use is a permanent effect, occurring at the Construction phase of the project. The various component of the project will not cause changes in land use in view of the following:
* Water supply lines and sewers will be constructed in publicly owned property.
* The sites of the two wastewater treatment plants are already acquired, and no additional land for future extension is required. The Emergency Wastewater Treatment site, 75 hectares in area, is currently being developed in an agricultural area which is compatible with wastewater treatment works and will benefit from the reuse potential of the treated effluent and treated sludge. Similarly, the Long Term Wastewater Treatment plot of land, originally belonging to an organization affiliated with the government, occupies an area of 80 hectares that is currently barren, and situated in an agricultural area.
* The remaining components of the project comprising of water storage tanks, pumping stations, and pressure relief valves will be constructed on approximately 80 hectares that belong to the Natural Resource Department and currently serving no specific use.
5.1.2 Relocation of People
The project will not require relocation of people or demolition of property. As stated in the preceding paragraph, the sewers, water supply lines, water tanks, and pressure reducing valves will be constructed on publicly owned property. As for the Wastewater treatment plants, they will be located outside the city of Shiraz. The nearest residential area to the Emergency Wastewater Treatment Plant is Torkan village, located some 2 to 3 km away, whereas the nearest residential area to the Long Term Wastewater Treatment is located 3 km away. Therefore sufficient buffer distance is available to mitigate potential odor and noise impacts arising from the
5-1 Shiraz Water Supply and Wastewater Project Environmental Assessment Report operation of these treatment facilities. Therefore no relocation of the residents would be envisaged.
5.1.3 Disturbance During construction
These impacts will occur during the construction period of the various project components, and will be more significant during the laying out of sewers, and water supply lines, in view of the networks' location and coverage within the city. These negative impacts will be short term and affect different people at different times and will cause the following disturbances:
* Restriction on access to buildings
* Noise due to excavation
* Possible effects of vibration on the historical buildings of Shiraz
* Closure of roads or partial closure of roads causing increased traffic and congestion
* Longer journey times and diversions for commuters and pedestrians
* Dust from construction activities and
* Movement of construction traffic.
For the residents of the streets where sewers and transmission mains are being laid, these impacts can be quite disturbing, but will be felt for a short period of time.
The impacts of constructing the water reservoirs, deep wells will be moderate compared with the construction of the sewers and water supply lines since they are located relatively far from residential centers.
Construction of both Wastewater treatment plants will cause very little disturbance since they are located outside the city of Shiraz; the Emergency WWTP is located at some 2 km distance south east of the city, whereas the Long Term WWTP is located at some 5.5 km to the south east of the city. The roads leading to both treatment plants from the city are used mostly to access the agricultural area to the south of the city and to access Torkan village and some other dispersed residential settlements. Therefore there is little traffic movements along these roads, and consequently the impact of heavy construction traffic will be minimal.
The short term negative impacts due to construction activities should be considered against the permanent positive impact of greatly increased amenity to the streets of
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Shiraz, one of the most prominent historical cities of Iran. The positive impacts of the project, discussed elsewhere in this chapter, greatly outweigh the construction disturbances.
5.1.4 Noise and Vibration
Potential noise impacts exist during both construction and operational phases of the project. During the operational phase, the noise impact will arise from the operation of electro-mechanical equipment at the wastewater treatment plants and at water reservoirs housing the pumping equipment. These project facilities will include equipment producing noise such as pumps, blowers, and electrical power generators. The noise levels produced, however, will be within the acceptable limits specified by the Iranian Standards and international norms (see annex B), and will be hardly felt at the two wastewater treatment plants due to their remote locations from residential centers. Also at the water reservoirs, the pumping units will be installed in equipment rooms which will reduce noise levels appreciably, and therefore the noise impact will be insignificant on the general public.
Noise during the construction phase will be also produced from vehicles carrying construction materials and spoil. The construction traffic during the laying of sewers and water supply system within the city of Shiraz will produce significant noise impacts on pedestrians and residents of properties adjacent to the sewer and water supply lines routing. Vehicular traffic is expected to transport some 360 km of water supply lines, some 870 km of sewers, and appreciable quantity of spoil within the city of Shiraz. Furthermore, additional traffic will be generated by the vehicles carrying concrete and other construction materials from concrete factories to the water reservoir sites, and refuse material from these sites to the sanitary landfill facility located outside the city. The disturbance due to construction traffic for the Long Term WWTP will be less felt, since the plant is located outside the city.
It should be noted though, that phasing of the sewer and water supply network will ensure that noise impacts in each location are only for a short period of time and will be limited to normal daytime working hours. As for the materials that will be hauled to and from the treatment plants and water reservoir construction sites, the traffic will be spread evenly over the construction period, and given the present high traffic noise levels in the city, will not result in significant increase in noise levels. Furthermore, no construction will be allowed on Holy days.
Noise impacts, although temporary, will have to be mitigated using standard silencing equipment, such as mufflers or sound enclosures. Iranian and Internationally recognized regulations limiting noise will be included in the specifications of all
5-3 Shiraz Water Supply and Wastewater Project Environmental Assessment Report contract documents for construction works and supply of mechanical and electrical equipment.
Drilling and mechanical digging of sites and road surfaces can produce vibration levels which could potentially cause structural damage to foundations of old buildings especially if they have already been weakened by earthquake activity. The vibration impact will be quite significant for the historical buildings and monuments located in the eastern end of the city. Much of the vibrations will be alleviated by the use of bored rather than percussive drilling techniques and the use of dead weight rather than vibratory compaction equipment.
5.1.5 Odor
Potential unpleasant odor emissions for this project will result from the sewage network during its initial operation and from the operation of the two wastewater treatment plants.
During the commissioning of the sewage network if the number of house connections is small, the flows that will be generated will be much less than the design flows of the sewers. In this instance, solids deposition will be inevitable and during the warm months of the year the solids will decompose to emit unpleasant odors from release of hydrogen sulfide and other gases. These gases will eventually leave the sewer system through manholes to disturb the public. However, this impact will have short term duration and can be mitigated by the accelerated construction of the house connections to reach minimum flow conditions that prevent solids deposition. The project will ensure that sufficient connections will be made to the system to reach minimum flow conditions in the shortest possible time by including this requirement in the construction tender documents.
One of the main public concerns regarding sewage treatment is the potential problem of unpleasant odors. Odors from wastewater treatment plants are inevitable although their impact can be minimized by:
* Maintaining sufficient buffer distance from residential areas.
* Installation of odor control equipment at the treatment plant.
* Careful planning and implementation of plant operation and maintenance to prevent formation and emissions of odorous gases.
Under normal operation of the plant, no significant odor problems should arise. If sewage for any reason becomes septic, or raw sludge is stored for long periods of time due to sludge treatment plant failure, odor problems will probably result.
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For the two wastewater treatments of this project, odors can potentially be emitted from preliminary treatment which include mechanical screenings, grit removal and from the primary clarifiers. The removed screenings and grit will emit odors, which can be mitigated by minimizing their storage time on site and hauling them to a sanitary landfill or application of controlled dose of lime. Odors from primary clarifiers can be released if desludging is not frequently conducted and particularly during the summer season when organics tend to be decomposed quickly. Increased frequency of desludging and careful implementation of the O&M instructions would mitigate this impact.
Odors can also potentially emanate from the sludge handling areas, which include blending tanks, thickeners, and digesters. The two plants have been designed so that exposure of raw sludge to the atmosphere will be minimized by: * Continuous withdrawal of sludge from the blending tanks and thickeners * Transfer of raw sludge to the primary digesters by enclosed pipelines.
* Anaerobic digestion in sealed tanks
* Using scrubbers before venting the controlled gases from sealed tanks.
It is inevitable that in the summer months odors will increase. Provided that the plant is operated and maintained properly, these will neither be severe nor frequent. It is to be noted that the nearest residential area to the two treatment plants is 2 km away and in the upwind direction which is predominantly north to northwesterly. Therefore due to this buffer distance and the dilution effect of the ambient air, slight odors may be discernible under extreme conditions. Only small properties that are adjacent to the two sites will be affected. In all cases these properties do not include housing facilities.
The overall effect of the project will be a long term reduction in odor problems through the provision of the sewerage system. The current practice of discharging raw sewage to Khoshk and Soltan Abad Rivers which pass through the city is causing significant odor problems affecting directly the health and well being of the inhabitants, as well as affecting the tourist industry. The provision and operation of the sewerage system will cause a halt to the discharge of raw sewage in these surface waters, and thus eliminate the odor emissions within the city.
5.1.6 Visual Impact
Visual impacts will occur at the construction phase and operational phase. By nature, construction activities for the various project components will cause a reduction in the
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visual amenity in some areas. These impacts, however, will be short term and will be of significance close to parks and attractive historical places.
The only permanent visual impact will be that of the water reservoirs, and Emergency and Long Term wastewater treatment plants. The water reservoirs are generally located at higher elevations on the overlooking hills of city, away from residential quarters. These reservoirs cause a small visual impact since they are maximum 5 m in height and can be easily shielded by planted trees. (See exhibit 11 annex G) As for the treatment plants, their layouts are shown on drawings SWWS-JR-38, and SWWS-IR-40. The Emergency WWTP extends over an area of 75 hectares, of which the built up area is 20 hectares (10 of which are for long term sludge storage). The tallest structure at the treatment plant is the anaerobic digester, which is 16 m high. Whereas, the Long Term WWTP extends over an area of 80 hectares, of which the built up area is 32 Hectares (20 of which are for long term sludge storage). Similar to the Emergency WWTP, the tallest structure at the Long Term WWTP is the anaerobic digester, which is 16 m high. The visual impacts of both plants are quite similar. The two plants are enclosed by a perimeter wall, which is visible from a distance due to the flat, agricultural areas that surround these plants. The color of the perimeter walls relatively blend with their surrounding ground, and therefore the walls are not visually intrusive. Furthermore, since both facilities will include tree planting around their perimeter walls, the visual impact will be reduced and the aesthetic visual quality of the two plants will be improved.
Although the anaerobic digesters and the perimeter walls of the two plants will be visible from a distance, the wastewater treatment facilities will have no significant negative visual impact because:
* The developments will not reduce the visual quality of their surroundings any further.
* No residential areas have a view of the site
* The planting of trees around the perimeter wall will allow improvements to be made to the visual quality.
5.1.7 Impacts on Traffic and Transportation
There will be impacts on traffic flow and the transportation network of Shiraz from the following activities:
* Closure and diversion of roads during sewer and water supply network construction
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* Traffic transporting raw materials and spoil during construction of the projects components * Sludge transport from both wastewater treatment plants to adjacent agricultural lands
Shiraz already suffers from road congestion at peak hours especially in the quarters accommodating business and government centers, and the densely populated areas. The reduced width of roads during construction and the closure and diversion of roads will lead to additional delays and congestion. However, these impacts will be temporary. All construction material and spoil will be transported by road. Thus construction traffic will have a negative impact on the already congested traffic flow. However, this impact will be spread evenly over the construction period, and given the present high traffic levels in the city, the impact will be insignificant. The treated sludge will be hauled from both treatment plants to agricultural lands for reuse as a fertilizer. It is estimated that around 2 lorry trips per day will be required from the Emergency WWTP and 3 lorry trips per day will be required from the Long Term WWTP to haul sludge to the agricultural lands using the sludge. These numbers of Lorries have insignificant impact on the vehicular traffic that exists on the service roads from the treatment plants. Although the water treatment plant at Doroudzan Dam is not located within the project area, nonetheless its sludge disposal operations will have an impact on the project area since the sludge is disposed at Shiraz landfill. At the year 2027, it is estimated that one lorry per day will be required to haul dewatered sludge from the plant to the landfill. This number is very small, and has virtually no impact on traffic and transportation within the project area.
5.2 Impacts on the Social and economic Environment
5.2.1 Impacts on Population
In accordance with the feasibility study, the current population growth rate is estimated at 2.31% per year and is projected to decrease to 1.42% per year in 2027 due to a forecast drop in the birth rate, which can be foreseen in view of the government's family planning campaign. The predicted improvements in health and reductions in infant mortality as a result of the project may make the local population more willing to accept the birth control program proposed by the government. The reduction in disease rates may, however, reduce mortality rates. In conclusion, therefore, it is difficult to predict with any degree of confidence what effect the project will have on population levels. However, with the reduction in illness
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associated with proper management of sewage and an improved reliable water supply system, the life expectancy will increase.
5.2.2 Impacts on Employment and Income distribution
It is estimated that the project will employ over 200 people in management, operation, and maintenance of the treatment plants, water supply and sewage networks, and pumping stations. Most of the positions will be permanent and a few will be created to cover for environmental monitoring. The number of construction jobs to be created will not be known until the construction commences for all activities, however it will most certainly be several thousand. The project will also increase the productivity of the agricultural lands in the region downstream of the treatment plants since it includes for effluent and sludge reuse, which will consequently increase rural employment. The project therefore will have a positive and substantial impact on employment. The staffing requirements will be for engineers, technicians, clerks, skilled labor, and unskilled labor.
Another possible but unquantifiable economic impact of the project, is the consequent effect on the construction industry in Iran. The scale of engineering work involved will engage a sizeable proportion of the country's construction capacity. It is not possible to assess whether the project would have any effects on income distribution, although in the short term it is unlikely.
5.2.3 Urban Development
The provision of a reliable and suitable water supply system as well as a sewage collection network for the city will remove a major constraint on urban development. The project components will facilitate construction in undeveloped areas of the city. Consequently positive economic impacts in terms of construction activity and employment will result.
5.3 Impacts on the Cultural Environment
5.3.1 Impacts on Archeological and Historical Sites
Shiraz has a rich archeological setting due to the numerous historical buildings located mostly in the old part of the city as discussed in the previous sections. Therefore the project has considered carefully the sensitivity of these sites to avoid and minimize the associated potential adverse impacts.
Historical and cultural sites are potentially affected by three types of impact:
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* Destruction or demolition * Vibration and settlement as a result of construction activities including tunneling and; * Effect on amenity value of the site.
The project will not require the demolition of any historical or cultural building, nor will directly affect any known archeological sites. The sitting of the wastewater treatment plants, water reservoirs, pumping stations and water wells was carefully selected in close coordination with the Cultural Heritage Organization, which is the designated authority for the preservation of cultural and historical monuments. Several site visits were made to ensure that these facilities are located away from areas where there is a potential of finding archeological remains. During construction, there are potential indirect effects on these historical sites due to vibration from drilling and compacting equipment, loss of amenity due to dust, noise and visual intrusion. Good construction practices, including those described in section 5. 1, should mitigate these temporary impacts to acceptable levels. During the extensive excavation of the city's streets it is possible that archeological remains may be discovered. The Cultural Heritage Organization will be consulted in this instance, and the Chance Find procedures discussed in Chapter 7, will be implemented. The specifications of all contract documents will include reference to this organization and the Chance Find procedures. The project will eliminate the uncontrolled flows and discharges of wastewater in the vicinity of the archeological sites. The long term permanent impact of the project on the existing archeological sites will be positive due to proper collection of wastewater, reduced incidence of flooding, improved amenity and aesthetic quality of the city which would outweigh any temporary adverse impacts.
5.3.2 Impacts on Public Attitudes
An assessment has been made of possible conflicts of the projects with social attitudes or customs. Two issues were identified as potential problems: * Attitudes of fanrmers using human waste products for agriculture; and * Public attitude towards a new system of sewage disposal.
Presently the two rivers passing through the city are polluted with the uncontrolled discharges of sewage. Also a great number of alluvial wells are polluted by sewage discharges. Irrigation with these polluted waters is wide spread, despite its potential to spread disease. This indicates that farmers will be willing to use treated effluents that are safe for irrigation, and are of superior quality. Also, there will be willingness to use treated sludge as a soil conditioner, particularly if it is sold at cheaper prices than
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commercial fertilizers. However, for the sludge and effluent re-use programs to function well, there will be a need for enhanced education of the farmers involved. No problems are envisaged concerning the willingness of the citizens of Shiraz for their environs to be sewered due to the numerous problems of the current absorption wells: flooding due to high water table, contamination of ground water, waterborne diseases, etc. the implementation of the sewage disposal system will alleviate the problems of the current system. However, there may be reluctance by part of the public to accept connecting to a new system due to the associated connection fee, annual subscription fees, etc. These direct costs however, should be considered taking into account the benefits derived from eliminating medical expenses associated with contaminated groundwater or contaminated vegetables because of the inefficiency of the current system. This reluctance should be overcome by a clear and comprehensive publicity and awareness campaign to inform people of the benefits of this project.
5.4 Impacts on Surface Waters
It is expected that the project will have a direct positive effect on the quality of surface water, with consequential health effects, as it has done on other cities, but such predictions will be difficult to quantify at this stage and will depend on the effectiveness of project implementation.
5.4.1 Impacts on River Water Quality
The project will have a significant impact on the quality of Khoshk and Soltanabad River, both of which run through the city with significant pollution levels as described in the chapter 4. There should be a direct improvement in the physiochemical and microbiological quality of these rivers due to conveyance and treatment of the wastewater that is currently being discharged in these rivers. Health hazards posed to farmers and consumers of agricultural products being irrigated with the water of the rivers would be greatly reduced.
5.4.2 Impacts on River Water Quantities
The average annual discharge of Khoshk River is 52.93 million cubic meters, out of which about 50% is the basic current. The wastewater flows are currently estimated at 7.13 million cubic meters annually, which amounts to 26% of the surface water entering the river.
The average annual discharge of Soltanabad River is 35.77 million cubic meters, out of which about 61% is the basic current and 39% is surface run-off. This latter
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portion, in dry seasons, mainly consists of only wastewater and drainage from the southern lands of the city. Therefore the discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater in the sewerage network will cause a decrease in the rivers discharge quantities. However, this issue is overshadowed by the significant positive impacts foreseen on the qualities of these rivers.
5.4.3 Impacts Relating to Industrial Discharges
The DOE has promulgated a national law for industrial discharge to surface water bodies and has undertaken a programme for monitoring industrial discharges to surface waters.
This project will promote the environmental awareness conceming the need to control industrial wastewater discharges whether to surface water bodies or to the sewage network. As discussed in Chapter 7, a training workshop is included as part of institutional strengthening, and is expected to contribute towards controlling industrial discharges. Therefore the project will provide an opportunity to better control industrial discharges through enforcing pretreatment and connection to the collection system as stipulated in the Iranian law
Although not related to the project, the planned developments for the establishment of the three industrial zones described in the Chapter 4 would greatly reduce the illicit discharges of industrial wastewater to surface waters, since these industrial zones will have their own central treatment facility.
With regard to the remaining industries within the city, these will be subject to monitoring by the DOE, which will ensure that industrial effluents are pre-treated to the required standards prior to discharge to any central facility. In this respect, it is to be noted that SWWC currently carries out daily testing of industrial effluents for TSS, pH, COD, TN, and occasionally BOD5 to monitor the quality of these effluents. Therefore it is expected that this project will contribute towards controlling industrial wastewater discharges, and hence lead indirectly to improvements on the quality of surface waters.
5.4.4 Impacts on Maharloo Lake Through the provision of wastewater collection network, and the control on industrial wastewater discharges as described in the previous paragraph, the quality of the streams discharging to the salt lake will be greatly improved. The present environmental damage to the lake will be stopped, and therefore the lake's water
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quality will improve over a period of time. The accumulation of heavy metals, such as cadmium, iron, and lead, in the lake will cease. With regard to the impact of the treated effluent discharged to the lake, this will occur during the rainy season, and thus the residual loads from the plant will be further reduced by dilution and the impact on the lake's water will be minimal. It should be noted that the total annual flows to Maharloo Lake including run off, rainfall and drainage are estimated at 1.6 billion cubic meters as discussed in Chapter 4. At present, the total wastewater flows generated in the project area and reaching the lake are estimated at 19.7 million cubic meter representing around 1% of the total incoming flows; whereas the total annual quantity of treated effluent discharged to the lake at the target year amounts to 33 million cubic meter representing 2% of the total incoming flows. Based on above, it can be concluded that change in wastewater flows discharging to the lake due to the implementation of the project will have insignificant effect on the salt balance of the lake, since these flows represent very low percentages of the total annual flows reaching the lake. As to the possible impact on the lake due to contamination of the effluent outfall by uncontrolled discharges, the project has addressed this issue by making an allowance for sections of the outfall that run near community developments to be covered by a concrete slab or to be fenced as appropriate. These provisions would prevent illicit discharges in the effluent outfall of both plants. The outfall lengths that run through agricultural lands are unlikely to receive illegal discharges since no developments exist in these areas. Based on the above the environmental state of the lake will be greatly enhanced in comparison to the base-line condition due to improved water quality of the discharging rivers.
5.4.5 Impacts on Surface Water Supplies
The project does not have an impact on the surface water resources within the project area, since the provision for future extension of present surface water supplies is sourced from the Doroudzan dam, which is located outside the project area.
The Doroudzan dam is fed from Kor River, and currently supplies 72,000 m3/day to Shiraz City, and plans for extending the water supply capacity from the Dam to 156,000 m3 /day were already undertaken by Fars Water Company. It should be noted that the current scheme for water supply adopted by the project, relies on a maximum of 156,000 m 3/day from this source at the target year of the project. Ground sources will be extended to meet additional quantities to meet increasing demand levels. Thus, the project will not cause diminishing of the dam's water supply capacity.
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5.5 Impacts on Ground Water
5.5.1 Impacts on Ground Water Quality
The project will have a long term positive effect on the quality of ground water, since it will greatly reduce the discharge of contaminants to ground water. The use of cesspools, a major source for pollutant infiltration to the groundwater will be gradually phased out as sewers will be constructed to convey the wastewaters to treatment at the designated facilities. With elimination of pathogens, nitrates, harmful organics, heavy metals, and through recharge of cleaner surface water, the quality of the ground water will be enhanced, and compliance with the prevailing water supply standards will be met and ensured by the provision of the chlorination facilities. The current practice of irrigation with raw sewage and the use of untreated sludge from cesspits will be greatly minimized by the implementation of the project. These practices would cause ground water contamination as a result of their discharge on land, and therefore under the current project they will stop and consequently the water quality will be improved.
5.5.2 Impacts on Ground Water during Construction
During the construction phase, groundwater quality may be affected by the disposal of solid waste such as debris, wash-water of facilities, and accidental spills of oil from storage tanks. For this project the impact will be more pronounced due to the high water table. The implementation of mitigation measures and environmentally sound construction practices would greatly reduce the occurrence and scale of such impacts. The potential impacts due to construction are in all cases temporary, and are outweighed by the positive long term impacts.
5.5.3 Impacts on Ground Water Due to Sewer Connections
The provision of sewer connections would cause the stoppage of groundwater recharge through cesspits. Thus it is anticipated that water table levels will drop as a result, and hence reduce the problems plaguing Shiraz because of this issue. Foundation problems due to high water table, frequent flooding in homes induced by the rise of the groundwater levels will be greatly reduced.
5.5.4 Impacts on Ground Water Resources A number of studies have been conducted to assess the ground water reserves of the Shiraz aquifer. In accordance with the feasibility study, these studies confirm that the current ground water resources have a safe yield capacity of 1,556,000 m3/day. Under the current plan adopted by the project, the maximum water supply rate from these
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resources is 3 646,608 m /day in the target year of the project representing 75% of the total water supply to Shiraz City. Therefore the maximum supply rate from the groundwater resources is less than 42% of their safe yield capacity; hence the project would not diminish the resource capacities.
As stated above, the recharge of the aquifers by the illicit discharges and effluents of the cesspits will be stopped, thus reducing the quantities of water recharging the wells. However, this issue is outweighed by the significant reduction of pollution levels in the aquifers.
5.6 Impacts on Agriculture
5.6.1 Impact on Crop Production
The project will have a beneficial effect on crop production by ameliorating two of the factors currently contributing to low yields, namely:
* Providing an assured supply of a natural fertilizer in the form of treated sewage sludge; and * Reducing the incidence of seasonal water shortages
There is the potential for the following additional measures to be taken in conjunction with the project to further improve crop yields:
* Creation of an effective support service for farmers; * More effective weed control; and * Use of modem high yield wheat varieties.
The increase in the total area of crop production will be dependent on the cropping pattern. As discussed in Chapter 2, based on the current crop pattern, it is projected that for the Emergency zone wastewater treatment, the total area of crop production will be increased by 700 ha at year 2027, and for the Long Term treatment plant the total area of crop production will be increased by 2900 ha at the year 2027. The total increased area of crop production amounts to 25% of the total agricultural lands in the area of the two treatment plants. The cropping pattern of the full scheme is likely to be very similar to the existing situation.
5.6.2 Impact on Fertilizer Consumption
The three main nutrients required by crops are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Potassium concentrations are usually very low in both treated sewage effluent and sludge. Current local practice in fertilizer application is to use 400 kg of urea and 45
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kg of ammonium phosphate per hectare for wheat production. Based on the estimated sludge quantities for both the Long Term and Emergency Wastewater Treatment Plants of 18,400 tons/year at year 2027, the equivalent quantity of urea provided by the sludge would be 368 tons, and the equivalent quantity of ammonium phosphate would be 41 tons. The sludge produced at the treatment plants can therefore reduce consumption of artificial fertilizer by equivalent amounts, if offered at reduced prices.
5.6.3 Impact on Soil Quality
Sludge will add organic matter to the agricultural soils of the project area. This will have little effect for many years, however, given the proposed application rate. Current low levels of nitrogen and phosphate will be raised by the use of sludge, and the effect of this on soil quality will be positive. Furthermore nitrogen and phosphorus in the treated effluent and sludge will supply many of the trace elements required for crop growth, zinc, iron, manganese, etc
However, it should be noted that there are constraints on the application of treated effluent and treated sludge due to heavy metal build up. Guidelines for maximum permissible concentration of trace elements in irrigation water are provided by FAO according to the type of soil and the period of application. These guidelines (annex B) include among others concentration limits of nickel, lead, manganese, cadmium, zinc, chromium, etc. Also EC directives (annex B) provide concentration limits for potentially toxic elements (PTE) in sludge and soil over a 10 year annual rate of addition period.
It would be difficult to assess the extent of heavy metal build up due to the application of treated sludge and the irrigation with treated effluent, as this would require an evaluation of heavy metal content of the raw wastewater, and current levels of trace metals in the soil. As discussed in Chapter 4, previous tests conducted by DOE indicate high levels of cadmium, nickel, lead, and manganese in the soils adjacent to Khoshk river course. It is envisaged that the enforcement of industrial discharge control and the plan to establish the industrial zones will reduce heavy metal concentration in the raw sewage. Nonetheless, the potential for heavy metal build up in the soils will be there, and is best mitigated by a careful monitoring program of trace elements in the raw sewage, treated effluent, soil, and plants as described in Chapter 7.
5.6.4 Impact on Crop Quality
The potential impact on crops of using treated effluent and sludge in agriculture is the accumulation of heavy metals. This has implications for human and livestock nutrition and can arise from crops taking up excessive amounts of certain elements
5-15 Shiraz Water Supply and Wastewater Project Environmental Assessment Report that are toxic to humans and livestock. The limit values for heavy metals in sludge and soils are designed to ensure that concentrations in crops do not exceed safe levels.
It is difficult at this stage to determine whether any elements are likely to accumulate in crops at levels that exceed the recommended limits, for the reasons stated in the previous paragraph.
The impact on crop quality cannot therefore be assessed at this stage. Adverse impacts can be prevented only by detailed monitoring of:
* Treated sludge after storage at the two treatment plants * Treated effluent; * Soils at a number of locations throughout the agricultural area; and * The different crops grown.
5.6.5 Impact on Agricultural Practices
As indicated in Chapter 2, the use of treated effluent as irrigation water will allow the expansion of the irrigated agricultural area from 5600 ha to 9750 ha and the total crop production will increase. It is unlikely that the proportion of different crops grown will change greatly. The effect of the project on stabilizing and increasing the supply of irrigation water to the area, and to a lesser extent the nutrient benefits from sludge, may, however, lead to a greater expansion in the areas of land given over to vegetables, and salads than to other crops.
5.6.6 Impact on Agricultural Workers
The WHO guidelines for sludge and effluent reuse in agriculture are designed to prevent health risks to consumers of crops and agricultural workers. Provided that these standards are met, there will be no adverse impacts on agricultural workers. The methods by which effluent and sludge will be applied to the crops will be designed to minimize human contact with sludge. Irrigation will continue to be by flood methods and sludge will be ploughed into the soil immediately after application. No adverse impacts will take place if appropriate guidelines will be issued and followed.
5.6.7 Impact on Supply of Irrigation Water
A considerable positive impact of the project will be to augment the supply of irrigation water to the agricultural areas in the project area. This will have the following beneficial effects:
* An increased area of land will be able to be used for agriculture, and
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* Crop yield per hectare should increase.
5.7 Impacts on Health
5.7.1 Improvements in Public Health
The current routes of infection for waterborne diseases identified as being important in Shiraz are considered to be primarily associated with the current pattern of human excreta disposal and other related activities such as irrigation and direct contact with contaminated waters.
It is evident therefore, that improvements in the ways in which sewage is collected, treated and disposed of, will have a significant impact on the incidence of these water related illnesses. Furthermore, the rehabilitation of the water supply network and the construction of chlorination facilities will ensure that potable water quality is safe and virtually pathogen free.
Other benefits are considered likely to accrue from implementation of the scheme. In summary the principal benefits are considered to be those mentioned below.
* Connection to an integrated sewerage system will significantly reduce the amount of sewage disposed of to the local rivers and open watercourses which are used as a source of irrigation water. In addition, direct contact activities (such as from any child coming in contact with sewage) will also be considerably reduced with corresponding reduction in the risk of disease transmission. * Prevention of groundwater contamination with nitrates and possibly microorganisms (viruses) are considered to pose the greatest risk in this respect. * Prevention of cross contamination of potable water supply system through rehabilitation of old existing network and the disinfection of these supplies with required chlorine dose. * The supply of adequate quantities of water having good quality and compliant with national and WHO standards.
5.7.2 Adverse Impact on Drinking Water Quantity and Quality Treated water quantity and quality should meet water demand as well as allowable drinking water standards set by the Iranian Government and WHO. Among the parameters of concern are the bacteriological contamination of the water, the concentration level of nitrate, the presence of nitrite and the concentration of heavy metals.
Potable water for Shiraz is supplied from two sources: (1) surface water from Doroudzan dam and (2) well water. The water from the damn undergoes conventional
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treatment, whereas the well water is chlorinated. Following treatment both surface and ground waters are stored in reservoirs for subsequent pumping in the distribution network. The project includes for blending the well water with surface water where possible to improve the quality of the well water. Thus potable water in Shiraz can have three different water qualities.
In the event of an upset in the performance of Doroudzan water treatment plant or the failure of the chlorination plants at the reservoir, the water quality in this instance may deteriorate resulting in possible contamination with pathogens or imbalanced pH levels, etc. Furthermore any damage to the potable water distribution system may result in cross contamination with raw sewage and thus present a health hazard to the inhabitants of the city. Also damage to the network and partial stoppage of the Doroudzan water treatment plant may cause water supply shortages.
In order to safeguard public health, it is imperative that regular monitoring of raw and treated water at the treatment plants, storage reservoirs and in the distribution network be implemented to ensure that drinking water limits are not exceeded, and that plant and network are in good operating conditions.
5.7.3 Adverse Impacts Due to Agricultural Use of Treated Effluent
Health impacts arising from the reuse of treated effluent have been a matter of considerable concern and scrutiny in arid and semi-arid zones of the world. One result of this has been the production of guidelines to protect public health. Most notable of these are the so-called Engelberg standards, promulgated under the auspices of the WHO.
It is considered essential to maximize the potential improvements to public health arising from the implementation of the project. Hence, the sewage treatment process is designed in such a manner to ensure that it can be operated at all times so that the treated effluent meets the WHO guidelines. These guidelines are based on epidemiological studies concerning health impacts of excreta disposal and effluent reuse. At the present time, they provide the most appropriate guidelines to underpin the design of sewage treatment processes and effluent and sludge disposal options. The quality objectives applied to the treated effluent are in accordance with the Engelberg standards.
In order to meet the criteria for eggs of intestinal nematodes or helminthes (less than 1 per liter) and faecal coliforms (less than 1,000/100 ml) the treatment process must be designed in such a way that these criteria are consistently achieved. As described in Chapter 2, both plants are designed to employ chlorination in order to achieve the fecal Coliform standard (the health aspects of chlorine are discussed below).
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It is intended that nematode removal be achieved through the combined effects of primary and secondary settlement within an essentially conventional activated sludge process. Previous studies undertaken by UNDPE in Teheran indicate that removal of intestinal nematode eggs through the activated sludge process can achieve compliance with the WHO standard subject to the levels of nematodes in the influent.
Evidence from operational activated sludge WWTPs (which incorporate secondary settlement) is that the removal efficiency of intestinal nematode eggs is between 0 and 2 orders of magnitude. The final concentration of eggs is a function of the load entering the works. Thus the final effluent numbers are a direct function of the raw sewage levels. Consistent attainment of the WHO guideline level infers that the concentration of nematode eggs in the raw sewage must not exceed 100 per liter. Given that the activated sludge sewage treatment system has been designed to produce a sludge of good settleability and low upflow velocities in the secondary sedimentation tanks, it is predicted that a removal efficiency of 2 orders of magnitude (99%) will be achieved. However, to address the issue of high level of nematode eggs (at concentration greater than 100 eggs per liter) and for consistent performance, continuous monitoring of the influent and effluent levels will be required.
5.7.4 Adverse Impacts Due to Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge
The WHO guideline for intestinal nematode eggs is less than 1 per 100 grams dry weight of excreta or sludge, which can be achieved by storage of sewage sludge for a period of one year. The project incorporates this stage by the provision of 10 hectares of land for the Emergency WWTP sludge storage and 20 hectares of land for the Long Term WWTP storage, hence, assuring compliance with WHO guidelines with respect to nematodes.
Contamination of sludge with heavy metals or other toxicants has been considered. On the basis of current evidence, it would appear that the contaminants of some health concern are cadmium, nickel, and manganese. Appropriate mitigation and monitoring programs need to be in place with effective implementation to eliminate potential health impacts by heavy metals.
5.7.5 Adverse Impacts Due to Chlorination
Two hazards have been identified arising from the proposed use of chlorine as a disinfectant at the sewage treatment works.
Firstly, the transportation, storage, and use of liquid chlorine pose clearly identifiable risks of human injury in the event of an accidental release of gas. These risks can be minimized by attention to the design of the chlorine storage and handling facilities at
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the plant. In conjunction, adequate means of ventilation, provision of safety equipment, and a well defined emergency response procedure must be put in place. For this project the appropriate storage and use of liquid chlorine standards shall be incorporated in the tender documents of the Long Term treatment Plant, as well as the provision of an emergency response procedure. With regard to the Emergency Treatment plant, the liquid chlorine has been substituted by Calcium hypochlorite, which has less stringent requirement in handling. Nonetheless, all safety requirements for its application shall be incorporated. Chlorine has been successfully and safely transported in Iran for about 40 years in connection with water treatment plants. No additional adverse impact is therefore, envisaged.
The second issue concerns the formation of disinfection byproducts as a result of adding chlorine to sewage effluents. Chlorinated species such as trihalomethanes and MX (3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(H)-furanone) have been demonstrated in chlorinated sewage effluent. The health impacts arising from the chlorination of sewage effluents are unclear. In this instance, it is not foreseen that the discharge of these byproducts to Maharloo Lake will cause an impact, since there is virtually no aquatic life in the lake, and the lake's water is not used in agricultural or recreational activities. However, an appropriate mitigation and monitoring program needs to be in place and effectively implemented.
Notwithstanding, all efforts should be made to minimize the amounts of disinfection byproducts formed by using the smallest dose of chlorine commensurate with achieving the WHO standards for treated effluent.
The disinfection parameters necessary to achieve the WHO standards suggest that a dose of 5 mg/l (based on literature) followed by a contact time (after intimate mixing) of not less that 30 minutes will be required. The required dose and chlorine contact time have been accounted for in the feasibility study and shall be incorporated in the tender documents for constructing the Long Term WWTP. As for the Emergency treatment plant these requirements have also been incorporated, and are discussed further in Chapter 8.
In summary, the design of the facilities incorporates the necessary provisions to achieve the required disinfection levels of WHO standards. Safety requirements for handling of Chlorine are incorporated in the project, nonetheless monitoring and implementation of mitigation measures will be required to minimize potential health hazards associated with Chlorine use.
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5.7.6 Adverse Impacts Due to Operation of the Sewage Treatment Plant
One issue of concern regarding the operation of activated sludge plants is that of aerosol production and the resultant public health impacts. Studies on the health impact of wastewater facilities on surrounding populations have been inconclusive in determining whether increased reporting rates of illness were significantly associated with proximity to the plant or due to socio-economic factors.
A study of the distribution of heterotrophic bacteria in the vicinity of an unenclosed activated wastewater sludge plant observed that only heterotrophic bacteria remained at significantly higher than base-line densities beyond 250 m downwind from the center of the aeration tanks. Furthermore, this study confirmed similar observations that densities were higher at night, presumably due to the lack of the killing action of sunlight.
Studies of treatment plant workers have produced no evidence to suggest that exposure to sewage aerosols increase their risk of contracting an infectious disease.
It is reasonable to conclude therefore, that the operation of the Emergency and Long Term treatment plants will not pose a risk to health of the operators or those who live or work in the adjacent areas as the distance to the nearest development is more than 500m from the perimeter of each plant. Furthermore, the nearest developments near the two plants are upwind. Also, workers will follow occupational health & safety practices in addition to undergoing medical surveillance.
5.7.7 Adverse Impacts Due to Pests
Vermin act as vectors for human diseases, including salmonellosis (cockroaches), malaria (mosquitoes), and leptospirosis (rodents).
It is considered that the project will have little impact on the prevalence of rodents and cockroaches. Insects that enter the domestic environment may promote disease transmission by moving fecal pathogens into houses and onto food. The actual contribution to human disease via this route is unclear and the direct fecal-oral route is the more probably major route of transmission.
The removal of human excreta from the immediate vicinity of domestic dwellings will reduce the possibility that transmission of faecal pathogens directly to food may occur. The control of human excreta will not eliminate the risk completely since alternative breeding sites will exist. A program of insecticidal control will be required to control the populations of flies and cockroaches. Preventing insects coming into contact with human excreta should reduce the proportion of the populations which
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harbor pathogens exclusively of faecal origin (such as poliovirus, Hepatitis A, Shigella, Entamoeba histocylitica and the eggs of roundworms and hook-worms).
It is quite probable that flies will breed in the sludge storage areas. Such flies are not migratory, and since there will be sufficient food in the sludge drying bays, they will not usually spread further than 100 to 500 m from the breeding sites. Since there will only be a small number of people working in the vicinity of the sludge drying beds and hence, within the range of these flies, they are not expected to pose a significant health hazard.
5.7.8 Adverse Impacts Due to Asbestos Cement Piping
Although this project does not include provision of asbestos cement piping, nonetheless since the existing water supply network utilizes asbestos cement piping adverse health impacts can arise from this material. Asbestos is a known human carcinogen by the inhalation route. Therefore, if replacement of asbestos cement piping is required, maximum health care should be provided to the workers to minimize risk of asbestos inhalation. Furthermore, the tender documents of the project shall explicitly disallow the purchase and installation of new asbestos piping, and shall specify safety handling and replacement of such pipes.
5.8 Impacts on Climate
The impact of the project on regional and global climates will, almost certainly, be negligible. Certain aspects of the scheme will however produce emissions of gases which are believed to contribute to global warming. The treatment of sewage and sludge at the STP will convert much of the organic matter in the sewage to methane and carbon dioxide. It is estimated that some 900 m3/day of gas will be produced by both plants at year 2027. At the Treatment plants, the methane produced will be used as fuel to heat the digesters, converting it to carbon dioxide.
It should be recognized that this sewage currently decomposes anaerobically in sewage wells through natural processes, producing similar quantities of methane and carbon dioxide. Since methane has a contribution to global warming approximately 21 times that of carbon dioxide on a molecule-for-molecule basis (one molecule of carbon is converted to one molecule of carbon dioxide), burning of the methane can be considered as reducing any contribution from the sewage of Shiraz to global warming.
However, the power consumed by the plant will be generated by burning fossil fuels which produce carbon dioxide. The average power consumption of the two plants will be 5 MW (over 24 hour days and seven day weeks). The emissions produced by the
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generation of this additional power will be negligible in comparison with those already produced by the country.
Transport requirements of both construction and operational phases will produce emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. The quantities of these will be small in comparison to those produced by the total vehicle usage in Shiraz.
At the treatment plant sites, sizeable bodies of water will be exposed to the atmosphere and evaporation will occur. The estimated evaporation rate at year 2027 is 8 mm/day. Therefore, it is unlikely to be a sizable variation on current evaporation rates and so relative humidity will be unaffected.
In conclusion, it is considered unlikely that the project will have any significant adverse effects on the local, regional or global climates.
5.9 Impacts on the Biological Environment
5.9.1 Impact on Habitats
The only part of the project which will cause a permanent loss of habitat is the Long Term Treatment Plant. The land required has already been acquired by SWWC. The site is currently barren and has little vegetation of any type. There is almost certainly no flora or fauna of any value present. With regard to the Emergency WWTP, the first phase is already under construction, and the impacts of these works on the biological environment are discussed in Chapter 8.
Construction of the treatment plants provides considerable opportunity for ecological enhancement at the vicinity of the two sites. Consideration has been given to the planting of trees and shrubs around the site perimeters to provide visual & noise screening, and a new habitat. The overall long term effect of the treatment plants on the local flora and fauna could therefore, be positive.
5.9.2 Impact on protected species and habitats
No protected species have been recorded in the areas directly affected by the project. As discussed in Chapter 4, some protected species are found in Bamoo Park; however no project component is located in or near the Park.
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5.9.3 Disturbance to Fauna
There is some evidence which suggests that certain construction activities can have adverse effects on animals in the vicinity of the works. This issue will be applicable to the components of the project constructed outside the city, such as the treatment plants, and effluent outfalls. The possible disturbance effects of constructing these works have been considered. Since the immediate area is almost devoid of animal life, except for the variety of birds described for the Lake and its adjacent areas, it is unlikely that there will be any disturbance as a result of constructing the works. While in operation, the treatment plants will result in a slightly higher ambient noise level around the site, but experience suggests that birds and other animals adapt to this and suffer no adverse effects.
5.9.4 Indirect Ecological Effects Due to Improvements in Surface Water Quality
Implementation of the project is predicted to lead to improvements in surface water quality for Khoshk and Soltanabad rivers to which they discharge. The ecological consequences of this are uncertain at this stage, but likely to be positive.
5.10 Impacts on Other Planned Developments
5.10.1 Plan for Management of Khoshk River
The objective of the Plan is to develop flood control facilities and improve the aesthetic state of the river's surroundings. The project will have a positive impact on this development as it will lead to reduction of contaminants such as, sediments, degradable organics, fecal Coliforms and trace metals.
5.10.2 Plan for the development of Maharloo Lake Surroundings
The purpose of the plan is to attract tourists by constructing different recreational facilities on the banks of Maharloo Lake. The project will have positive impact on this planned development, since it will dramatically reduce all the pollution levels in the lake by treating the contaminants currently discharged to the lake via the two seasonal rivers of the city.
5.10.3 Urban Subway System:
The aim of this plan is to solve the structural and operational problems of the current transportation system, due to the increased air pollution by developing and operating an urban train network. During construction stage of the project interference with the
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development of the subway system may occur. It is expected however, that all parties concerned with development of the two projects coordinate the design and construction of these works, in a manner to minimize this interference.
5.10.4 The Gharebagh Water Transfer Plan:
This development plan is aimed at providing irrigation water to three villages located some 15 km south of the city. The present project will have a positive impact on this development, as it will improve the quality of the waters being provided to these villages. Furthermore, the project will improve the overall management of water resources through the reuse program, which will reduce the over exploitation of the ground water resources by the farmers.
5.10.5 The Water Supply Plan to Sarvestan Plain:
The Plan involves the supply of water from ground resources and surface resources of Khoshk and Chenar Rivers to provide irrigation water for this vast plain. The project will have a positive impact on the planned development as described in the previous paragraph.
5.10.6 The Shiraz Industrial Zones
There is no impact by the project on this development. Water supply and sanitation provisions for this development will be separate from the project works. On the other hand these industrial zones will have their own central wastewater treatment facilities, and therefore will contribute with the present project in improving the environmental state of Shiraz city.
5.10.7 The Animal Husbandry Complex:
There is no impact by the project on this development. Water supply and sanitation provisions for this development will be separate from the project works
5.11 Impacts due to Seismic Activities
Shiraz is located in a seismically active zone, with many earthquakes recorded in the area. There are two faults at the distance of 27.5 Km north and 9 Km south from the center of Mianrood (the closest epicenter to Shiraz).
In the event of an earthquake the potential impacts could be grave and have serious repercussions on public health and on the environment. Water retaining structures, such as sewage holding tanks and water reservoirs, can be severely damaged, and thus
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result in discharge of their contents in an uncontrolled manner. Sewers can break to discharge the sewage in the soil or in groundwater. All these conditions can create health hazards to the public.
Potential impacts from seismic activities can only be mitigated by strict adherence to earthquake codes, which should be implemented under extensive QA/QC procedures during design and construction of the works. The project will include the Iranian Code for Protection against Earthquake and other applicable codes in all tender documents. Furthermnore, an earthquake emergency preparedness plan will be developed as discussed in chapter 7.
5.12 Summary of Environmental Impacts
The likely direct and indirect environmental impacts of the project are summarized in Table 5.1. The impacts are those predicted providing that suitable mitigative measures are implemented. Although there are a number of negative impacts predicted, no severe negative impacts are considered likely in the long term. In many cases, predictions cannot be easily made and the implementation, monitoring and effectiveness of mitigative measures will determine the significance of many impacts. The major environmental issues are: (a) the impacts of effluent and sludge from their reuse in agriculture and (b) potable water quality and quantity. The impacts could be significant without appropriate mitigation measures but not greater than the baseline. The quality of data available will be validated during project implementation.
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Table 5.1 Summary of environmental impacts (Part A) ENVIRONMETANL IMAPCT CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONAL SECTOR PHASE PHASE Geographical Change of land use Slight negative None Environment Relocation of None None population Disturbance to people Severe negative None Noise Moderate negative Insignificant Vibration Moderate negative None Odor None Slight negative Visual impact Moderate negative Insignificant Seismic Activity Moderate Negative Moderate Negative Impact on traffic and Severs negative Insignificant transportation Social and Economic Impact on population None Slight positive Environment levels Impact on Positive Positive employment Cultural Environment Impact on historical Slight negative Positive and cultural sites and buildings Impact on public None None l attitudes
Table 5.1 Summary of environmental impacts (Part B) ENVIRONMETANL IMAPCT CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONAL SECTOR | PHASE PHASE Surface Waters Sewer connections None Positive Jubes, qanats and canals None Positive Industrial discharges None Positive Soltanabad & Khoshk None Positive water quality l l _l Soltanabad & Khoshk None Negative water quantity ! l _I Water supply None Positive Maharloo Lake None Positive Hydrogeology Groundwater resources None None Groundwater quality slight negative Positive Agriculture Crop production None Positive Fertilizer consumption None Positive Soil quality None Slight negative Crop quality None Slight negative Impact on agricultural None Positive practices Impact on agricultural None None workers !_I_ I Impact on supply of None Positive irrigation water
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Table 5.1 Summary of environmental impacts (Part C) ENVIRONMETANL IMAPCT CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONAL SECTOR PHASE PHASE Health General health impacts None Positive Impact of agricultural use of None Insignificant treated effluent Impact of agricultural use of None Insignificant sewage sludge Impact due to WWTP None None effluent chlorination Impact due to STP operation None None Impact due to water supply None Positive chlorination Impact due to pests None Insignificant Climate Impact on local climate None Insignificant Impact on global climate None Insignificant Biological Impact on habitats Insignificant Positive environmental Impact on protected species None None and habitants Disturbance to fauna & flora Insignificant Positive Ecological effects due to None Positive improved surface water quality Other developments Impact on management of None positive Khoshk river Impact on development of None Positive Maharloo lake Urban subway system None Positive Impact on Gharebagh None Positive Impact on water supply to None Positive Sarvestan Plain Impact on Shiraz Industrial None Positive Zones Animal Husbandry complex None Positive
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5.13 Major Adverse Impacts of the Project
Drinking Water Ouantity and Quality
Treated water quantity and quality should meet water demand as well as allowable drinking water standards set by the Iranian Government and WHO. Among the parameters of concern are the bacteriological contamination of the water, the concentration level of nitrate, the presence of nitrite and the concentration of heavy metals. In order to safeguard public health, it is imperative that regular monitoring of raw and treated water at the treatment plant, storage reservoirs and in the distribution network be implemented to ensure that drinking water quality limits are not exceeded.
Effluent Ouality
The effluent should be of acceptable quality so that it can be used in agriculture. This means that the effluent quality should meet WHO quality guidelines for use in agriculture. One of the major parameter of concern is the level of nematodes which should be less than I egg per liter for water used in agriculture.
Sludge Ouality
Dried sludge will be used by farmers as soil conditioner or fertilizer. In such a case the sludge quality will have to comply with the FAO, EU and WHO guidelines for the use of sludge in agriculture including the limit of less than one intestinal nematode egg per 100 gm of dry solids and the limits on the concentration of heavy metals. The adopted treatment processes, the one year storage period, and the control of industrial discharges to the sewage system would ensure that the WHO nematode standard and EU and FAO guidelines on the level of toxic substances would not be exceeded the for the use of sludge in agriculture.
Health & Safet
During the construction and operational phase, the project will have potential adverse impacts on health and safety of workers and the public. Construction activities, treatment plant operation, chlorination facilities, water supply systems, effluent and sludge reuse applications can all cause health hazards and accidents. The provision of workers training in safety procedures, public education, and the development of emergency response procedures will mitigate health and safety impacts.
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Cultural and Archeological Sites
Shiraz has many recorded archeological and historical sites of great cultural significance. During construction, there are potential indirect impacts on existing archeological sites due to vibration from drilling and compacting equipment; loss of amenity due to dust, noise and visual intrusion. Good construction practices, implementation of special procedures prior to construction, and implementation of Chance find procedures would mitigate most impacts to acceptable levels.
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6 Analysis ofAlternatives to the Proposed Project
The analysis of altematives to the proposed project is addressed separately for the two main components of the project; (1) water supply and (2) wastewater collection and treatment. The altematives considered for each component of the project are described and compared to each other in terms of capital costs, operational costs, land requirements, length of transmission lines, consumed energy, environmental impacts, management needs, reliability of the process and local conditions.
6.1 Water Supply
6.1.1 Option 1: No Project
The "do nothing" option is that of continuing with the status-quo of using the present water supply network. The present network comprises of transmission lines, reservoirs, wells, and other components as described in chapter 2. The network supplies 71,700 m3/day of surface water from Doroudzan dam and 261,800 m3/day from 69 ground water wells. Out of the total number of operating wells, there are 16 wells that are located in the Alluvium aquifer inside the city while the others are located in the Karstic aquifer. Wells located in the alluvium aquifer supply 40,600 3 m /day of extremely hard water and will be soon put out of service. With increasing water demand, this option would entail supplying water to part of the population by the provision of day tanks and trucking water. This section compares this option with the proposed project.
6.1.1.1 Water Resources
Due to the old and deteriorating network conditions considerable amount of water (30% of total supply) is lost through damaged and leaking pipes, thus valuable water resources are wasted.
6.1.1.2 Water Supply System Reliability
Due to incomplete network coverage, and leakage caused by excessive pressure build up in some zones, water pressure is dropping and in many instances peak water demands cannot be met.
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6.1.1.3 Public Health
A number of current operating alluvium wells have hard water and contain sulphates, fluoride, nitrates, thus delivering non-compliant water quality which can cause health risks. Furthermore, the damaged transmission lines could very well be infiltrated by contaminated ground water and wastewater resulting in increased cases of water borne diseases.
6.1.1.4 Indirect Environmental Impacts
The substandard water quality and unreliability of the water supply system may cause distress and frustration among the population. Furthermore, incidents due to waterborne diseases would lead to negative indirect economic effects as described in paragraph 6.1.1.7
6.1.1.5 Construction Impacts
Not constructing the water supply system would avoid many of adverse construction impacts associated with the project within the city (such as noise, disturbance, traffic interruption, and dust).
However hauling water would still be necessary, and as development increases water transportation could cause disturbance to traffic. It would also cause noise impacts associated with water pumping in heavily populated areas.
6.1.1.6 Management and Monitoring
Not constructing the water supply system would result in increased management intervention to address low water quality and poor water distribution problems. Furthermore, it would mean increased monitoring of well water quality, at source and in the distribution system to prevent transmission of non-complying water.
The 'do nothing' alternative would also result in increased public health management to address the increase in water borne disease cases.
6.1.1.7 Economic Analysis
The economic consequences of not implementing the project are associated with the following:
* Cost of medication associated with water borne diseases
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* Cost of working days lost due to therapy which would be paid directly by individuals and indirectly by the economy. * Cost of unaccounted for water, which increases the treatment costs and represents lost revenues. * Indirect loss to economy associated with limitations on development, and thus affecting internal investments * Direct costs associated with supplying water on individual basis through provision of day water tanks and transporting water. These cost can be estimated by the following: o 3 Cost of 2 m water tanks is 400,000 Rials. Annual cost of water tank operation and maintenance is 10% of the tank cost. O Cost of transportation per cubic meter of water is estimated at 7,000 Rials o The demand for water is assumed to be 94 litres per capita per day for the purpose of calculating the costs arising from water supply by trucking water.
Table 6.1 shows the associated costs of continuing with present methods of water supply and not implementing the project, though many benefits and costs are difficult to quantify. The total cost of not implementing the project, is estimated at 10,000 billion Rials. Costs for the provision of day water tanks, medicines, and working days lost would be paid directly by individuals and indirectly by the economy. It should be noted that many of the positive benefits from implementing the project such as improved water supply quality, revenues from tariffs, and decreased maintenance costs of the water supply system have not been included.
Table 6.1 Summary of Costs of not Implementing the Propos d Water Supply Project No. Item Net Present Value Billion Rials Million US L______I Medicines Dollars for water-borne and parasitic diseases 56.6 7.1 (assuming that 50% of the consumption of anti- parasitic drugs in Shiraz is related to water-borne disease. 2 Lost working days (assuming a daily income of 91.6 11.4 4,000 Rials, that currently one working day per person per year is lost due to water-related disease and that this would be reduced 25% by implementation of the proposedproject). 3 Lost revenues and additional treatment cost of 453.2 56.7 l___ Unaccouted for water 4 Cost of day tanks and trucking water 9,476.5 1,184.6
TOTAL 10,078 1,259.8
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6.1.2 Option 2: Shiraz Water Supply Project
This option consists of digging new wells, construction of reservoirs, laying of transmission lines, construction of water transfer pumping stations, network expansion, rehabilitation of the old network, and installation of pressure regulating valves. These works and their impacts are described in detail in Chapter 2. The main benefits and drawbacks of this option are presented below:
6.1.2.1 Water Resources
The implementation of this project would conserve water resources by reduction of unaccounted for water.
6.1.2.2 Water Supply System Reliability
This option would ensure that adequate water supplies will be available at all times in the network by extending network coverage and regulating water pressure.
6.1.2.3 Water Supply Quality
The quality of the supply water will improve, since the project will phase out the alluvium sources and rehabilitate the old network, thus ensuring good compliant water quality, free of water borne diseases, with decreased hardness levels.
6.1.2.4 Public Health
As a result of the improved water quality, public health is expected to improve due to a considerable decrease of water borne diseases.
6.1.2.5 Construction Impacts
The project will result in adverse construction impacts within the city (such as noise, disturbance, traffic interruption, and dust). However these are of temporary nature, limited to the construction period, and can be reduced by adopting adequate mitigation measures.
6.1.3 Conclusions
The "no project" option would avoid the temporary environmental impacts of installing pipelines and constructing reservoirs, however this option is rejected on the grounds of economic cost and adverse long-term environmental and social impacts. It would mean a whole city with poor water supply quality. Under such conditions
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considerable adverse environmental impacts such as pollution, and poor health conditions would increase and the prevailing environmental conditions will further deteriorate.
Moreover, the economic benefits of the proposed project are greater than the cost of not implementing it; taking into account revenues from tariffs for water supply, the cost of the degradation of surface and ground water resources; the cost of treating additional water quantities to compensate for the high unaccounted for water; the high maintenance cost for the aged water supply system; lost working days due to water related diseases; cost of medical treatment; and costs of water supply by tankers.
6.2 Wastewater Collection and Treatment
Currently a wastewater collection system has been implemented for a small part of Shiraz serving about 8 percent of the City's population. The wastewater collected is transferred to the Emergency WWTP, currently under construction, and is then discharged to a nearby earth channel, which finally discharges to Maharloo Lake without any treatment.
The remaining wastewater generated in the city is disposed of by on-site cesspits. Due to the high level of ground water especially in the central and southem sections, the geology and soil conditions, cesspits do not function properly and the ground water has become polluted. Also in some regions where wastewater disposal by cesspits is not possible, wastewater is discharged onto nearby lands or directly into Khoshk River and the surrounding agricultural fields by tankers.
6.2.1 Option 1: No Project
The "do nothing" option is that of continuing with the status quo of using sewage wells for sewage disposal, with no further construction of sewer networks. This section compares this option with the proposed project.
6.2.1.1 Surface Water Pollution
This option would essentially lead to a continuation of the current surface and groundwater problems described in Chapter 2 and Chapter 5. The situation can be expected to deteriorate as the population of Shiraz (and particularly the population density) increases. The sewage well system is so dispersed across the city that it would be much more difficult to monitor and ensure levels of treatment.
The Khoshk and Soltanabad rivers, Qanats, and canals would continue to be polluted by overflowing sewage wells and illicit discharges, and contain excessive quantities
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of pathogenic micro-organisms, organic matter, solids and potentially toxic elements such as heavy metals. The illicit uses of these water conduits would remain hazardous, resulting in the contamination of crops irrigated by the polluted waters. It is unlikely that all these practices could be eliminated.
The plan of relocation of polluting industrial sources outside Shiraz will result in a decrease in industrial wastewater flows within the city, but some will remain. In many cases provision of on-site treatment would be difficult and failure to provide this service would result in pollution of canals or groundwater.
The water quality of Maharloo lake will continue to deteriorate; heavy metal build up, organic loads, and other pollutants will accumulate to cause sever damage to the lake's ecosystem and to destroy the little aquatic life that remains in the lake. Due to heavy metal build up, salt extraction operations for industrial purposes transmit health risks to those working in this industry or the end users of the salt.
6.2.1.2 Groundwater
Groundwater levels would continue to rise, causing increased building damage and waterlogging. Of particular concern are the historical monuments of Shiraz, which are vulnerable to damage by increasing water table levels. Avoidance of waterlogging would require greatly increased expenditure on pumping to lower the water table and may not be feasible. Pollution of groundwater would also continue to increase, particularly from ammonia and nitrate nitrogen. This would either pose increased health hazards to consumers or reduce the quantities of water available for drinking, for public baths, etc.
6.2.1.3 Agriculture
The lack of treated sewage effluent for re-use in irrigation of crops on the nearby agricultural lands would result in the continuous state of using untreated sewage, pausing health hazards to workers and consumers alike. The loss of opportunity to use treated sludge in agriculture, would result in continued use of commercial fertilizers at higher costs to the local farmers.
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6.2.1.4 Health
Incidences of water-related diseases such as ascariasis and shigellosis in Shiraz could be expected to remain high or even increase as the population increases. The costs of working days lost and remedial drugs consumed would remain high.
6.2.1.5 Construction Impacts
Not constructing the sewer network would avoid many of the adverse construction impacts associated with the project within the city (such as noise, disturbance, traffic interruption, and dust). The Long Term WWTP site would be free for other uses, and the high costs of concrete & steel requirements associated with construction aspects would be avoided.
However the regular and widespread construction of sewage wells would still be necessary. This would cause localized disturbances, such as odours and flooding at locations of high water table, and produce spoil which would need to be disposed of.
Though the WWTP site would not be needed for this option, a sizeable area of land within the city itself would be required for on-site sewage treatment. Considering land is much cheaper at the WWTP sites, the "do nothing" option would actually lead to inefficient use of land with consequential economic losses.
6.2.1.6 Management and Monitoring
Not constructing the wastewater collection and treatment system would result in increased management intervention to address health related issues because of waterborne diseases. Furthermore, it would mean increased monitoring of Maharloo Lake, Khoshk and Soltanabad Rivers to manage the contaminant levels in these surface water bodies.
The no project alternative would also result in increased public health management to address the increase in water borne diseases cases.
6.2.1.7 Economic Analysis
The economic consequences of not implementing the project are associated with the following:
Cost of treating illnesses associated with water borne diseases caused by discharge of raw sewage, such as diarrhoea, hepatitis type A, etc
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Cost of working days lost due to therapy which would be paid directly by individuals and indirectly by the economy. * Cost of using alternative irrigation sources instead of treated effluent * Cost of using fertilizers instead of treated sludge * Indirect costs of water treatment due to nitrates * Costs of polluting water resources (eventual clean up and monitonrng) * Indirect loss to economy associated with limitations on development, and thus affecting internal investments * Direct costs associated with the current system through provision of cesspools with regular spoil disposal by tankers. These cost can be estimated by the following: o Cost of digging the cesspits is 1,000,000 Rials. Cost of cesspit operation and maintenance is estimated at 80,000 Rials per year o Cost of emptying the cesspit is 220,000 Rials
Table 6.2 shows the costs of continuing with present methods of sewage disposal and not implementing the project, though many benefits and costs are difficult to quantify. Costs for the provision of sewage wells, medicines, and working days lost would be paid directly by individuals and indirectly by the economy. It should be noted that many of the positive benefits from implementing the project such as improved surface water quality and decreased competition for water resources between public consumption and agriculture have not been included.
6.2.1.8 Conclusions
This option is rejected on the grounds of both economic cost and adverse environmental impacts (on water resources, surface water quality, groundwater levels and quality and health).
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Table 6.2 Summarv of Costs of not Implementing the Proposed Sanitation Project Net Present Value No. Item Billion Million Rials US$ Medicines for water-borne and parasitic diseases (assuming that 50% 1 of the consumption of anti-parasitic drugs in Shiraz is related to water- 56.6 7.07 borne disease. Lost working days (assumning a daily income of 40,000 Rials, that currently 2 0.5 working day per person per year is lost due to water-related disease, and 91.6 11.4 this would be reduced 25% by the implementation of the project) Use of other water sources for irrigation of agricultural lands (40 65.3 8.16 L Mm3/yr at 65 Rials/m3). Use of artificial fertilizer instead of sludge on agricultural lands (assuming a market value of 10,000 rials/m3). 9.2_____ 5 Cost of constructing & operating cesspits 2,891.3 361.4 6 Total 3,114 38918
6.3 Alternative Treatment Processes
This project has adopted the complete mix activated sludge treatment process for both the Emergency WWTP and the Long Term WWTP. In this section the alternative processes investigated in the feasibility study shall be explored and compared to each other in terms of technical performance, costs, and environmental impact. As the Emergency WWTP is currently under construction the alternatives were developed for the Long Term WWTP; as such the discussion here will be limited to the Long term WWTP. The design performance of the different alternatives shall be those developed by the feasibility study of having an ultimate design capacity of 248,100 m3/day at an influent wastewater concentration of BOD5 250 mg/l and TSS concentration of 315 mg/I. The effluent design criteria adopted is 20 mg/l for BOD5 and 30 mg/l for TSS.
6.3.1 Complete Mix Activated Sludge Plant
Under this option, the plant is designed to produce secondary effluent quality for reuse in agriculture following disinfection. The sludge treatment scheme is designed to have sludge quality suitable for reuse in agriculture. The complete process description of the plant and relevant design parameters is included in Chapter 2 and can also be reviewed from the feasibility study. The main features and design performance of the plant are presented below.
It is to be noted that due to the multiple arrangement of the modules, and the inherent property of the activated sludge process to handle variable load conditions, the system has high flexibility, compared to other systems.
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6.3.1.1 System Design
The design is comprised of five modules, each having a capacity of 50,000 m3/day and consisting of:
* The inlet works; comprising of lift station, two aerated grit chambers 30 m2 each * Four primary clarifiers 20 m diameter * Four anaerobic selector units 78 m2 each by 5 m depth. * Four aeration tanks 10,800 m3 each and 4 m deep * Four sedimentation tanks 30 m diameter each * Chlorine tank in two compartments, 780 m3 each * Chlorination equipment * Sludge blending tank 223 m3, 9 m diameter * Two sludge thickeners 14 m diameter * Four anaerobic digesters 1600 m3 capacity, 15 m diameter each * Biogas storage tank 50 m2 * Dewatering plant consisting of belt filters having a capacity of 7200 kg/day * Total built up area 10 ha * Total installed power 3100 kw * Lime Consumption: 6110 tons/year * Chlorine Consumption: 677 tons/year * Polymer Consumption: 71.4 tons/year * BOD5 removal efficiency 88% * Sludge concentration following dewatering 25%
Also the design includes for a sludge storage area of 20 Ha for compliance with WHO standards; for the purpose of this chapter sludge storage area requirements for the different altematives shall not be investigated. However, various treatment processes will have different sludge production rates requiring different sludge storage areas. Sludge production by the complete mix activated sludge process is highest among all other altemative processes, and thus would require the largest drying area. In all instances, the total land requirement by the complete mix activated sludge system would still be the smallest as will be demonstrated in the proceeding paragraphs.
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6.3.1.2 Proposed Site and Ground Conditions
The total land area required for the above option is about 25 hectares (800 m by 300 m) as shown on Drawing No. SWWS -IR-40, annex C.
6.3.1.3 Power
Power consumption would be 16,000,000 KWh per annum. There would be 2 diesel standby generators giving a total output of 1.2 MW to provide sufficient power for operation of the essential plant and equipment during any power supply failures.
6.3.1.4 Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal
The above system should produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 25% dry solids before long term drying. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is 46,800 cubic meters per year (12,400 dry tonnes per year, or a weight including water of about 49,600 tonnes per year).
6.3.1.5 Materials
The construction of the wastewater treatment plant would involve 150,000 m3 excavation, 161,000 m3 of concrete and 14,000 tons of steel.
6.3.1.6 Staffing
The wastewater treatment plant would require highly experienced personnel for operating it. From the technical point of view a plant manager would be required, operations manager, maintenance manager, chemist, electrical and mechanical foremen. Other staff would be required for administrative purposes as well as technicians, helpers, security, etc. Thus relatively large number of personnel will be required due to:
* Expertise required for process control * Continuous monitoring of process control parameters * Regular preventive maintenance and periodic maintenance operations due to the large number of electro-mechanical equipment. * Regular operating jobs for running the plant particularly chemical operations and machinery adjustment and checking.
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6.3.1.7 Schedule
The facility is expected to be developed in stages. The total construction time is estimated at 10.5 years.
6.3.1.8 Impact on Local Population
The impacts of disturbance, noise, and dust on the area adjacent to the site would be moderate since the site is located some 1 km from the planned industrial zone. Residential areas would not be affected since the closest village is some 3 km away.
Potential odour emissions may occur from the preliminary treatment operations and from thickeners. Careful operation of the plant will minimize the odour emissions and will keep them localized to the site at acceptable levels. Impact of odours on residential areas and nearby development is not foreseen.
6.3.1.9 Impacts on the Cultural Environment
No negative impact is anticipated.
6.3.1.10 Impacts on Surface Waters
The overall effect of the plant is to improve the surface quality of the City's rivers and Maharloo Lake, which receive considerable pollutants from domestic sources. Due to the high efficiency of the activated sludge process, the impact of the residual constituents on the lake's waters during the wet season is marginal as described in chapter 5.
6.3.1.11 Impacts on Groundwater
It is unlikely that any appreciable fluids be discharged from the plant to the ground, since all process water, including effluent are conveyed in pipes or lined conduits.
6.3.1.12 Impacts on Agriculture
Local farmers and those involved in the agricultural sector would benefit tremendously from the development of the treatment plant due to the availability of good quality irrigation water and treated sludge for reuse as a fertilizer. As described in earlier chapters it is anticipated that 2900 hectares per year would benefit from effluent reuse and 1550 hectares would benefit from sludge reuse.
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6.3.1.13 Impacts on Health
Impacts on health would be restricted to those who are attending the sight. Although the plant will be designed to include all required safety provisions, but like any other development facility involving chemical use, electrical power, process water, etc there is slight risk to health due to negligence. There maybe a minor impact on health due to aerosols caused by the action of the diffused aerators. Careful compliance with safety procedures would ensure that accidents are minimal.
6.3.1.14 Impacts on Climate
The predicted evaporation losses are small in comparison to the atmospheric water cycle and would have little impact on climate as discussed in chapter 5.
6.3.1.15 Impacts on the Biological Environment
There are no known protected or important species of flora or fauna which are likely to be affected by the construction of the activated sludge system.
6.3.1.16 Construction and Operational Costs
The construction and operation costs are shown in detail in the proceeding sections. However it is important to point out to the following: * The complete mix activated sludge system requires less land compared to other systems, accordingly the cost of land is the least compared with other treatment technologies. * Operating personnel would have to be highly trained and in sufficient numbers to run the plant, therefore human resources cost will be higher than other systems. * Plant operation and maintenance will be higher than other systems since the process is energy intensive and require continuous chemical addition. Furthermore spare parts costs and replacement costs will be higher due to the electrical machinery involved. * Capital cost is relatively high due to the electro mechanical parts and quantity of concrete civil works.
6.3.2 Sewage Treatment Using Waste Stabilization Ponds
The feasibility study considered the use of waste stabilization ponds for proposed project instead of the conventional activated sludge process. Under this option, the construction of the sewer network, and the incoming main trunk to the plant would be the same as for the proposed project. Waste stabilization ponds are a series of shallow
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earthen basins through which sewage flows without mechanical aeration or mixing. The ponds would be used instead of the treatment plant at WWTP.
6.3.2.1 System Design
A waste stabilization pond system designed for Stage I flows would consist of:
* An inlet works as for the proposed project; * 40 anaerobic ponds 60 m by 60 m by 4 m deep; * 60 facultative ponds 290 m by 140 m by 2 m deep; * Chlorination equipment as for the proposed project. * Total built up area 275 ha * Total installed power 650 kw * Chlorine Consumption: 677 tons/year * BOD5 removal efficiency 88%
Sludge would be produced in the anaerobic ponds. These would be operated on a 4 year rotation, with 9 of these in operation at a time and 3 used for storing sludge for one year per module. The anaerobic ponds would be lined with concrete to facilitate the removal of sludge. The facultative ponds embankments would be protected with concrete to prevent erosion due to wave action and to prevent the growth of vegetation at water level. Also the bottom of the facultative ponds would be concreted to prevent seepage due to the high water table. Sludge thickening and digestion equipment would not be needed.
6.3.2.2 Proposed Site
The total land area required for the above option is about 275 hectares (2700 m by 1000 m). The proposed site of the Long Term Wastewater treatment plant is inadequate for this.
6.3.2.3 Pathogen Removal
Stabilization ponds normally include maturation ponds for reduction of pathogenic organism, such as faecal bacteria and viruses. In this instance, the feasibility study did not include maturation ponds; hence chlorination of the treated effluent would be required all year long.
The design criteria for waste stabilization ponds assume that the WHO standard of less than one intestinal nematode egg per litre will be achieved. Evidence from
6-14 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report investigations of operational waste stabilization pond systems indicates that the necessary degree of helminthes removal will be achieved provided that the design criteria are observed. The total retention time of the proposed system, 22 days, is sufficient for the removal of intestinal nematode eggs without tertiary treatment.
6.3.2.4 Power
The total installed power requirement for works including the effluent pumping station would be 650 kW. Power consumption would be 7000 MWh per annum. The stabilization pond system requires the least amount of power among all the alternatives.
6.3.2.5 Evaporation from Waste Stabilization Ponds
The total surface area of water across the site envisaged for 2027 design year is over 244 hectares, so a considerable quantity of water could be lost by evaporation. Taking rainfall into account, it is predicted that 4.3 Mm 3 of water would be lost each year (a mean of 19,000 m3/d or 9 % of the total flow). Perhaps more seriously, the predicted mean daily water loss during the month of peak irrigation water requirement, June, is 57,000 m3/d, or 27 % of the total raw sewage flow.
Thus the predicted average yearly effluent flow from the waste stabilization pond system is 231,000 m3/day, about 91 % of the raw sewage flow.
6.3.2.6 Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal
The above system should produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 50% dry solids. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is 40,000 cubic meters per year; which is less than the sludge production of the proposed project by 15%.
6.3.2.7 Materials
The waste stabilization pond WWTP would require 2,800,000 m3 of excavation, 315,000 m3 of concrete and 14,000 tonnes of steel. The ponds would have to be constructed partly above ground due to the shallow water table. There would be considerably lower requirement for imported specialized equipment than for the proposed project.
Among the alternatives investigated, this system would require the least manpower involvement and expertise. Nonetheless professional staff would still be required, which would include plant manager, maintenance manager, chemist, electrical and
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mechanical foremen. Other staff would be required for administrative purposes as well as technicians, helpers, security, etc. The main tasks of the plant personnel would be:
* Periodic process control * Continuous monitoring of process control parameters * Regular preventive maintenance and periodic maintenance operations of pumping system influent
* Regular operating jobs for running the plant
6.3.2.8 Schedule
The timescale for construction of the system would be 10 years in five stages
6.3.2.9 Impact on Local Population
It is not envisaged that this treatment plant would cause relocation of people or cause major disturbance to the residents of nearest community since the closest village is 3 km from the plant. However, considering the vast area of land that that this system requires, and due to flies, odors, as discussed below, potential impacts on the intended development of the industrial zone will occur.
Given the nature of the soil and the climate, dust may be a problem to the industrial zone to be developed during construction. Given the scale of the proposed project, it may be difficult to control dust nuisance.
Anaerobic and facultative waste stabilization ponds can produce strong odors, particularly hydrogen Sulphide, if they are operated at incorrect loadings. The designs presented above use loading rates which should avoid this problem.
6.3.2.10 Impacts on the Cultural Environment
The impact on the cultural environment would be the same is that for the project.
6.3.2.11 Impacts on Surface Waters
The impact on Maharloo Lake could be higher than that of the project, since algae may grow in the ponds, if not properly controlled, and consequently be discharged via the effluent in the lake. This will cause a visual impact to the lake, and odor nuisance.
Although effluent total dissolved solids concentration in stabilization ponds, would be higher than that of the project due to evaporation losses; however the total mass
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loading rate would be nearly the same, since the flow quantities are reduced. Therefore dissolved solids impact on the lake would be the same as that of the project.
6.3.2.12 Impacts on Groundwater
The feasibility study has considered the stabilization ponds to be lined, hence it is unlikely that any appreciable fluids be discharged from the plant to the ground, since all process water, including effluent are conveyed in pipes or lined conduits.
If sludge is stored on site temporarily or for long term, care will have to be taken to ensure that leachate does not pollute any adjoining water course or groundwater.
6.3.2.13 Impacts on Agriculture
Evaporation and seepage from the ponds would result in a smaller quantity of effluent being available for irrigation, and hence, smaller agricultural benefits than for the proposed project. Also it should be noted that due to evaporation, the salinity levels in the effluent would be higher, and therefore the quality of the irrigation water would be inferior to that of the project.
6.3.2.14 Impact on Health
The possibility that species of Culex mosquitoes may use the open tracts of water as breeding sites has been considered in the design criteria for the use of the waste stabilization pond system. Mosquito larvae require still water to allow their development. The only parts of ponds which can provide such an environment are the banks which become covered with debris or overgrown with grass or emergent vegetation. Mosquito nuisance can be avoided by the instigation of suitable maintenance procedures (regular cutting of grass around ponds and removal of debris)
6.3.2.15 Impacts on Climate
Though the predicated evaporation loss is a significant part of the sewer flow, it is thought that these quantities are small in comparison to the atmospheric water cycle and would have little impact on climate.
6.3.2.16 Impacts on the Biological Environment
There are no known protected or important species of flora or fauna affected by the construction of the ponds.
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6.3.2.17 Technical Performance
The stabilization pond system is not subject to shock loads due to the considerable water body available, and as such the system has higher reliability than the proposed project in this respect. However the system is very much temperature dependent with decreased efficiencies during the colder months. Therefore under unexpected sustained low temperatures that are below design values, the plant effluent quality would deteriorate.
6.3.2.18 Land use
Given the large area that has to be developed for the project, large areas of good agricultural lands will have to be acquired.
6.3.2.19 Visual Impact & landscape structure
Due to the large areas required and due to shallow water table, most of the ponds will have to be built above grade. Since the site is flat the ponds will be built on fill material, and thus will be visible from a distance, and will cause a marked change in the original landscape structure.
6.3.2.20 Costs
The construction and operation costs are shown in detail in the proceeding sections. However it is important to point out to the following: * The stabilization pond system has the highest land requirements alternatives. among the * Operating skills for the stabilization system are the least demanding among the other systems due to system's operational simplicity. * Mechanical equipment is minimal for this system. Thus capital costs than the activated are lower sludge system, and the aerated lagoon system.
6.3.3 Sewage Treatment Using Aerated Lagoons
The feasibility study considered the use of aerated lagoons for the proposed project instead of the conventional activated sludge process. Under this option, the construction of the sewer network, and the incoming main trunk to the plant would be same as for the proposed project. Aerated lagoons are series of shallow earthen through basins which sewage flows within mechanical aeration.
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6.3.3.1 System Design
An aerated lagoon system designed for the proposed Long term capacity consist of: would
* An inlet works as for the proposed project; * 45 aerated lagoons 153 m by 153 m by 3.3 m deep; * 15 sedimentation basins 175 m by 153 m by 2.5 m deep; * 15 polishing ponds 153 m by 135 m by 1.6 m deep; and * Chlorination equipment as for the proposed project. * Total built up area 180 ha * Total installed power 11650 kw * Chlorine Consumption: 677 tons/year * BOD 5 removal efficiency 91%
Sludge would accumulate in the sedimentation basins. These would be operated on a 4 year rotation, with 12 of these in operation at a time and 3 used for for storing sludge one year. The aerated lagoons will be lined with concrete to prevent scouring. The sedimentation basins would be lined with concrete to facilitate the removal of sludge. The polishing ponds embankments would be protected with concrete to prevent erosion due to wave action and to prevent the growth of vegetation Also at water level. the bottom of the polishing ponds would be concreted to prevent seepage due to the high water table. Sludge thickening and digestion equipment would Also not be needed. the generated sludge quantities are considerably lower than those generated by the proposed project.
6.3.3.2 Proposed Site
The total land area required for the above option is about 180 hectares 1200 (1500 m by m). The proposed site of the Long Term Wastewater treatment plant is inadequate for this.
6.3.3.3 Power
The total installed power requirements for the entire plant works including the influent pumping station would be 11,650 kW. Power consumption would be 107,000 MWh per annum, which is much higher than that of the proposed project.
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6.3.3.4 Evaporation and Seepage from Aerated Lagoons
The total surface area of water across the site envisaged for the ultimate Design is over 180 hectares, so a considerable quantity of water could be lost by evaporation. Taking rainfall into account, 3 it is predicted that 4.5 Mm of water would be lost each year (5 % of the total flow).
Thus the predicted effluent flow from the waste stabilization pond 3 system is 236,000 m /d that is 95 % of the raw sewage flow.
6.3.3.5 Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal
The above system should produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 50% dry solids. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is 148,000 cubic meters per four year (74,000 dry tonnes per four year), which is less than the sludge production of the proposed project by 21%.
6.3.3.6 Materials
The aerated lagoon WWTP would 3 require 2,237,000 m excavation, 23,000 m3 of concrete and 10,000 tons of steel.
6.3.3.7 Staffing
The wastewater treatment plant would require less experienced personnel for its operation than the proposed project. In comparison with the stabilization pond, the level of staff experience would be more. Therefore, professional staff would still be required, which would include plant manager, maintenance manager, chemist, electrical and mechanical foremen. Other staff would be required for administrative purposes as well as technicians, helpers, security, etc. The main tasks of the plant personnel would be:
* Periodic process control * Continuous monitoring of process control parameters * Regular preventive maintenance and periodic maintenance operations of electro- mechanical equipment. * Regular operating jobs for running the plant
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6.3.3.8 Schedule
The timescale for construction of the system would be as for the waste stabilization pond option.
6.3.3.9 Impact on Local Population
The impacts of relocation, disturbance, noise, and dust on the plant vicinity area would be similar to those described for the waste stabilization pond option, though as large, not since a smaller area of land would be required.
The most likely source of odour would be the decomposition of settled sludge in sedimentation basins. The minimum water depth above the sludge layer must be at least 1.8 m in warm climates. This figure would be accommodated in the design of ponds in this location, so odour nuisance is unlikely to be of concern.
6.3.3.10 Impacts on the Cultural Environment
These would be the same as for the waste stabilization pond option.
6.3.3.11 Impacts on Surface Waters
The impact of the aerated lagoon on this Maharloo Lake would be marginally less than that caused by the proposed project due to the slight increase in system efficiency. However in the instance algae growth is not controlled at the plant, this issue could cause a visual impact to the lake.
6.3.3.12 Impacts on Groundwater
Impacts on groundwater would be same as for the waste stabilization pond option.
6.3.3.13 Impacts on Agriculture
Evaporation from the maturation ponds would result in a slightly smaller quantity of effluent being available for irrigation, and hence, smaller agricultural benefits than for the proposed project.
6.3.3.14 Impacts on Health
The risk of mosquito breeding in sedimentation basins and polishing ponds could be avoided by the instigation of suitable maintenance procedures (regular cutting of grass
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around ponds and removal of debris). All health benefits within Shiraz would be same as for the proposed project.
6.3.3.15 Impacts on Climate
The predicted evaporation losses are small in comparison to the atmospheric water cycle and would have little impact on climate.
6.3.3.16 Impacts on the Biological Environment
There are no known protected or important species of flora or fauna which are likely to be affected by the construction of the aerated lagoon system.
6.3.3.17 Technical Performance
The lagoon system is not subject to shock loads due to the considerable available water body, and as such the system has higher reliability than the proposed project. However the system is very much temperature dependent with decreased efficiencies during the colder months. Therefore under unexpected sustained low temperatures that are below design values, the plant effluent quality would deteriorate.
6.3.3.18 Land use
Given the large area that has to be developed for the project, large areas of good agricultural lands will have to be acquired; however these would be less than stabilization ponds.
6.3.3.19 Visual Impact & landscape structure
Due to the large areas required and due to shallow water table, most of the lagoons will have to be built above grade. Since the site is flat the lagoons will be built on fill material, and thus will be visible from a distance, and the original landscape structure will be changed. In this instance, however the anticipated impact will be less than that for the stabilization ponds.
6.3.3.20 Costs
The construction and operation costs are shown in detail in the proceeding sections. However it is important to point out to the following:
* The lagoon system requires less land compared to the stabilization pond, but more land than the proposed project and the DPMC.
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* Operating personnel would have to be professionally trained and in numbers to sufficient run the plant, therefore human resources cost stabilization will be higher than ponds, but less than the proposed project. * Mechanical equipment is comprised of surface aerators and pumps. Therefore plant operation and maintenance requirements will be less than those for the proposed project, but greater than those for stabilization ponds. The energy consumption however will be higher than both activated sludge system stabilization ponds. and * Capital cost is the highest among the alternatives due to the mechanical equipment cost and extensive construction requirements.
6.3.4 Dual Power Multi Cellular Lagoon System (DPMC)
The feasibility study considered the use of DPMC system which is a variation of the aerated lagoon system. It involves the use of complete mixed aerated lagoons in series with facultative lagoons followed by polishing lagoons. Under this option, the construction of the sewer network, and the incoming main trunk to the plant would be same as for the proposed project.
6.3.4.1 System Design
A DPMC system designed for the proposed Long term capacity would consist of:
* An inlet works as for the proposed project; * 15 complete mix lagoons 107 m by 107 m by 3 m deep; * 30 facultative partial mix lagoons 107 m by 155 m by 2.5 m deep; * 15 polishing ponds 156 m by 107 m by 2 m deep; and * Chlorination equipment as for the proposed project. * Total built up area 95 ha * Total installed power 1590 kw * Chlorine Consumption: 677 tons/year * BOD5 removal efficiency 90%
Sludge would accumulate in the facultative lagoons. These would be operated on a four year rotation, with 6 of these in operation at a time and 2 used for storing sludge for one year. The aerated and facultative lagoons will be lined with concrete to prevent scouring. The polishing ponds embankments would be protected with concrete to prevent erosion due to wave action and to prevent the growth of vegetation at water level. Also the bottom of the polishing ponds would be concreted to prevent seepage due to the high water table. Sludge thickening and digestion
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equipment would not be needed as they would occur in the facultative lagoons. Also the generated sludge quantities are considerably lower than those generated by the proposed project.
6.3.4.2 Proposed Site and Ground Conditions
The total land area required for the above option is about 95 hectares (1200 m by 800 m). The proposed site of the Long Term Wastewater treatment plant is inadequate this. for
6.3.4.3 Power
The total installed power requirements for the entire plant works including the influent pumping station would be 1590 kW. Power consumption would be 43,000 MWH per annum, much higher than for the proposed project.
6.3.4.4 Evaporation from Aerated Lagoons
The total surface area of water across the site envisaged for the ultimate Design is over 92 hectares, so a considerable quantity of water could be lost by evaporation, but would remain less than the aerated lagoons. Taking rainfall into account, it is predicted that 2.6 Mm 3 of water would be lost each year (2 % of the total flow). Thus the predicted effluent flow from the waste stabilization pond system is 245,000 m3/d, which amounts to 98 % of the raw sewage flow.
6.3.4.5 Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal
The above system should produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 50% dry solids. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is 148,000 cubic meters per year (74,000 dry tonnes per year), which is equal to the sludge volumes produced in the lagoon system and smaller than the sludge production of the project by 21 %
6.3.4.6 Materials
The DPMC WWTP would require 3 875,000 m excavation, 120,000 m3 of concrete and 7200 tons of steel.
6.3.4.7 Staffing
The wastewater treatment plant would require less experienced personnel for its operation than the proposed project. The personnel at the DPMC would be similar to
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those at the aerated lagoons, and the tasks that would be conducted will generally be of the same complexity.
6.3.4.8 Schedule
The timescale for construction of the system would be less than that for the waste stabilization pond option by nearly two years.
6.3.4.9 Impact on Local Population
The impacts of relocation, disturbance, noise, and dust on the plant vicinity area would be similar to those described for the waste stabilization pond and aerated lagoon option, though not as large, since a smaller area of land would be required. The most likely source of odour would be the decomposition of settled sludge in facultative lagoons. The minimum water depth above the sludge layer must be at least 1.8 m in warm climates. This figure would be accommodated in the design of ponds in this location, so odour nuisance is unlikely to be of concem.
6.3.4.10 Impacts on the Cultural Environment These would be as for the waste stabilization pond option.
6.3.4.11 Impacts on Surface Waters
The impact of the DPMC on the surface waters of Maharloo Lake will be very similar to that of the aerated lagoon; however evaporation from this system would be less due to the smaller surface areas.
6.3.4.12 Impacts on Groundwater
Impacts on groundwater would be same as for aerated lagoon option.
6.3.4.13 Impacts on Agriculture
Evaporation and seepage from the maturation ponds would result in a slightly smaller quantity of effluent being available for irrigation, and hence, smaller agricultural benefits than for the proposed project.
6.3.4.14 Impacts on Health
The risk of mosquito breeding in maturation ponds could be avoided by the instigation of suitable maintenance procedures (regular cutting of grass around ponds
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and removal of debris). This risk is less than that of the aerated lagoon system due to the smaller areas. All health benefits within Shiraz would be same as for the proposed project.
6.3.4.15 Impacts on Climate
The predicted evaporation losses are small in comparison to the atmospheric water cycle and would have little impact on climate.
6.3.4.16 Impacts on the Biological Environment
There are no known protected or important species of flora or fauna which are likely to be affected by the construction of the aerated lagoon system.
6.3.4.17 Technical Performance
The DPMC is very similar in performance to the aerated lagoon system.
6.3.4.18 Land use
The impact on land use would be much smaller than that of aerated lagoons smaller site area. due to the
6.3.4.19 Visual Impact
Similar to aerated lagoons, this system will cause visual impact, however to a much smaller scale due to the smaller land area requirement.
6.3.4.20 Costs
The construction and operation costs are shown in detail in the proceeding section. However it is important to point out to the following: * The lagoon system requires less land compared to the aerated stabilization pond and lagoons, but more land than the proposed project. * Operating personnel requirement would be very similar option. to the aerated lagoon * Mechanical equipment is comprised of surface aerators and pumps. Therefore plant operation and maintenance requirements will be less than those for the proposed project, but greater than those for stabilization ponds. The energy consumption will be higher than the proposed project and the stabilization ponds. * Capital cost will be the lowest among the altematives
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6.3.5 Comparison of Sewage Treatment Process Alternatives
The feasibility study contains an economic analysis of four sewage treatment options; the proposed project using a conventional activated sludge system and the three processes described in the preceding sections. A summary of the financial analysis, using market prices currently ruling in Iran, is presented in Table 6.3. These costs include the provision of WWTPs themselves and provision for effluent and sludge reuse. Also the recurrent costs considered include power, staffing, consumables. The benefits are those accruing from production of irrigation water (treated effluent) and fertilizer (treated sludge).
Table 6.3 Summary of Financial Analysis of Options in Sewage Treatment
Sewage Process Treatment Financial ______l__ costs (millions Conventional Waste of Dollars at Activated Stabilization Aerated mid-2003 sludge DPMC prices) (proposed Ponds Lagoons project) l Capital Cost -44 -41 -49 -37
Recurrent Cost (per -2.9 -2.2 -3 -2.3 year)
Benefits 0.5 0.3 (per year) 0.3 0.35 l
Net recurrent -2.4 -1.9 -2.7 -1.95
The three alternative sewage treatment processes are shown to have land requirements that exceed the available land size.
The three alternative sewage treatment processes are shown to have inferior technical performance to that offered by the activated sludge system due to its flexibility and reliability.
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The alternative of sewage treatment using waste stabilization ponds is rejected on the following grounds:
* Land requirements are very high and cannot be accommodated by the available land size of * Potential adverse impacts on close developments due to possible odour emissions * Substantially reduced effluent quantities available for reuse in agriculture evaporation and seepage. due to * Adverse visual impact and substantial changes to original landscape structure * Loss of agricultural land;
Waste stabilization ponds are normally characterized by lower capital equipment costs and recurrent cost (particularly energy and manpower) but higher land costs than activated sludge systems. The viability of this option therefore, is highly sensitive to the cost of land and the environmental impact of its use as stabilization ponds. In this instance the cost of land is high due to the agricultural value of the land, and furthermore the environmental impacts are by far higher than the impacts of the activated sludge process.
The alternative of sewage treatment using aerated lagoons is grounds: rejected based on the
* Land requirements cannot be accommodated
* It would entail much higher economic costs than the alternative of using waste stabilization ponds or the proposed project, due to the high running cost attributed to energy consumption, whilst incurring the same adverse environmental impacts of the stabilization pond. Most of the greatly increased recurrent economic costs are attributable to the provision of aeration.
The alternative of sewage treatment using DPMC is rejected on the grounds that this would entail higher energy costs than the proposed project, with greater environmnental impacts. More importantly, the land requirements also exceed the size of land available.
6.4 Other Alternatives Explored
A number of other alternatives have been explored. These include: * On-site sanitation.
This option has been described partly in the 'no project' discussion, but it should be further mentioned that the government has already initiated the construction of an
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Emergency wastewater treatment plant and various sections of the trunk main are being implemented, which would offer a more feasible and reliable method for sewage disposal to house owners. Furthermore, the performance of such systems has proved to be unsatisfactory due to the resulting contamination of ground water and frequent flooding of cesspits induced by the high water table in Shiraz.
Hence, the option of on-site sanitation is rejected.
* Decentralized treatment
The DOE has set limitations on the construction of treatment plants within the city. Therefore decentralized treatment plants would have to be located outside the city limits. Since the Emergency WWTP is currently being constructed, the option of having more than one plant in lieu of the Long Term WWTP was explored during the feasibility study. It was rejected based on the following grounds:
* The increased cost of influent trunk mains to each treatment plant
* The increased cost of outfalls from each treatment plant to the end disposal point at Maharloo Lake.
* The prohibitive cost and the difficulty of finding suitable sites for the different decentralized plants.
* The potential adverse impacts associated with development of these facilities.
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7. Environmental Management Plan
7.1 Objectives of the Environmental Management Plan
The main objective is to address all the major environmental issues satisfactorily. The major environmental issues have been identified earlier in Section 5, Impacts of the Project. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) covers mitigation measures, monitoring, and institutional strengthening for effective implementation (during construction and operation). These are designed to eliminate or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts. It also identifies actions needed to implement the mitigation measures by (a) identifying a set of responses to be taken; (b) determine requirements for ensuring that those responses are made effectively in a timely manner; and (c) describe the means for meeting those requirements.
The purpose of the EMP is to ensure that the defined objectives of the Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project are achieved whilst preventing or minimizing any potentially adverse environmental impacts. The EMP will be carefully coordinated with the construction programme of the project, to ensure that each relevant mitigative measure is implemented at the most appropriate time and that resources are efficiently allocated.
Baseline In formation
In order to properly gauge the performance of the project as a whole and to set the future direction of developments, the situation will be fully monitored and compared with the established baseline. Each issue to be affected by the project has been identified and a programme of monitoring has been designed to efficiently establish a datum for future changes. Areas of concern will not only include the quality aspects of water and soil, but also social issues, agricultural production, general public health, and the economic well-being of the community.
Monitoring
It is important to realize that while the collection of data is necessary, the information gained must be useful. There is no advantage in collecting a wide range of data, if a use for it has not been defined. Programmes and procedures for monitoring have been developed taking full consideration of economic and physical restrictions and allowances. budget
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7.2 Mitigation Measures
7.2.1 Construction Phase
During the construction of the project particularly the sewerage and water supply network, the potential for causing disruption to public activities is the greatest. Monitoring during this stage will need to be continuous and will cover traffic impacts, noise and dust nuisances, disposal of spoil, and safety. Public liaison would have maintained. to be
The conditions of the contracts will include requirements for the work to be performed as per international specifications. If the contracts are properly prepared and supervised, then disturbance will be minimized. Monitoring of the impacts during construction will be undertaken by the Environment and Safety Officer (ESO) in the Technical Support Unit as part of their contract supervisory duties, and Department of Environment. Dedicated and fully trained personnel will be appointed to carry out monitoring. this
Monthly reports will be submitted to the SWWC on the environmental impacts of construction with recommendations for dealing with any problems including corrective actions that should be taken.
Noise
During construction, all feasible measures (mentioned below) will be undertaken in order to minimize the impacts of noise on the community. These measures will include:
* Selection of up to date, well maintained plant with reduced noise levels ensured by suitable built-in damping; * Further screening of plant equipment such as air compressors and dewatering pumps, particularly in the streets of Shiraz by the use of sandbags, where necessary; * Providing residents with advance warning of construction activities; * Confining noisy work to normal working hours in the day, wherever possible; * Providing the construction workers with suitable hearing protection and training them in its use; and * Restricting construction traffic movements during the night-time. These measures will be included in the contract documents and undertaken by the contractor. The TSU will ensure that they are carried out as part of its contract supervision function.
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Vibration
Vibration impacts from the construction phase will be mitigated by the measures: following * The use of appropriate equipment that is modem and well maintained; * Limiting the use of percussive equipment in the excavation of sewer trenches and tunnel shafts; * The use of dead-weight rather than vibration compaction plant when compacting trenches close to buildings; * Providing supports for existing buildings that are likely to be disturbed or damaged; and * The location of works away from sensitive buildings. These measures will be included in the contract documents and undertaken by the contractor. The TSU will ensure that they are carried out as part of its contract supervision function. As a precaution against excessive compensation claims for damage to property caused by vibration, a programme of pre-construction audits will be developed well in advance of the construction programme by the TSU's site supervisory staff. This programme will involve the detailed inspection of all structures likely to be affected by the project, in order to establish a baseline for defense or the minimization of claims. Particularly susceptible buildings will be carefully surveyed to determine support requirements for the prevention of damage. The subject of mitigation measures for archeological sites is dealt with separately in the proceeding sections.
Dust
The majority of dust problems caused by the construction of the project will be mitigated by the implementation by the contractor of a few simple procedures: * Construction activities causing dust will not be carried out on excessively days; windy
* Unsealed routes for earthmoving equipment and general transport will be regularly sprayed with water during dry weather; * Excavation workfaces will be sprayed with water; * Stockpiles of excavated material will be covered with tarpaulins or sprayed with water during dry weather; and * Construction employees will be provided with masks for protection against the inhalation of dust and be trained in their use.
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These measures will be included in the contract documents and undertaken by the contractor. The TSU will ensure that these are carried out as part of its contract supervision function. Rather than leaving the perception of nuisance from dust to individuals, weather conditions in which precautions should be taken by the contractor will be specified by the TSU and included in the contract documents.
Disruption
Disruption impacts will principally be experienced during the construction period and these will be mitigated by the following measures: * There will be liaison between the TSU and the transport, police, electricity, telephone, gas, and water supply authorities at an early stage; * There will be coordinated planning of traffic diversions by the TSU, police and the transport authorities and restrictions in accordance with the construction programme, with advance warnings to the affected residents and road users; * The continual services of the police will be used in the diversion and control of traffic. * The TSU will coordinate the planning and construction of the water supply and sanitation system with the construction of any other planned construction activities, in order to achieve efficiency of progress. * The TSU will design and specify the construction works to minimize disruption. * The TSU will identify the locations of all qanats in the vicinity of the works. * Under the supervision of the TSU, the contractor will restrict the length of open trenches and the amount of materials stored adjacent to the excavation works to that necessary for construction.
Community Relations
By establishing good community relations, any disruption experienced by the community should quickly become apparent and will consequently be resolved with due consideration for the community's needs. By providing advance publicity on the work program and through the establishment of liaison arrangements between members of the public, contractors and the project team, any adverse public reaction to project nuisance can be minimized. As construction contractors move into a residential area, the TSU will inform residents of the works to take place, their duration, and whom they should address their complaints to. A procedure will be established to enable the public to complain about excessive nuisance, disruption or disturbance due to the Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project. The public should be able to do so via both the Public Relations Unit of the SWWC and the DOE-Fars Province.
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Water Pollution:
Construction activities can generate runoff, which would end in surface water bodies or in underground water. The latter is likely to occur due to dewatering operations because of the high water table. Measures to mitigate water pollution will include: * Waste solvents, petroleum products, toxic chemicals or harmful solutions shall not be disposed in the city's drainage system watercourse, or the two rivers. Solid waste refuse shall be disposed off at Shiraz landfill or at other approved designated areas. Construction sites shall be maintained in a sanitary condition at all times; rubbish, surplus spills, and litter shall be disposed off in a controlled and prompt manner. * The Contractor shall dispose of all fluids and test pumping discharges in a manner that does not cause contamination or nuisance. He shall also be responsible to control all run-offs, erosion, etc. Water pumped from the construction site should be disposed of in an appropriate manner so as not cause nuisance or flooding to surrounding properties. * Works affecting surface water channels shall allow for the continuous supply of water to existing users. The Contractor shall take all reasonable measures to maintain outflow and to avoid discoloration. * Where a temporary reduction in downstream flow or discoloration by suspended solids from excavations is, in the opinion of SWWC, unavoidable, the Contractor shall make alternative arrangements for supplying water to all effected users throughout the period of flow reduction or discoloration. * Where dewatering of trenches is to occur, care should be taken to ensure that bank collapses do not occur so as to safeguard workers, the public and to prevent structural damage to properties.
Accidents and Emerjenay Cases:
Potential accidents during construction can be mitigated by adopting the following measures: * By training all employees in the areas of occupational health and safety prior to their commencing work and regularly thereafter; any adverse effects on their health and safety will be minimized. * At the planning level, the design of the WWTP will include measures for preventing attraction and breeding of pests. A regular eradication programme will be carried out using the application of biodegradable pesticides at appropriate levels. * The contractor will ensure that construction employees are trained in safety procedures for all relevant aspects of construction and that these procedures are
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always adhered to. The TSU will make regular checks that the contractor is following safe practices. * In order to ensure that all work is carried out safely, every team employed by the contractor or SWWC will be led by a fully trained supervisor with easy access to emergency services. In addition to this, an appropriate number of site personnel will be trained in First Aid. * Formal emergency procedures will be developed for each construction site for the event of an accident. * The safety of the public at all stages of the construction will be ensured by appropriate public education and safety measures such as the use of barriers, flags, and bollards. * On all construction sites, first aid facilities will be provided in an accessible location. The tender documents will include this provision, which will be implemented by the Contractor. The TSU will make regular checks on all sites to verify this provision. * Public access to the construction sites will be restricted. For this purpose, the sites will be fenced where possible. Security guards will prevent unauthorized entry to these sites. These measures will be included in contract documents, and as such will be the responsibility of the contractor. The TSU will ensure these activities are undertaken as part of their supervisory function.
Traffic and Accessibility:
Many activities such as digging, excavating, pipe laying, transportation of primary materials, cause traffic disruption, some severance of pedestrian movement (particularly on footpaths) may limit access to shops, businesses, factories, etc especially in the old and high density quarters of Shiraz. The following measures will mitigate such potentially disruptive impacts: * The closure or partial closure of roads, walkways and other public areas will only be permitted if approved by the relevant authorities and the closure permit has been issued. The Contractor shall detail for each closure the extent of area to be closed, the reasons and duration of the closure and, where appropriate, proposed diversion route. The Contractor shall exhibit the Closure Permit for inspection by SWWC if requested. SWWC shall have the right to order suspension of the relevant works if the Contractor does not produce the Closure Permit. * Transportation of materials to and from construction sites will not be scheduled during peak commuting hours, whenever possible.
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* The TSU will coordinate construction activities in the city with Shiraz police department to reduce the traffic congestion around construction sites. Announcement about traffic restrictions will also be made public. * The contractor will minimize the length of open trenches and amount of stored materials during excavation works to cause least disruption to traffic flow. The TSU will check the implementation by regular supervision. These measures will be included in contract documents, and as such will be the responsibility of the contractor. The TSU will ensure that these activities are undertaken as part of their supervisory function.
Soil:
Activities such as excavation, landscaping, demolition, temporary storage of materials and the clearing of the sites for the treatment plants can cause soil instability and erosion problems or soil contamination. The following measures will be taken by the contractor to mitigate the potentially negative impacts of construction activities on soil quality: * Wherever possible filling or covering will be accomplished by using the same excavated material. * Contaminated soil should be removed from the construction site to a proper landfill centers and not used as fill or cover at the construction sites. * Vegetation clearance will be kept to minimum at wastewater treatment site. * Trees and plants will be planted at WWTP site. * Soil transport will be kept to minimum. The TSU will regularly check the implementation of these measures.
Seismic Activity:
The potential impacts due to seismic activities are grave as described in the previous chapter. The destructive effects of earthquakes can be avoided at the planning phase and construction phase of the project.
During the design phase, all structures, pipework, and other works that are subject to damage as a result of an earthquake, shall be designed to the Iranian seismic design code and other complementary international design codes. All tender documents for the design and construction works shall include this provision. Tender specifications shall include QA/QC procedures for implementation during design and construction of all works in compliance with applicable seismic codes.
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During construction phase, the Contractor shall comply with provisions of the design specifications and the code requirements. All structures and piping shall be constructed in strict adherence with Iranian code and the tender and design specifications. The TSU will implement an extensive inspection procedure to verify the compliance.
Solid Waste Disposal
Solid waste generated during construction consists mainly of demolition and building rubble, chemicals and road building material, containers and packaging for building materials as well as refuse material from site offices. All solid wastes shall be temporarily stored at designated locations on the construction sites. Appropriate sealed containers shall be used for storage whenever this is required. Solid waste materials shall be covered during transportation to the disposal facility. The disposal facility shall be approved by TSU prior to any disposal. Domestic and biodegradable waste shall be removed daily from the Site. Toxic and hazardous wastes shall be collected separately and be disposed of in accordance with current regulations. Recyclable materials such as oils and metals will be collected and delivered to an appropriate sorting facility. The TSU will specify the location of this facility in the tender documents. Comprehensive procedures will be included in the construction tender documents to ensure that safe and environmentally sound practices are followed by the contractor. The ESO will supervise the contractors' activities. TSU will prepare a detailed plan to manage waste and soil spoil. The plan will include procedures of recording, reporting and interpretation of data in details. DOE will supervise the implementation of the plan.
General Housekeeping:
* The Contractor shall maintain the Site and any ancillary areas used and occupied for performance of the Works in a clean, tidy and rubbish-free condition at all times. * Upon the issuance of any Taking-Over Certificate, the Contractor shall clear away and remove from the Site the Contractors' Equipment, surplus material, rubbish and temporary works of any kind, and shall leave the Site in a clean condition to the satisfaction of SWWC.
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Visual Amenity
Activities such as excavation, pipe laying, storage of construction materials and debris, workshops, general activities on construction sites can cause a significant visual impact, particularly in areas with high levels of activities (such as community facilities, shopping centers, religious centers and the like) and cultural and archeological places. To mitigate potential impacts, the following measured will be followed: * Fences of workshops and construction facilities shall be built with appropriate materials that blend with the surrounding environment; * Immediately removing waste and construction debn's and soil wastes from the works site. * Planting suitable trees and plants during the construction phase at the treatment plants site, water tanks and where appropriate within a 500m buffer distance of those sites to create a green belt. This will not only obscure construction activities but will also be a permnanent landscape feature that will add visual aesthetic value to the facility. These measures will be included in contract documents and as such will be the responsibility of the contractor. The TSU will ensure these activities are undertaken as part of their supervisory function.
Archaeolozv and Chance Finds
Shiraz has many recorded archeological and historical sites. The implementation of the water and sanitation project will not require the demolition of any known historical sites, nor will it directly affect any known archeological sites. On the contrary, the project will have a positive environmental impact as it will eliminate the uncontrolled flows and discharges of wastewater adjacent to historical sites. Mitigation measures were taken at the planning phase by a careful consideration of works site. The sitting of the all the project works was selected in close coordination with the Cultural Heritage Organization following several site visits so as to ensure that these facilities are remotely located from the archeological and historical sites as well as from areas where there is potential of finding archeological remains.
During final design stages, further site inspections will be conducted by surveyors and archeologist to check the construction drawings in the field.
Furthermore, pre-tender conferences will be held to brief pre-qualified contractors on the effective implementation of mitigation measures. The contractors will be briefed on: (i) chance find procedures, (ii) special procedures to be adopted in the vicinity of
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During the construction phase, the following mitigation measures shall be implemented: * An archaeologist should always be present in the historical quarters throughout the construction period for delicate observation. * A group of competent archeologists in collaboration with the Cultural Heritage Organization should be ready at all times for rescue excavations, so as not to delay the construction process and to save and take control over all archeological findings * Any finding should be directly reported by the supervisor (Archeologist - Forman) to the responsible official authorities or the Cultural Heritage Organization * Construction works should be performed with suitable equipment. Use of explosives should be prohibited. Moreover, excavation should be monitored especially in delicate areas. * To avoid extensive delays in an area with a high archeological findings potential, it is highly recommended to perform several soundings (Im x 2m to the needed depth) supervised by an experienced archeologist enabling clearer perspectives of the archeological sites. * If an archeological site or irremovable remains is discovered project activities should be suspended and possible adjustments to the project design discussed and implemented in order to prevent any loss of archeological and cultural remains.
The following "chance finding procedures" were developed in coordination with the official representative of the Cultural Heritage Organization and in compliance with the Iranian regulations, and the World Bank Operational Policy on Cultural Property. The procedures should be included as standard provisions in construction contracts to ensure the protection of cultural heritages. In any chance find, the procedures should be directly executed. Chance find includes new archeological remains, antiquity or any other object of cultural or archeological importance, which is encountered during the project construction:
1. Stop construction activities 2. Delineate the discovered site or area 3. Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In case of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard should be present until the responsible authorities take over
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4. Notify the responsible foreman/archeologist, who in tum should notify the responsible authon'ties, the Cultural Heritage Organization and the local authorities immediately (less than 24 hours) 5. Responsible authorities would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on the proper procedures to be carried out. This would require an evaluation of the finding, which should be performed by the Cultural Heritage Organization. The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to various criteria relevant to cultural heritage; those include the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values. 6. Decision on how to handle the finding should be reached, that could include changes in the project layout (such as when finding an irremovable remain of cultural or archeological importance), conservation, preservation, restoration, or salvage. 7. Implementation of the authority decision conceming the management of the finding. 8. Construction work could resume only when permission is given from the Cultural Heritage Organization after the decision conceming the safeguard of the heritage is fully executed.
Summara
The environmental mitigation measures discussed in the preceding sections are summarized in table 7-1.
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Table 7-1: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Construction Phase
Responsible Organization Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Performing QA/QC
Noise generation Restrict work to normal working hours; Contractor monitored DOE Use equipment with appropriate silencers; by ESO Only run equipment when required.
Contractor monitored Generation of dust Employ dust suppression measures such as by ESO DOE wetting and dust enclosures.
Traffic congestion Restrict movement of construction vehicles to Contractor monitored DOE and from the sites to normal working hours; by ESO Diversion of traffic through suitable roads to the expected traffic loading; Provision of adequate diversion signs; Minimizing lengths of open trench; Expeditious completion of backfill and reinstatement.
Damage to access roads Site access roads will be inspected regularly and Contractor monitored DOE and streets repairs made where necessary; by ESO All roads and streets used for laying pipes will be covered and paved.
Damage to archeological Application of protection measures in areas close Contractor monitored Cultural remains to existing historical sites; by Archeologist and Heritage Implementation of Chance Find Procedures. ESO Organizatio n
Water pollution Collect and dispose wastes, demolition and Contractor monitored DOE excavated materials at appropriate locations; by ESO Restrict surface runoff from the site.
Public safety and site Control access of unauthorized personnel; Contractor monitored DOE security Provide pedestrian access; by ESO Provide safety barriers and signs.
Air pollution Do not bum wastes on site; Contractor monitored DOE Routine maintenance of construction equipment by ESO and vehicles to minimize exhaust emissions
Generation of wastes Minimize wastes generated during construction Contractor monitored DOE and reuse construction wastes where practicable; by ESO Use appropriate methods for the storage of waste materials; Dispose of wastes to an appropriate site.
7.2.2 Operation Phase During the operation of the project different mitigation measures for each project component will be required on an on-going basis. The operation mitigation measures are outlined below.
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7.2.2.1 Water Project
Responsibility for undertaking mitigation measures during the operation will reside with the water facilities operator under the supervision of the SWWC.
Seismic Activitv
Critical mitigation measures are undertaken during the design and construction phase. The Safety and Environment officer will provide the needed procedures, as discussed in the next paragraph, to face the accidents in water facilities in case of an earthquake. Furthermore, monitoring of earthquake occurrence and intensity will be conducted by the TSU, the WTO and WWTO by reviewing the data acquired at the earthquake monitoring station at Doroudzan dam and other close centers for evaluation of the resulting impacts.
Incidents and Emer-encv Cases
Incidents during operation can involve accidental toxic gas emissions, pipe bursts, tank leakages, occupational hazards, all of which can lead to serious health risks if not addressed and dealt with in an appropriate manner. To ensure incidents and emergency cases are dealt with efficiently the following mitigation measures will be implemented: * SWWC will organize and mobilize rescue teams to respond to emergency incidents in a timely and effective manner. Communication with the rescue team must be reliable, manageable and available at all times. The rescue teams should be located in close proximity to the water chlorination and storage facilities and be able to attend the sites of an incident within the City in the shortest possible time period. * Well equipped rescue teams with appropriate equipment will undertake periodic inspections of the systems so as to troubleshoot defects before an incident occurs. * Training of professional staff in the fields of health and safety will take place before they commence work or operations. This would minimize the effects of health and safety incidents. * Public accessibility to the water supply facilities should be restricted. For this purpose, water supply facilities especially storage reservoirs will be under the supervision of SWWC guards. * Both the operator and SWWC shall ensure that training in basic operational procedures is fulfilled by the concerned staff. Training will be conducted on an on-going basis so as to ensure that staff is aware of best practice procedures, changes to technology and emergency procedures that may occur throughout the lifetime of the project.
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* To assure proper safety procedures are followed, any subcontractor of the operator or SWWC should be supervised by a well-trained supervisor who is knowledgeable of and have easy access to emergency services and rescue teams. * All staff shall be provided with basic training in first aid procedures. The operator will appoint a health and Safety Officer who will have in depth knowledge of first aid procedures. * Formal procedures on how to respond to emergency cases for facilities should be prepared in the case of incidents. Summaries of these procedures should be displayed in key locations and near telephones so that immediate actions are targeted for obtaining correct assistance in a timely manner. Co-ordination with fire services and hospital services should take place so that the information is kept up to date. * A formal emergency preparedness plan against earthquakes should be prepared in consultation with the MOHME, the Iranian Civil Defense and other concerned relief agencies. This plan should address the emergency response procedures to be followed by the water system operators and officials of SWWC in case of an earthquake. The plan shall detail the procedures before, dunrng, and after the earthquake, and shall elaborate on preparedness measures such as availability of survival kits, fire extinguishers, securing of heavy items, power shutdown and gas isolation, safety measures, response of individuals, communications with other colleagues and relief centers, and routine drills for emergency situations. All the treatment plant staff shall be provided with a one day training workshop in earthquake emergency preparedness procedures. * SWWC will assure that all operation and maintenance staff at the water supply facilities are well informed of the risks in operating the system and machinery. All staff must be trained in avoiding contamination of hygienic areas inside and outside the facilities. Training is also vital to ensure that contamination of water does not take place. All staff will be vaccinated by health officials to protect them against infectious diseases. * Emergency procedures, especially for accidents involving emissions of chlorine gas will be provided to the operator staff and be presented on the displayed emergency procedures cards. A chlorine gas warning device will be provided wherever chlorine gas is used, chlorine storage rooms shall be equipped with automatic exhaust ventilators discharging gas in a suitable location, emergency showers shall be installed outside rooms for emergency wash.
Water QuantitY:
The provision of adequate water supply quantities is one of the main objectives of the project. To this end, adequate water supply quantities have been addressed at the planning level, wherein the water supply components to be developed under the
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project will meet the water demand up to the year 2027. In fact the feasibility study projects that the water supply from well and surface water sources will exceed the demand by 5458 m3/day at year 2027. Furthermore, the water supply facilities will include adequate storage facilities that are capable of meeting seasonal, daily, and peak hourly demand. The supply network will be sized to provide the peak hourly rate required by various consumers. Mitigation measures during the operational phase will include: * Responding to emergency leakage situations through an established procedure as discussed in the previous section. * Reducing unaccounted for losses through a comprehensive monitoring plan, that will be discussed in the proceeding section. These monitoring programs will prohibit illegal connections to the water supply network and prevent system leakages. * The operator of the treatment plant, chlorination, and pumping facilities will adhere to the O&M maintenance procedures and manuals, and will conduct regular maintenance and monitoring to ensure that adequate output is maintained from these facilities. The TSU will check the plant's records and verify that proper O&M operations are being undertaken In all instances, SWWC will establish an emergency response program to address citizens' complaints in the shortest possible time. These complaints shall be attended, and appropriate mitigation action will be taken to restore water quantity. A report will be generated to document such incidents, and will be forwarded to SWWC management for review and evaluation of future required action.
Water Ouality:
The provision of safe and compliant water supply quality is one of the main objectives of the project. To this end, the water quality of available resources (well and surface resources) have been evaluated and were found to be in compliance with WHO and Iranian drinking water quality standards after appropriate treatment. The surface water treatment process will ensure the elimination of bacteriological contamination, and the removal of turbidity and the ground water will be chlorinated to eliminate any microbial concentration. During project implementation, a continuous monitoring program will be implemented at the treatment plant, water reservoir, and supply network to ensure that treated water will always meet the required standards. The monitoring program, discussed in the proceeding sections, will cover biological and physical parameters as well as heavy metals and pesticides residues. Furthermore proper operation and maintenance of the treatment and chlorination facilities will be performed as discussed in the previous paragraph. Routine
7-15 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report inspections of the network will be required to ensure that no cross contamination by a broken sewer line is taking place. Table 7-2 below provides a summary of the required mitigation measures.
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Table 7-2: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of Water Supply System
Responsible Organization Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures 1 Performing j QA/QC
Degradation of water * Ensure proper operation and maintenance Water Operator DOE quality of the water treatment plant. supervised by ESO * Continuous monitoring of raw water and treated water as well as water quality at various locations within the water supply system; avoid cross contamination with sewage;
Reduction in available * Prohibit illegal connections to the Water Operator DOE water supply network; avoid leakage in the network; supervised by ensure proper maintenance of the system ESO including treatment plant, pumping stations, pipelines and house connections.
* Maintain hygiene and have medical Health and Safety surveillance; maintain showers and sanitary Water Operator DOE facilities; provide first aid and have an supervised by emergency response plan. ESO
* Capacity building and training in occupational health, safety and earthquake emergency preparedness procedures and in operation and maintenance of treatment plants.
* Monitoring of earthquake occurrence and intensity and associated impacts.
7.2.2.2 Wastewater Project
Mitigation measures outlined within this plan will be the responsibility by the operators of the wastewater installations. SWWC will supervise the appropriate implementation of these mitigation measures. Key measures to include:
Seismic Activitv
Critical mitigation measures are undertaken during the design and construction phase. The Safety and Environment officer will provide the needed emergency preparedness procedures to face the accidents in wastewater facilities in case of an earthquake as discussed in section 7.2.2.1. Also the wastewater treatment plant staff will attend a one day training workshop on the implementation of these procedures.
Furthermore, monitoring of earthquake occurrence and intensity will be conducted by the TSU, the WTO and WWTO by reviewing the data acquired at the earthquake
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monitoring station at Doroudzan dam and other close centers for evaluation of the resulting impacts.
Noise
Noise impacts during the operation of the project will be confined to a few pieces of equipment in the Sewage Treatment Plant. The equipment will comprise of: compressors; pumps, and stand-by generators. There will also be some noise from the movement of vehicles. By specifying appropriate silencers on the equipment and screening the noisier areas of the WWTP with structures, there will be insignificant impact on local residents. Traffic will be routed to keep this nuisance to a minimum. Impacts on the WWTP employees will be further reduced as they will be provided with hearing protection equipment by SWWC and trained in its use. In addition, all plant equipment will be well maintained to maintain their efficiency and noise levels. A formal maintenance programme will be established by the wastewater treatment plant operator (WWTO) on- the WWTP site and elsewhere where plant is located. Noise levels will be regularly monitored within this programme and any defective equipment will be promptly dispatched for maintenance by WWTO. It is recommended that land use within 500 meters of the WWTP be formally allocated as a green/agricultural area. This will restrict the development of housing towards the site and consequently avoid complaints regarding noise in the short or long term.
Odor
The WWTO will minimize any problems caused by odor during operation of the treatment plant and associated works by: * Designing the WWTP to ensure minimum odor at the site boundary, such as strategically locating the sludge treatment works with reference to the remainder of the WWTP and the neighboring settlements; * Careful planning and implementation of the WWTP operation and maintenance to prevent the formation and liberation of odors; * Providing covers to containers and equipment likely to cause an odor nuisance and scrubbing of malodorous vapors; and * Designating the area around the site as green belt, thus restricting development towards the site.
Screenings Disposal
The screenings from the treatment plant will be disposed of by the WWTO in an environmentally acceptable manner by transporting in enclosed containers and
7-18 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report burying in a municipal landfill. Disposal in the landfill has been designed to ensure that groundwater or surface runoff from the site will not be contaminated.
Health & EnvironmentalRisks of Effluent Reuse in Agriculture
Reuse of treated effluent and sludge in agriculture has considerable environmental risks. Therefore strict implementation of the mitigation measures will be required to ensure the safe reuse applications. The following paragraphs address the required mitigation measures for effluent reuse in irrigation and sludge reuse as a fertilizer. The WWTO will implement the mitigation measures under the supervision of SWWC to ensure that WWTP performs satisfactorily and that effluent and sludge from the WWTP complies with the set standards under monitoring by the DOE.
Treated Effluents
In order to assess the performance of the plant and the compliance with required standards, the raw sewage arriving at the WWTP and the final effluent will be regularly monitored by the WWTO for BOD5, suspended solids, total nitrogen, fecal coliforms, and intestinal nematode eggs. Spot samples will be taken once a day so that the operators can respond to any irregularities. The WWTO will also monitor particular units within the treatment works such as the primary sedimentation tanks and aeration tanks to assess their performance. Knowledge of the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids within the aeration tanks and the settleability of the activated sludge will allow optimization of operation. The WWTO will also monitor the operation of the chlorination facilities, and will check for residual free chlorine content in the effluent and will verify that contact time is in accordance with specifications. Particular attention will be paid by the WWTO to review the performance of WWTP in removing intestinal nematode eggs. If the effluent quality data show that the arithmetic mean number of eggs is greater than the WHO guideline of one egg per liter, then the WWTO will review the treatment process and operations to ensure compliance with the WHO guidelines. The ESO will supervise all these monitoring operations to ensure that the operator is conducting all the required checks, and that samples are being tested to the correct standard procedures. The quality of the treated effluent will be carefully controlled at the WWTP to the required limits, through efficient and up to date methods using accurate analytical procedures. All discrepancies detected will be immediately notified to those concerned, and the problem promptly dealt with at source. A suitable response system will be developed at the WWTP, in the event that problems develop, and all relevant staff will be fully trained in the corrective measures to be taken. Provision will be made for the diversion of non-complying WWTP discharges to nearby surface waters, thereby preventing its discharge to agricultural land. Discharges to the final outfall
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canal leading to the Lake will take place in accordance with established procedures which will take account of physical and chemical effects on the canal having regard to the particular circumstances prevailing at the time. National guidelines for effluent re-use would be developed in coordination with line ministries (Ministry of Energy, Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, etc.) and concerned stakeholders. These guidelines would set out good standards of practice and monitoring and define roles and responsibilities. Training workshops on re-use of treated effluent will also be provided to all concerned stakeholders.
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Sludge Application as a Fertilizer
The reuse of sludge in agricultural applications entails potential adverse impacts due to microbial presence, and heavy metal content. These parameters can cause serious health effects on farmers, agricultural consumers, and the environment through soil contamination, build up in crops, and ground water contamination. The following mitigation measures will be implemented: * For the use of treated sludge as soil conditioner, compliance with the European Union (EU), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and WHO Guidelines (including the limit of less than 1 intestinal nematode egg per 100 gms of dry solids) will be ensured by providing adequate treatment including a drying period of one year. Sludge drying beds are already incorporated in the design of the treatment facility, and the WWTO will be responsible for application of sludge onto the beds for drying, under the supervision of the ESO. * Treated sludge disposed of to agricultural land for use as a fertilizer will be monitored for compliance with the standards for metals in sludge and application rates described in the 1986 EC directive on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture (cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, mercy and zinc). Several spot samples will be taken from each batch of stored sludge taken to the agricultural lands near the WWTP. It will also be necessary to measure sludge moisture content to calculate the above. These figures and sludge application rates will allow estimation of future compliance with limit values for accumulated metals in soils. In the instance that the treated sludge is not compliant with the applicable regulations, it will be hauled and disposed to Shiraz landfill at designated separate cells having clear signage to indicate the cell's content. In a similar manner the sludge from the water treatment plant operations will also be disposed off in separate cells at the landfill. * Soil in areas where effluent or sludge is used in agriculture will be monitored for the above metals to ensure compliance with the 1986 EC directive on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. Concentrations will be measured before any application takes place (baseline) and after each year of application, so each area will be monitored every 2.5 years. It will also be necessary to measure soil pH. Ministry of Agriculture Jihad will monitor soil quality and the crops of fertilized the lands by sludge. DOE will be responsible for QA/QC. * Sludge shall be transported by trucks in closed containers. Truck drivers should be well trained and be aware of the health risks of sludge transportation. The operator of wastewater treatment plant will be responsible for their training supervision under the of ESO (Environment and Safety Officer). * Prior to any sludge application program, farners will be trained in appropriate procedures for sludge application, crops that can be cultivated in sludge
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conditioned land, application rates, and health and safety matters. Ministry Agriculture of Jihad will be responsible for farmers training. * DOE will monitor groundwater to assess the effect of sludge application on groundwater quality. * Heavy metals content of industrial discharges to sewers will accumulate in sludge. Therefore wastewaters with heavy metals content will have to be pretreated to meet the DOE industrial discharges criteria. The project will only provide connections to those industries that do not discharge toxics that affect the performance of the wastewater treatment plants. The discharge of industrial effluents will be subject to the approval of both the Director of the treatment plant and the director of the DOE. For those industries for which their industrial effluents will not be pre-treated, and/or will not be connected to the network, the SWWC and DOE will require that each polluting industrial establishment will prepare a compliance action plan (CAP), which will address the pollutants of concern, the type of pre-treatment required and the investments and monitoring costs of the pre-treatment facility. Operational permits for these industries will be subject to the implementation of the CAP as yearly monitored by the SWWC and enforced by the DOE. * TSU and Ministry of Agriculture Jihad will prepare a detailed sludge management plan. The effects of regular application of sludge and its accumulation in soil will be fully considered in the plan. Also, the plan will include recording, procedures of reporting and interpretation of data in detail.
Health and Safety of the Emplovees
The following mitigation measures will be undertaken to safeguard public health due to the operation of the wastewater system * The SWWC will ensure that operation and maintenance personnel of the WWTP are fully aware of the hazards involved in the running of a system of this nature. All site employees will be trained in hygienic procedures designed to avoid infection from wastewaters and sludge. The workers will be educated in the dangers of leptospirosis and provided with documentation to alert medical practitioners to the possibility of such an infection when diagnosing them. They will also be inoculated against infectious diseases such as polio and tetanus and be under medical surveillance.
* Formal emergency procedures will be developed by the TSU in conjunction with SWWC for dealing with accidents. These procedures will involve the coordination of emergency services such as the fire brigade and health services. * In particular, emergency procedures will be developed in the event of the release of chlorine gas. A warning device for the detection of chlorine gas will be provided where chlorine is to be used.
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Table 7-3 provides a summary of the mitigation measures during the operation phase of the wastewater system.
Table 7-3: Environmental Mitigation Measures System during the Operation Phase of Wastewater
Potential Responsible Organization Impacts Mitigation Measures Performing QA/QC
*Adequate treatment (retention time) should Health and environmental be WWTO DOE provided to control the number of nematode risks associated with eggs; supervised by chlorine will be used to disinfect the effluent. discharge and re-use of ESO treated effluent for * Regular monitoring of treated effluent; treated irrigation effluent will not be reused in irrigation if its quality does not meet the standards.
* Development of re-use guidelines for treated effluent;
* Capacity building, training and awareness.
Sludge quality and the * Drying beds for one-year storage will be risk of public and farmers provided to dry WWTO DOE and store sludge following de- supervised acquiring infection watering and digestion. by ESO
* Monitoring of nematodes, coliforms and heavy metal content of treated sludge.
* Transportation of treated sludge in closed containers.
* Capacity building, training and awareness.
Odor generation from the * Careful planning wastewater and implementation of WWTO treatment operation and maintenance. DOE plant supervised by ESO * Providing covers to equipments and containers that are likely to cause odor nuisance.
Health and Safety * Maintain hygiene and have medical surveillance; WWTO DOE manage wastewater operations to minimize contact of supervised by personnel with sewage; maintain showers and sanitary ESO facilities; provide first aid and have an emergency response plan.
* Capacity building and training in occupational health, safety and earthquake emergency preparedness procedures and in operation and maintenance of treatment plants
* Monitoring of earthquake occurrence, intensity and associated impacts.
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7.3 Monitoring Program
To ensure the performance, efficiency, and effectiveness of environmental mitigation measures programs, it is necessary that these activities be monitored. Monitoring programs will be necessary for noise, air quality, and dust during the construction phase. During the operation effluent, sludge, noise, and odor will be required monitored by the to be Environment and Safety Officer within monitoring SWWC. Water quality in Maharloo Lake will include data on BOD, suspended solids, pH, phosphates, nitrates, salinity, and heavy metals, and will be conducted Use of effluent by the DOE. for irrigation and use of sludge as a fertilizer soil for agricultural crops and conditioning will be required to be monitored by Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. Quality Control and Quality Assurance (QC/QA) of monitoring program construction and at the operation phases of wastewater system Department are the responsibility of of Environment (DOE). Quality Control and Quality Assurance (QC/QA) of drinking water is the responsibility of Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The Technical Support Unit is to provide an executive enviromnental program with complete details of mitigation measures; so that all those with environmental monitoring responsibilities are clear on their role, the frequency of their lines of reporting. inputs and
If significant adverse impacts by any responsible organizations are identified, appropriate mitigation measures will be taken and arrangements for amendments the environmental management of plan will be made. The Ministry of Energy the overall responsibility will have to ensure that adverse impacts are maintained levels to acceptable and corrective actions are taken when required. A project monitoring report will be prepared on the effectiveness every of the EMP once 6 months and will be sent to the World Bank after review and approval of DOE. Executive monitoring program for the various phases of the project including monitoring parameters, location, frequency, and the responsible organization in Table 7-4 to 7-9 is listed
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7.3.1 Construction Phase
Table 74: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Construction Phase Environmental Monitoring Responsible Parameter to Organization Moniton Frequency Standard be monitored Performing QA/QC Noise At construction Every day 70 dB (A) Supervision Engineer DOE Sites monitored by ESO
Air Quality and At construction Every day 150 3 ug/m Supervision Engineer DOE Dust Sites monitored by ESO ESO: Environment and Safety Officer at Project SWWC - TSU DOE: Department of Environment
7.3.2 Operation Phase
7.3.2.1 Water Supply System
The quality of the fresh water and water in the distribution system and storage reservoirs will be monitored by the operator of the system continuously. Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company (SWWC) will supervise the performance of the operator. Quality Control and Quality Assurance will be the responsibility of Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Monitoring is presented in Table 7-5.
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Table 7-5: Environmental Monitoring Program during the Svstem Operation Phase of the Water Supply
Environmental Responsible Parameter to be Monitoring Frequency Standard monitored Location Organization L . Performing QA/QC
pH At Water Every day 6.5 - 8.5 Turbidity Sources Water MHME Coliforms 5 NTU Operator (treatment plant, Fecal 0/100 ml Supervised coliforms dam and wells) by Fecal Streptocoques 0/100 ml ESO 0/100 ml
Conductivity Ammonium 400 pS/cm Nitrates 0.05 - 0.5 mg/l Nitrites 0 -45 mg/I Chlorides 0 mg/l 25 - 200 mg/I Phosphates At Water 1.0 mg/l Calcium Sources Magnesium 100 mg/I (treatment plant, Every Sodium Week 30 - 50 mg/l Water dam and wells) MHME Potassium 20 - 150 mg/I Operator Sulfates 10-12 mg/I Supervised by Iron 250 mg/I ESO 50 - 200 mg/l Herbicide and Pesticides Ni At Water Every Month 0.1 ,ug/l Cr Sources Water MHME Zn 0.02 mg/I (treatment plant, Operator Cd 0.05 mg/I Supervised dam and wells) by Pb 3 mg/l ESO Hg 0.003 mgA 0.01 mgl 0.001 mg/l
Ammonium Phosphates 0.05 - 0.5 mg/l 1. I mg/l Nitrites At Water Chlorides 0 mg/I Water Reservoirs Every MHME Total coliforms day 25 - 200 mg/I Operator Fecal coliforms 0/100 ml Supervised by Fecal streptocoques 0/1 00 ml ESO Residual chlorine 0/100 ml 0.2-0.8 mg/I
Total coliforms At Distribution Every day 0/100 ml Fecal coliforms Network Water MHME Fecal streptocoques 0/100 ml Opcrator Residual chlorine 0/100 ml Supervised by 0.2-0.8 mg/I ESO WSFO: Water Supply Facilities Operator MHME: Ministry of Health and Medical Education
7.3.2.2 Wastewater Systems Responsibility for implementing environmental monitoring program in order to control the probable adverse impacts during the operation of the wastewater system is of the operator. the responsibility The SWWC will supervise its performance. Quality Control and Quality
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Assurance (QC/QA) is the responsibility of Department of Environment (DOE). Monitoring of odors is set out in Table 7-6.
Table 7-6: Environmental Monitoring Program Operation Phase of the Wastewater Treatment Centre at the
Disarrangement Parameter Monitoring Monitoring Frequency ~~~Responsibleorganizaion Performing QA/QC Gases emitting odor Around Odor Mercaptans wastewater Hydrogen treatment Weakly WWTO DOE Sulphide plants rAmmoniac WWTO: Wastewater Treatment Operator DOE: Department Of Environment Monitoring of treated effluent and resulting sludge will be the responsibility of the operator and the SWWC will supervise its performance. Quality Control Assurance and Quality of monitoring program will be the responsibility of Department of Environment (DOE). The monitoring program for treated effluent and are treated sludge shown in Table 7-7 and Table 7-8 respectively.
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Table 7-7: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Treated Effluent Environmental Monitoring Responsible Parameter to be Organization Monion Frequency Standard monitored Locabon Performing QA/QC BOD COD 25 mg/1 125 mg/l PH WWTO DOE At 6- 9 Oil and grease Wastewater Supervised by TSS 10 mg/l ESO Plants Every Total Phosphorus day 50 mg/l Total Nitrogen 10 mg P/I Nematode eggs 30 mg N/I Fecal coliform. Heavy metals Phosphate 10 mg/l At 5 mg/I Ammonia Wastewater Nitrate 10 mg/l WWTO Plants and in Every week DOE Fluoride 90 mg/l Supervised by drainage 20 mg/l Sulfate channel ESO after 500 mg/I Sulfide discharge Chlorine, total residual I mg/I Phenols 0.2 mg/l TDS 0.5 mg/I Cadmium At 0.1 mg/I Chromium Wastewater 0.1 mg/I WWTO Copper Plants and DOE Iron 0.5 mg/l Supervised by drainage 3.5 mg/l Lead channel ESO after Every month 0.1 mg/I Selenium discharge Silver 0.1 mg/I Zinc 0.5 mg/l 2.0 mg/l Chlorine At the Every week 0.2 mg/l discharge WWTO DOE from the Supervised by ESO outfall or at I km from the WWTP WWTO: Wastewater Treatment Operator ESO: Environment and Safety Officer DOE: Department of Environment 7-28 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report Table 7-8: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Treated Sludge Environmental Parameter to Monitoring Responsible Frequency Standard Organization I be Monitored Location Performing QA/QC _ ~~~ Nematode eggs At ~~~At_ (egg/l00gm WWTO solids) WPstewater Every Batch Supervised DOE Plants ~~~~byESO Heavy Metals (mg/kg sludge): Cd At 20 - 40 Cu Wastewater 1000- 1750 WWTrO Ni Plants Every Batch 300 -400 Supervised Pb Plns750 DOE Zn - 1200 by ESOl Cr 2500- 4000 16-25 WVWTO: Wastewater Treatment Operator DOE: Department of Environment Soil monitoring of agricultural lands and monitoring crops which have been irrigated with treated wastewater is the responsibility of Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. Quality Control and Quality Assurance of the monitoring program is the responsibility of Department of Environment (DOE). Monitoring of soils and crop production is set out in Table 7-9. Table 7-9: Environmental Monitoring Program for Agricultural Soil Environmental Parameter Monitoring Responsible Frequency Standard Organization to be Monitored Location Performing QA/QC Nematode eggs At (egg/ MOJ IOOgm solids) Agriculturt Every 6 <1 SupeOr DOE lands months by ESO Heavy Metals (mg/kg soil): Cd 0.15 Cu At Ni Every 6 12 MOJ Agriculture mots Pbn 3 Supervised DOE Land months Zn 15 by ESO Cr 30 3 MOJ: Ministry of Agriculture Jihad ESO: Environment Safety Officer DOE: Department of Environment 7-29 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report 7.4 Management Requirements A comprehensive management plan is required to effectively perform water and wastewater projects mitigation measures. In this plan, goals, activities, and responsibilities of different units according to their legal responsibilities, working flow diagrams and reporting will be outlined. 7.4.1 Overview of Responsibilities There are many different aspects to the administration of the project. The organization's structure must have minimal complexity and have clear lines of communication. It is also essential that the annual budget attached to each relevant department or unit truly reflects its responsibilities. The SWWC is to be responsible for the implementation of the Shiraz water and wastewater project, which includes the design of works, supervision of contractors' operation of the plants and ensuring that measures to mitigate adverse environmental impacts will be carried out. It will regulate discharges to the sewerage system and charge for them. It will inform the public on the use of the sewerage system. It is to establish a Technical Support Unit (TSU) to implement the project. coordination In close with DOE, the TSU will set standards for effluent discharges to the sewerage network from domestic and industrial sources and prohibiting those that exceed the standards. It will also monitor and regulate effluent and sludge from the wastewater treatment plants. The DOE is to monitor the project impacts during the construction and phases. operation The Ministry of Agriculture Jihad is to supervise and regulate the re-use of treated effluent and sludge. It will monitor crop quality and production. It will inform the farmers about safe and productive methods of re-use of effluent and sludge. It recommend that the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad establish a unit to manage irrigation with treated effluent and sludge application properly; to ensure the correct and safe application of effluent and sludge; to monitor soil and produce; and to provide advice to farmers in order to realize the full potential of the scheme. The Ministry of Health and Medical Education is to conduct an education campaign to inform the public about general aspects of public health relating to sanitation hygiene and to ensure that drinking water quality is in conformity with the standards. Involvement of the SWWC The role of SWWC has been described in Chapter 3. 7-30 Shiraz W'ater Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report 7.4.2 Technical Support Unit The structure of the TSU will include the following functions: Desi3:n and Procurement Provide detailed design and issue contracts for the projects. Implementation Ensure that the works are implemented satisfactorily, on schedule and within allocated budget. the Environmental Implement the Environmental Action Plan including the specific mitigation measures and monitoring for the parameters listed. The TSU may perform the above activities itself or employ other agencies undertake them. to Operations Ensure adequate operation and maintenance of the water supply and sanitation facilities. Establishment of a Proiect Liaison Committee The effective implementation of the project and associated health protection requires measures the involvement of several Governmental agencies and Ministries. The Ministry of Energy will establish a Shiraz Project Liaison Committee. Committee The chair of the is to be the Deputy Minister of Municipal Water and Sewerage Affairs in the Ministry of Energy. Its members will be representatives of organizations: the following * The Technical Support Unit * The Fars Province Water and Sewage Company; * The Ministry of Energy; * The Fars Province Department of Environmental; * The Fars Regional Water Organization; * Shiraz Municipality * The Ministry of Agriculture Jihad 7-31 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report * The Ministry of Science, Research and Technology * The Ministry of Health and Medical Education * The Ministry of Housing * The Ministry of Industries and Mining * The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs * The Ministry of Post and Telephone * The Ministry of Roads and Transportation * The Management and Planming Organization * Electricity Board * Traffic Police The function of the Liaison Committee will be to minimize adverse impacts of the project on other services and the public. This will minimize interference project's with the progress due to external factors. The Committee will be responsible for project coordination. The full committee will meet at least once liaisons every 6 months; most will take place through several sub-committees, each dealing with a major aspect of the project. TSU will have among its staff members an Environment and Safety carry Officer (ESO) to out monitoring. ESO will be responsible of supervising monitoring activities during both the construction and operation phases of the water supply and sanitation project. ESO will submit its activities report to TSU on monthly basis. The water operator will be responsible for monitoring water quality operators while WWTP will be responsible to monitor treated wastewater and sludge. ESO will supervise their monitoring activities. Ministry of Agriculture Jihad will be responsible to monitor soil and crops. While DOE will be responsible for QA/QC of treated wastewater, sludge, soil, surface and ground water. water Ministry of Health and Medical Education will be responsible for QA/QC of drinking water as part of its legal responsibilities. 7.5 Institutional Strengthening A training program is defined in order to increase capability of different organizations' staff to carry out Shiraz water and wastewater projects' mitigation measures. It should be noted that many water supply and wastewater do not treatment plants operate to their full capacity or to prevailing environmental standards due to 7-32 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report poor maintenance and lack of suitably qualified staff. Training is thus vital if this project is to achieve its environmental and social development aims. Training programs will be designed and implemented with the assistance of local and international experts and will include: : SWWC, Treatment Plant Operators, Shiraz Municipality and Fars DOE: At the initiation of the project, a training workshop will be provided to the staff of the SWWC, Ministry of Energy, Shiraz Municipality and DOE to raise environmental awareness and to clarify the specific environmental requirements related to the project. A two days workshop will then be provided and will cover the following topics: - Effective implementation of mitigation measures - Project supervision - Sampling and analysis - Monitoring and evaluation > SWWC, Municipality, Fars DOE and Line Ministries: A two day workshop will be provided to the staff of SWWC, Municipality, and representatives of line ministries to strengthen capacities in the application of treated effluent and sludge re-use. > Laboratory Staff of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants: A one week training workshop will be provided to strengthen capacities in sampling and analysis methods, environmental monitoring, quality assurance and quality control as well as safety procedures. ' Staff at Water Supplies and Wastewater Treatment Plants: A one day training workshop on occupational health, safety, and emergency response procedures against earthquakes will be provided. Workshops and awareness campaigns will be also implemented to raise awareness farmers, NGOs of and residents of Shiraz; these would include: > Local NGOs, communities andfarmers: Training would be provided through 1 or 2 days workshop for local NGOs, communities and farmers, focusing on public awareness and on re-use of treated wastewater and sludge for agricultural purposes. > Awareness campaign and pamphlets: two awareness campaigns will be conducted; pamphlets in Farsi will be distributed to all farmers highlighting the adverse health and public safety impacts resulting from the use of untreated effluent; and measures to be taken when using treated effluent and sludge. Public hygiene education campaign will be also conducted by the Ministry of Education. 7-33 Shiraz Water Suppiv and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report An assessment of analytical capacities of the laboratories at the SWWC and at the emergency wastewater treatment plant has been conducted (ref. Annex E); additional required equipment was also identified and will be supplied as part of the proposed project. For the Long-term zone Wastewater Treatment Plant, a fully equipped laboratory will be provided as part of the construction contract. Technical assistance will be provided to the DOE to set up baseline data on existing environmental conditions and to develop a quality assurance and a quality monitoring program as well as an enforcement program for industrial discharges. Similarly, technical assistance will be provided to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education to set up baseline data on the occurrence of water born diseases and to develop a monitoring program for the occurrence of water borne diseases. 7.6 Cost Estimate The cost of the Environmental Management Plan during construction (mitigation measures including additional treatment and monitoring) will be borne mostly by the contractor (construction phase) and the Supervision Engineer who will make the necessary provision as part of their contracts. During the operation phase, mitigation measures and monitoring activities will be implemented by the operator of each plant. For the emergency and long-term wastewater treatment plants and water supply facilities, cost of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements will be borne by the contractor who will include the necessary provisions as part of his construction and two years operation and maintenance cost. The contractor will also allocate a provisional cost for the construction of tertiary filters in case the treated effluent at the WWTP does not meet the standards with respect to nematodes. A total amount of 1.764 million dollars will be allocated for the implementation of the environmental management plan as detailed in Table 7-10 and will be included in the project cost. It should be noted that the total cost does not include the following costs: > Cost of additional treatment incorporatedin the design of the project; > Cost of mitigating negative construction impacts (included in the construction contract cost); > Cost of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring of the long-term zone wastewater treatment plants (included in the construction and operation and maintenance contract cost); > Cost of setting up new laboratoriesat the long-term wastewaterplants (included in contract cost). > Cost of Environment and Safety Officer at TSU (included in TSU cost). 7-34 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report Table 7-10: Cost Estimate of Environmental Management Plan Component Quantity Unit Rate Total Cost in US$ Thousand US$ SWWC International environmental consultant to provide technical assistance to SWWC 14 months 12000/month 168 Short termn Archeological consultant for monitoring archeological surveys and 12 months I 500/month 18 construction works Environmental Monitoring Program for Water Supply System 60 000/year 300 Environmental Monitoring Program for emergency zone WWTP 75 000/year 300 Subtotal 786 Studies, Trainins and Awareness Development of baseline data on water related diseases and a monitoring 50 program for the occurrence of these diseases Development and implementation of a QA/QC monitofing program for the 60 proposed project to be implemented by Fars DOE Development of earthquake emergency preparedness plan 12000 12 Development of Compliance Action Plan (CAP) 5 CAPs 6000/CAP 30 Two days workshop to SWWC, Treatment Plant Operators, Shiraz Municipality and Fars DOE on environmental management, monitoring, analysis and 2 workshops 7000/workshop 14 evaluation Two days workshops for SWWC, Municipality, Fars DOE and Line Ministries on treated effluent and sludge re-use 2 workshops 7000/workshop 14 One week training workshop to Staff of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants on laboratory sampling, analysis, environment monitoring and QA/QC 4 workshops 4000/workshop 16 One day training workshop on occupational health and safety to staff at Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants 4 workshops 1000/workshop 4 One day workshop for local NGOs, communities and farmers, focusing on public awareness and on re-use of treated wastewater and sludge for agricultural purposes. 4 workshops 1000/workshop 4 Awareness campaigns and pamphlets 50 Subtotal 254 Laboratory Eauipment SWWC 400 Emergency zone WWTP 300 Subtotal 700 Monitoring and evaluation at the project level 2 MM 12000 24 TOTAL 1764 7-35 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report 8 Post Environmental Review of Emergency WWTP The purpose of the post environmental review of the Emergency WWTP is to provide an evaluation of the WWTP site, a review of the plant's design basis, an appraisal of the plant's technical and environmental performance, and an assessment of the potential risks associated with its operation. This plant will treat the wastewater flows originating in the Emergency Zone of the project area, and is being developed in two phases: * Phase 1, currently under construction, has a capacity of 87,500 m3/day and can serve the year 2020 flows generated by an equivalent population of 435,000 * Phase 2, to be constructed in the year 2018, shall extend the plant's total capacity to 118,500 m 3/day to serve a total population equivalent of 584,000. 8.1 Evaluation of WWTP Site The plant is conveniently located downstream of the Emergency Zone drainage area at a distance of 2 km south east of Shiraz. It can be accessed through the bypass Bushehr - Fasa Road close to Shiraz airport and Torkan Village. (Refer Drawing SWW-IR-43) The treatment plant site is situated in an agricultural area growing barley, wheat, green vegetables, and beans. To the west of the site, at a distance of some 500 m, a number of workshops are developed, but presently do not appear to be occupied. The closest residential area is located 2 km to the east of the site at Vazir Abbas village. The site has a total land area of 75 hectares. It is bounded from all sides by agricultural fields, which are currently uncultivated. The prevailing winds are north and north - westerly. As shown on Drawing No SWWS-IR-38 the plot of land has irregular shape and has a brick wall along all its boundaries. The total built up area, including the treatment works amount to 10 ha. Immediately to the east of the site, an earth channel conveys drainage water, mostly polluted with sewage, to the agricultural areas south of the site. (See exhibit 12, Annex G) Presently the site is under construction. The aeration tanks, primary and secondary clarifiers are already built. The construction of administration building, mechanical plant room, and sludge handling facilities is in progress. The original topographic and site environmental conditions were changed. Nonetheless it is possible to assess the site characteristics from adjacent plot of lands. The site has a flat terrain with a minor slope in the southwest direction. Presently there is no ground cover as the site has 8-1 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report been cleared. There is no valuable vegetation or special wildlife habitats on adjacent plot of lands (See exhibit 13 & 14, Annex G). The advantage of the site is that the agricultural field around it offers a perfect opportunity for the disposal of the effluent. The reuse of effluent for irrigation purposes is convenient and provides an alternative source of water in an area where groundwater quality has deteriorated due to uncontrolled wastewater discharge. Effluent reuse in agriculture however is subject to limitations discussed in the proceeding sections and elsewhere in this report. Similarly ultimate disposal of sludge is normally a costly operation. Methods of disposal include incineration, application in a sanitary landfill, or reuse in agriculture. The reuse of sludge in the nearby agricultural land would be ideal as the end result of it could lead to economic savings in sludge handling and disposal. The geographical location of the site permits gravity conveyance of the Emergency Zone sewage flows due to the lower elevation of site with respect to the drainage area. Thus investment and operational cost of pumping stations are saved. The size of the plot is properly chosen, as adequate space is available for the plant's future expansion, and for the long term storage of sludge and temporary storage of screenings and grit. The environmental impacts to the plant site can be described as minimal. The original topographic conditions were to a large degree retained, since the site is relatively flat with a favourable minor gradient. The treatment plant will also have a visual impact. The tallest structure at the treatment plant is the anaerobic digester, which is 16 m above ground level. The plant is also enclosed by a perimeter wall. Both of these construction features will be visible from a distance due to the flat, agricultural areas that surround the plant. The colour of the perimeter wall relatively blends with its surrounding ground, and therefore the wall is not visually intrusive. Furthermore, since the facility will include tree planting around their perimeter walls the visual impact will be reduced and the aesthetic visual quality of the plant will be improved. Although the anaerobic digesters and the perimeter wall will be visible from a distance, the wastewater treatment facilities will have no significant negative visual impact because: * The development will not reduce the visual quality of the surroundings any further. 8-2 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report * No residential areas have a view of the site. * The planting of trees around the perimeter wall will allow improvements to be made to the visual quality. Odours can also be potentially emitted in the plant due to improper operation or septic sewage. However, the impact is localized to the plant and can be mitigated by proper management of the facility. Sufficient buffer distance is available between the plant and the nearest residential community to render the effect of any odour emission insignificant. The existing workshops to the west of the plant maybe affected by odours under considerable adverse plant operating conditions, however in general these developments are upwind and separated by a sufficient distance from the plant. Noise levels are not expected to cause a significant impact, since the project includes noise levels standards for operating machinery, and furthermore the site is wall bounded and tree bordered, which will reduce noise to insignificant levels. In summary, the site is appropriately selected. Its main advantage is the opportunity it offers for effluent and sludge reuse in agriculture. The visual, odour, and noise impacts are minor and localized to the site. 8.2 Design Basis 8.2.1 Influent loads The design influent loads adopted by Mahab Ghods, the original design Consultant of the plant, are based on BOD5 concentration of 250 mg/l and TSS concentration of 315 mg/L. The concentrations were derived from data acquired from Tehran wastewater system, and not from direct wastewater analysis since no sewer system existed in Shiraz at the time of developing the plant design. Both of the above quoted figures characterize weak sewage, which can be attributed to the high infiltration rates estimated at 18% of the total generated flows. The high infiltration rates were justified based on the high water table that exists in Shiraz. Based on these concentrations and the per capita wastewater production rates of 126 I/day for domestic flows and 30 I/day for non domestic flows, the BOD5 per capita generation would equate to 37 gm/day for domestic flow and 9 gm/day for non domestic flow. The calculated domestic BOD5 generation rate is slightly smaller than the recommended range of 40 to 50 gm per capita per day adopted by the National Water and Wastewater Company. The calculated non-domestic BOD5 generation rate appears to be reasonable considering that there are no heavy industries in Shiraz, and the load contribution of the existing industries is relatively small compared to 8-3 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report domestic flow contribution. However, it should be noted that neither the feasibility nor the tender documents include characterization of nitrogen and phosphorus. Furthermore no analysis was performed for seasonal wastewater quality and quantity changes. Therefore, although the adopted design influent concentrations are justifiable, nonetheless a full wastewater characterization study needs to be developed once the wastewater system is operational. This issue is accounted for through the monitoring program included in the Environmental Management Plan, and will assist in the adjustment of the plant operating parameters and any required adjustment in the design of the second phase of the plant. In accordance with the above BOD5 and TSS concentrations, the design loads of the treatment plant can be summarized by the following: Table 8.1 Emergency WWTP Design Loads Phase Design Population Average Flow Average BOD 5 TSS year Equivalent per Capital Flow load Load l I/c/d m3/d kg/d kg/d 1 2020 435,000 196 87,500 22,000 27,500 2 2027 583,000 198 118,300 28,400 37,000 8.2.2 Treatment plant load Progression In accordance with design concentrations presented in the preceding section and the forecast of flows developed in the feasibility study, the treatment plant forecast loads can be summarized by the following: Table 8.2 Emergency WWTP Load Progression Design year Average Flow BOD load TSS Load m 3/d kg/d kg/d 2004 20,100 5,000 6,300 2007 34,000 8,500 10,700 2020 87,500 21,000 27,500 2027 118,300 29,500 37,000 8.2.3 Effluent Quality Design Criteria The treated effluent quality design criteria are dictated by the final disposal method of the effluent. For this project, the effluent will be either used in agricultural irrigation of the lands downstream of the site during the dry season, or during the wet season will be discharged to Maharloo Lake via an 8 km long canal. Currently this canal is an 84 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report earth channel conveying polluted surface waters to the Lake. It will be rehabilitated and its walls and bottom will be concreted. It will be approximately 2.5 m deep, 3 m wide and 8000 m long. The treated effluent quality design criteria adopted by Mahab Ghods are represented by the following table, which also shows the current prevailing standards. Table 8.3 Emergency WWTP Effluent Quality Design Criteria & Comparison with Prevailing Standards Standard BOD5 TSS pH Total .______Coliform mg/l mg/l MPN/ 100 ml Plant adopted Criteria 20 30 6.5 -8 400 *Iranian Standard for surface water 30 40 6.5-8.5 1000 discharge *Iranian Standard for reuse in agriculture 100 6-8.5 1000 *WHO for crops likely to be eaten raw <1000 (Category A) * see annex B for other parameters As can be seen from above table the adopted design criteria are stricter in comparison with the Iranian standards and WHO standards. However, the stated parameters above do not include other parameter of concern, which in this instance comprise of the levels of intestinal nematodes, heavy metals, and other physical and chemical constituents as required by EEC, WHO, FAO, and Iranian standards (Annex B). The compliance of the projected effluent quality with the limits required by these standards is addressed in section 8.5 8.3 Emergency WWTP -First Phase Process Design As stated earlier in this report, the plant will be developed in two phases. The first phase with a capacity of 87,500 m3/day is comprised of four identical streams, whereas the second phase plant has a capacity of 31,000 m3/day and is also comprised of four streams. The design of the treatment plant is based on the biological activated sludge treatment process, which incorporates an anaerobic selector to achieve the targeted effluent requirements. The liquid stream is comprised of: * Preliminary treatment by screening and grit removal * Primary treatment by circular clarifiers 8-5 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report * Secondary treatment by anaerobic selector tanks followed by a complete mix activated sludge units * Secondary clarification * Final effluent disinfection by chlorination The sludge treatment stream is comprised of the following: * Sludge conditioning * Sludge thickening * Primary anaerobic digesters * Secondary anaerobic digesters * Dewatering by centrifuges * Sludge drying beds, which will be incorporated in the long term sludge storage area. A brief description of the first phase plant's components is as follows: 8.3.1 Raw wastewater pumping station Raw wastewater enters the plant from the west side via a 1400 mm concrete pipe. The hydraulic design of the plant includes for wastewater lifting. Two hand-cleaned bar racks are provided ahead of the pumps to remove coarse objects and floatable materials. The bar racks have 50 mm clear spacing. The screenings will subsequently be hauled off site for disposal at the Shiraz landfill site. Two duty and one standby Archimedean pumps are provided to transfer the raw wastewater to the grit removal chambers. The pumps are rated at 750 lit/s each. 8.3.2 Screening Following pumping, the sewage discharges to the fine screening plant. Two mechanical screens having clear spacing of 20 mm are provided for removal of the remaining floating material. A back up hand operated screen is provided in a bypass channel to remove the screenings in case of maintenance of the mechanical units or in emergency situation. The mechanical screens are automatically operated by water level difference upstream and downstream of the screens. The screening plant is provided with belt conveyors for screening collection and discharge in temporary 8-6 Environmental Assessment Report Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project at a storage tank. The screenings will subsequently be hauled off site for disposal landfill site. 8.3.3 Grit and grease removal spiral action Two aerated chambers are provided for removal of grit and grease. The allows the of the introduced air, maintains lighter organic particles in suspension, but grit washing heavier grit to settle. The deposited grit is removed through pumping to a of air is unit prior to storage and off site disposal. The grease separated by the action time when pumped to the sludge blending tanks for further treatment. The retention chamber is both units are operational is 5 min at maximum day flow. The size of each 211 m3. 8.3.4 Flow meter ultrasonic Two Parshall flumes flow meters comprised of prefabricated channels and the flows level sensors are provided downstream of the grit chambers for measuring entering the plant. 8.3.5 Primary settling tanks (PSTs) a flow The wastewater flow is distributed to two primary settling tanks using clarifiers, distribution chamber. Sluice gates are provided for isolating the flow to the in case these units need to be bypassed. 2 for removal Two primary clarifiers, each with a surface area of 1257 m , are provided of 3770 m3 . of suspended solids. Each clarifier has a diameter of 40 m, and a volume The projected At average flow the clarifiers will provide 2.1 hour retention time. for TSS. removal rate in the plant design is 30% for BOD5, and 60% removal whereas The settled wastewater discharges from the tank through an overflow weir, sludge the primary sludge and scum generated are conveyed by pipes to the primary pumping station. 8.3.6 Anaerobic selectors a flow The primary effluent flows to the four biological treatment units through an anaerobic distribution chamber. The inlet end of each stream is provided with which selector tank. The function of this tank is to promote the process conditions in the will eliminate filamentous bacteria, and thus prevent sludge bulking tanks is 4500 downstream units. The total operating volume of the anaerobic selector m3, which provide a detention period of 1.2 hours at average flow conditions. 8-7 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report 8.3.7 Aeration tanks The aerated activated sludge tank is designed as a complete mix unit. The tank dimensions and the surface aerators are designed in such a manner so as to maintain complete mix conditions at all times. The total volume 3 of the tanks is 20,500 m providing 6 hr detention at average flow conditions. Each aeration tank is and kept oxygenated completely mixed by the action of five surface aerator units having a capacity of 45 kW each with an oxygen transfer efficiency of 2 kg 02/kw-hr. 8.3.8 Secondary settling tanks The effluent of the aeration tanks is distributed to 4 secondary settling tanks by a flow distribution chamber, which is provided with an emergency by pass chamber diversion in for flow case these tanks are not to be put in service. The secondary clarifiers are of the circular type and achieve efficient settling of the sludge for recycling to the anaerobic selector tank or for wasting the sludge. excess generated Each clarifier has a surface area of 1257 2 m , with a diameter of 40 m, and a volume of 3770 mi3 . At average flow the clarifiers will provide 2.5 hour time. retention The settled secondary effluent discharges from the tank through an overflow weir, whereas the secondary sludge generated is conveyed by pipes to the return sludge pumping activated station. The scum generated is skimmed and transferred by pumps to the sludge blending tank. 8.3.9 The effluent disinfection system Disinfection of the effluent is achieved by a controlled dose of chlorine. chlorine Previously gas was specified; however this was revised to Calcium Hypochlorite, which is applied in liquid form by injection pumps at the inlet end of the chlorine tank. The contact tank provides a detention time of 15 minutes at the peak flow conditions of phase I to ensure elimination of Coliforms. The Hypochlorite will be applied in sufficient quantities to maintain a minimum 1 mg/l free chlorine of residual at the outlet end of the tank 8.3.10 Sludge blending tanks Two sludge blending tanks are provided to mix and condition the primary and secondary sludge generated by the treatment process. A controlled gm/kg dose of lime of 250 of dry solids will be applied to promote sludge conditioning. The total volume 8-8 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report of the two sludge blending tanks is 340 m3 , providing a sludge retention time of 12 hours. Following blending the sludge will be transferred to the thickeners by two duty and one standby pump. 8.3.11 Sludge thickeners Two gravity circular thickeners are provided to increase the sludge concentration prior to digestion. Each thickener has 16 m diameter, and 3 an operating volume of 925 mi . The sludge is applied 3 at the rate of 300 m /day for the two tanks. will The thickener achieve a sludge concentration of 5 %. The thickened sludge is pumped by positive displacement pumps to the first stage digesters whereas the supernatant overflows to the headworks for re-treatment. 8.3.12 Anaerobic digesters The thickened sludge is pumped to two circular primary sludge digesters tanks 18 m diameter and 21 m high, with 16 m above ground level. The design retention 15 time is days minimum, and the operating temperature is 35°C. Gas produced by the anaerobic digestion process is stored in the biogas tank and is to be used to heat sludge in the the primary digesters and other heating purposes. The primary digested sludge is then pumped to two secondary egg shaped digesters having 18 m diameter and 21 m high. These digesters will also be 16 m level. above ground The design retention time is at least 15 days. The resulting liquor from the secondary digester is returned to the inlet works of the WWTP for treatment. 8.3.13 Biogas storage tank The 250 m3 floating cover biogas storage tank is designed to store the produced gases for one day. The floating cover can be moved using an overhead crane fixed tank. above the The unit is controlled by a pressure gauge and a computer. The crane lifts or lowers the floating cover according to the gas pressure build up inside the tank. the When cover is moved to its maximum, excess gas is vented automatically to the atmosphere through gas flare stacks. 8.3.14 Sludge dewatering A sludge dewatering system comprising of 2 number of decanter centrifuges is provided to dewater the digested sludge to a concentration of 30%. Each centrifuge has an operating capacity of 116 m3/day. A measured dose of polymer is applied ahead of the centrifuge feed pumps to assist in the dewatering process. The dewatered 8-9 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report sludge will be hauled to the sludge drying beds for drying, whereas recycled the filtrate is to the head end of the plant for treatment. 8.3.15 Emergency by - pass system An emergency bypass channel 1.75 m wide by 2 m deep is provided at the inlet of the plant and is connected to the effluent end of the plant, downstream of the tank. The various chlorination treatment units are connected to this bypass line at selected points to allow bypassing of the individual treatment units in case of maintenance emergency. In emergency or situations such as toxic spills or non wastewater conforming influent quality, the bypass can be used for bypassing the plant, and thus preserve the biological system from being lost. 8.4 Buildings and other facilities in the plant According to tender documents, the plant includes a number of utility buildings described hereunder: as 8.4.1 Guardhouse The guardhouse is situated at the entrance of the plant to control entry to and the staff and exit of visitors. This building has an area 2 of 85 m , and is furnished with the required accommodation needs. 8.4.2 Administration Building This building will be used by the plant operators for administrative operations. and monitoring It includes a laboratory, canteen, control room, offices, meeting room etc. The total built up 2 area of the building is 855 M . 8.4.3 Power Supply Building This building houses the emergency diesel power generators, and power The power transformer. supply building has an 2 area of approximately 270 M . 8.4.4 The Chlorination Building This building consists of two adjacent rooms; the first houses the chlorination equipment, and the second is provided for storage of the Calcium Hypochlorite chemical. The building has a total area of 165 m2. 8-10 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report 8.4.5 Workshop This building houses the facilities required for repair and maintenance of the mechanical equipment and electrical switchgear. The total area of the workshop is approximately 270 m2 . 8.4.6 Laboratory The laboratory is located in the administration building. It has a plan area of 170 m2 , and fumished with the required mechanical and electrical installations. However, the laboratory equipment, tools and reagents were not included in the original tender. These have been identified and are further discussed in the proceeding section. 8.4.7 Landscaping The plant includes landscaped areas that are lawn planted. Furthermore, numerous trees are already planted along the perimeter wall and within the facility grounds. Intemal roads and walkways shall be constructed to provide access to all treatment units, and facilities of the site. Parking spaces are provided as necessary for parking vehicles for staff or visitors. 8.4.8 Power Supply & Equipment Controls The electricity requirements of the plant are supplied by two 20 KV overhead lines. For avoiding power outage due to power cuts, the required number of emergency power generators is provided. Control Panels and the central control station at the administration building; facilitate remote and local monitoring of equipment. Instrumentation for monitoring of process variables is partially provided. The missing instrumentation is identified and discussed in the proceeding paragraphs. 8.4.9 Utility Services The necessary utility services have been checked and were found to be adequate. These include potable water supply, heating, ventilation, drainage, etc. 8.4.10 Safety and Occupational Health Provision for fire fighting has been included. The specifications require the installation of fire hydrants. Where required safety showers have been installed. Nonetheless, the plant requires a provision for a first aid room, where medical Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report supplies, medical aid kits, and a stretcher can be housed. It is recommended that appropriate space be allocated for that in the administration building. 8.5 Review of the Design and Environmental Performance of the Emergency WWTP The design and environmental performance review is based on information included in the feasibility study and the current plant tender documents: 8.5.1 Effluent Quality and Design Appraisal Based on the design loads stated in section 8.2, preliminary design calculations were performed to assess the effluent quality and to check the adequacy of the treatment units. These calculations indicate the following: For 3 the projected flow of 87,500 m /day (year 2021) 1. The liquid stream is adequately sized to achieve the targeted BOD5 and TSS limits 2. The sludge treatment scheme is adequately sized to handle the generated solids at the plant, based on the assumed process parameters. For the projected flow of 34. 000 m3/day (2007) Since the forecast flow is lower than the designed capacity of the plant, it is envisaged that the following treatment units shall be operated: o Grit removal tank: 1 tank o Primary Clarifier: Should be bypassed, in which case the plant would operate in the extended aeration mode. Alternatively one tank can be operated, but with increased primary sludge withdrawal rate to prevent solubalization and digestion of the sludge with subsequent release of gases that interfere with the settling process. o Activated sludge plant: two units should be operated o Secondary clarifiers: two units should be operated o Thickeners: two tanks to be operated o Digesters: one primary and one secondary digester 8-12 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report Under the above conditions the plant would be producing the designed concentration limits. For the proiected flow of 22, 100 mn3/dav at year 2004 Since the forecast flow is lower than the designed capacity of the plant, it is envisaged that the following treatment units shall be operated: o Grit removal tank: one tank o Primary Clarifier: To prevent development of septic conditions during warm days due to prolonged hydraulic detention time, it is preferable to bypass the primary clarifiers and operate the plant in the extended aeration mode o Activated sludge plant: one unit should be operated o Secondary clarifiers: one unit should be operated o Thickeners: one tank to be operated o Digesters: one primary and one secondary digester to be operated Under the above conditions the plant would be producing the designed concentration limits. On the basis of above analysis the following conclusions can be made: During the first development phase, the plant would be producing the designed concentration limits of BOD 5 and TSS. However, careful attention is required in the selection of the number of treatment units and modules, and in the adjustment of the process parameters in accordance with actual hydraulic and organic loads received. At its designed capacity (year 2021), the plant would be producing the designed concentration limits of BOD5 and TSS. 8.5.2 Solids Production and Quality Requirements The estimated solids production generated by the treatment process can be summarized by the following table: 8-13 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report Table 8.4 Emergency WWTP Solids Production Phase year Flow Screenings Grit Sludge dry Sludge dry I _ I ____ L___ j solids solids 3 m'/d m /d j / m 3/month tons/year 1 g 2020 87,500 2 1.3 1098 4,400 2@2027 118,500 3 1487 6,000 It is to be noted that screenings and grit generally emit odours although provision for grit washing is included, therefore it is necessary that these solids be hauled on a daily basis, and if need be provision for lime application be made to eliminate odour emissions. The current sludge treatment process is classified as process to significantly reduce pathogens (PSRP), which will allow only restricted use of sludge in agriculture (fodder or cereal crops). To allow unrestricted re-use of sludge in agriculture a process to further reduce pathogen (PFRP) is required, which entails the provision of other processes, such as composting, long term storage, etc. In all cases, this project would be subject to the World Bank guidelines for sludge re- use which would require one year sludge storage for reduction of nematode eggs to less than 1 per 100 gm. Therefore, it is proposed that a total area of 10 hectares be provided for this, of which 1 hectare to be constructed by the year 2004. The sludge would be stored in concrete bays with separating walls. Provision for drainage of liquid should be provided as well as service roads for sludge loading around the sludge bays. The dried sludge would be hauled daily at an estimated rate of one trip over 300 days per year. The trucks hauling the sludge shall be covered to prevent accidental sludge spills. 8.5.3 Power The total installed power requirement for the Emergency WWTP is 40 KVA. Power consumption is estimated to be 1500 kw-hr per year at 2027. There will be one diesel standby generator giving a total power output of 2.5 MW to provide sufficient power for operation of the essential plant and equipment and maintain levels of treatment during any power failures. 8-14 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report 8.5.4 Chemical Usage The chemicals used in the treatment plant and their application rates at year 2027 can be summarized in the following table Table 8.5 Emergency WWTP Chemical Consumption Rates 3 Flow @ 118 ,500 m /day 2027 Dose Consumption tons/year Calcium Hypochlorite, 70 % conc. 5 mg/l 460 Lime 260 kg/ton 2974 Polymer 5 kg/ton 33 l The treatment plant includes all the required safety facilities for handling of chlonrne such as safety shower, and emergency extraction fans in the Calcium Hypochlorite storage room. For all chemicals to be transported or handled on site, provisions for safety standards are included in the tender specifications. These provisions require: o The posting of information on specifications of chemical, method of storage, application, and remediation measures in case of emergency conditions due to contact or exposure. o Installation of safety showers as required o Wearing of protective clothing o Emergency plan for serious conditions. 8.5.5 Review of Engineering Aspects Based on the treatment plant's tender documents, and site visits conducted, a number of shortcomings to the plant have been identified. These are summarized by the following: Instrumentation for process Control * A number of instruments that are necessary for controlling the operation of the treatment process have not been included, and should be provided. These are: * Flow meters for monitoring of return activated sludge flow rate, which would allow adjustment of the flow rate. Quantity required 4. 8-15 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report * Flow meters for monitoring of primary sludge flow rate, which would allow control of primary sludge wastage. Quantity required 3. * Flow meters for monitoring of waste activated sludge flow rate, which would allow control of sludge age critical for the process. Quantity required 3. * Flow meters for monitoring and controlling the amount of dilution water added to the sludge blending tank. Quantity required three. * Flow-meters at the outlet of the circulation pumps of sludge digester for a precise control of the amount of sludge being circulated. Quantity required 33. * Flow-meters at the outlet of each centrifuge are recommended for the daily measurement of the amount of sludge dewatered in the treatment plant. Quantity required 2. Revision of Process Piping Design Provision to return supernatant from thickeners and anaerobic digesters to headworks should be made since the original plan of diverting the supernatant to sludge drying beds is not acceptable. Filtrate line from sludge drying beds should be re-routed to the headworks in lieu of the current routing which shows them discharging to the dilution pumping station. Laboratory Equipment and Furnishings Provision for test equipment, tools, utensils, chemicals, and reagents to conduct chemical, physical, and bacteriological tests that are required for analyses of wastewater and sludge as part of the monitoring programme has not been included in the tender documents. These furnishings were evaluated and included in the cost estimate of the Environmental Management Plant, Table 7-11 Chapter 7. Tender Specifications for Calcium Hvpochlorite As the chlorination system has been revised from gas chlorination to Calcium hypochlorite, the complete specifications of the latter would be required to ensure that the correct materials, capacities, etc are procured and installed in accordance with good engineering standards. 8-16 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report 8.6 Evaluation of Effluent Discharge Impact on Maharloo Lake As discussed in the preceding paragraphs, the effluent of the Emergency WWTP will be discharged in Maharloo Lake during the wet season. Whereas in preceding chapters the impact of the project on the lake was addressed, this section will consider the impact of the Emergency WWTP effluent discharge in detail. 8.6.1 Maharloo Lake Environmental condition The environmental state of the lake was considered in depth in Chapter 4; however environmental aspects which are of relevance to the discussion will be re-presented here. The lake's volume fluctuates depending on the season of the year, reaching a maximum of 90 million m3 when the lake's water is at its highest level. When the lake is filling, the water is highly saline due to the geological formations of the area, and the average salt content has been quoted at 188 gm/l. At this salinity level, the biological environment is very scarce. Certain fauna and flora species have been identified, and the most common of which is the Artimia, cane and some aquatic plants. The lake however is an attraction point for the local population, particularly in spring time, when it is full and migrant birds approach it. Currently the lake is polluted with heavy metals, nitrate, organic contaminants, and Coliforms due to the uncontrolled discharge of sewage in Khoshk and Soltanabad Rivers which end up in this lake. Measurements of these contaminants were performed by the DOE, and are exhibited in tables 4-3, 4-5, 4-6, 4-8, and 4-9 of chapter 4. 8.6.2 Treated Effluent Loads The effluent of the Emergency WWTP will be treated to a secondary level, with following parameters: 1. BOD5 < 20 mg/l 2. TSS < 30 mg/l 3. Total Coliforms < 400 MPN/100 ml 4. Nitrogen and Phosphorus would be difficult to predict since no influent levels to the plant have been established as discussed in the previous paragraphs. However, typical removal rates by the complete mix activated sludge process of nitrogen and phosphorus are 50% and 25% respectively. If we consider the influent concentrations of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) and Phosphorus to be in the 8-17 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report range of 40 mg/l and 8 mg/l respectively the effluent concentrations should be less than 20 mg/l for TKN and less than 6 mg/l for phosphorus. It would be quite difficult to quantify the cumulative effect of effluent disposal on the lake, particularly since the lake volume is variable, and there are other sources of nutrients and particulate matter that discharge to the lake through surface run off. However, given the effluent concentrations described in the previous paragraph, and the fact that the discharge will occur during the winter season only, it is anticipated that the impact of the residual loads to be small. 8.6.3 Iranian Standards of Discharge to Surface Water Bodies There are no Iranian standards for effluent discharge to salt water bodies per se. Iranian Standards for effluent discharge to water bodies are classified either for wells, agricultural reuse or to surface water. For the latter, no further classification is made to distinguish whether the water body is for drinking, recreation, etc. Although this standard cannot be entirely applied in this case, since the lake is highly saline and with very little aquatic life, comparison with this standard is shown in the table below for indication purposes. Table 8.6 Emergency WWTP Effluent Quality & Comparison with Iranian Standards Parameter Iranian WWTP Remark Standard Effluent BOD5 30 mg/l 20 mg/l ok TSS 40 30 mg/l ok pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8 ok NH 4 2.5 can be If operated as a nitrification system. See met paragraph below NO 3 50 will be Since influent NO3 is negligible and influent met NH4 is less than 30 partial nitrification will not lead to effluent NO3 levels exceeding 50 P0 4 6 likely to Compliance will depend on influent levels, be met under normal sewage quality, the limits should be attained TC 1000/100 ml 400/100 OK ml As can be seen from above table, the treated effluent will be in compliance with the Iranian standards. It should be noted though, that the required N1H4 concentration would require that the process includes a nitrification step. The design of the treatment plant will achieve partial nitrification, particularly during the summer season. To ensure nitrification during the winter season, which is the period of discharge to the lake, the process parameters have to be modified to ensure that 8-18 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report nitrification will take place. This will entail longer sludge detention times and reduced mixed liquor concentration, and ultimately lead to increase in plant construction and operational costs. Based on average ammonia concentration of 25 mg/ in raw sewage, it is anticipated that the treatment process will achieve 60% to 70% removal and the effluent ammonia concentration will be less than 10 mg/I. The 10 mg/l figure is the standard effluent limits for non-saline water bodies. 8.6.4 Standards of Discharge to Surface Water Bodies In the absence of the national standards, reference can be made to International standards goveming effluent discharge to oceans or seas. Normally such standards would require preliminary treatment with dilution or secondary treatment For instance effluent discharge standards to the Mediterranean Sea require secondary treatment level (ref. Barcelona Protocol), with a total nitrogen content of 30 mg/I, which can be achieved by the adopted process. Therefore the treated effluent of the Emergency WWTP would be actually compliant with relevant international standards. It should be noted though, that Iranian standards (refer to annex B) also specify limits of heavy metal. It is not possible at this stage to forecast the heavy metal effluent levels since no data on the influent is available, however heavy metal concentration in the influent is not expected to be significant, particularly since all industries will be required to move to the industrial zone currently under development, which will have its own central treatment facility. Furthermore, industries with strong wastes will be required to provide pre-treatment prior to discharge to central sewers according to the current environmental laws. 8.6.5 Evaluation of Effluent Impact Based on the preceding sections, it can be concluded that the treated effluent will be in compliance with relevant prevailing standards governing the discharge of effluent to Maharloo Lake. The impact of the effluent on the lake can be considered to be marginal on the lake ecosystem particularly since the loads are insignificant, and the disposal is occurring for a limited period of time during the year. In fact, as stated in Chapter 5, the overall impact of developing the treatment plant on the lake's ecosystem is positive and significant when we consider that the current deteriorating conditions of the lake due to the discharge of raw sewage will be put to an end by operating the treatment plant. 8-19 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report 9 Public Involvement As an integral part of the EA process of Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project, consultation and communication with various interested groups were undertaken. The Public Involvement (PI) is essential to determine individual and community preferences, facilitate selection of project altematives, and designing sustainable mitigation plans. Furthermore, PI will assist in understanding likely impacts, and the gathering of environmental data. The basic components of public involvement is information dissemination, information soliciting, and consultation, all of which promote effective public involvement and occur at various stages of the project development cycle. 9.1 Information Dissemination Information conceming the project was disseminated very early by the Proponent to various stakeholders. Technical, financial, environmental and social issues associated with the project were issued to Fars Water Authority, general Public, relevant industrial institutions, The Shiraz Municipality, The City Council, The Department of the Environment, The Ministry of Health and Medical Education, The Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, The Cultural Heritage Organization, Universities, NGO's (such as the Green Association) , and Farmers. Terms of Reference for the El studies were developed and shared with the key stakeholders in scoping meetings, which were held as of August 2002. Relevant documentation about the project was issued through letters, and project reports. SWWC also issued monthly bulletins and news letters to inform the public about the project. The aim of this dissemination was to provide accurate information conceming the project objectives, components, likely impacts, environmental concems, and other issues, which would facilitate information soliciting, and participation at later stages of the EA, as described in the proceeding paragraphs. 9.2 Information Solicitation Information that is relevant to the EA and that would provide insights were sought from the various stakeholders throughout the EA study. In brief, the following outlines the main inputs of selected stakeholders: * SWWC: Status of water supply system, sewage system, water and wastewater quality records. 9-1 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report * Cultural Heritage Organization: Permit requirements for work adjacent to historical sites, latest archeological findings, sitting of the projects components adjacent to the cultural sites, review and comments on chance find procedures. * Shiraz Municipality: urban situation, land acquisition, building permits. * Department of Environment: latest update on applicable environmental standards, well water quality records, Maharloo lake water quality, industrial effluent records * Ministry of Health and Medical Education: Public health in Shiraz City, incidence of water bome disease * Ministry of Agriculture Jihad: Agricultural situation, standards of irrigation water, standards for treated sludge 9.3 Public Consultation Following information dissemination and solicitation, public consultation was conducted through interviews, group discussions, and public meetings. On several occasions discussions about the project were conducted on local TV talk shows and included experts, university professors, and SWWC officials. Monthly meetings between SWWC representatives and Fars Province Govemate Technical Officer, including other provincial officials, were held at the Fars Govemor General's office to discuss the project development and to consult with all concemed officials. Public consultation include also other major stake holders as detailed in the following paragraphs 9.3.1 Ministry of Health and Medical Education Consultation with the public health authorities of the affected areas covered the following issues: * The improvement of personal hygiene and public health * The need for effective control of waterbome disease transmission in agricultural areas and in potable water supply * The measures to decrease health risks to farmers and consumers through healthy practices: washing of vegetables, wearing of boots for farmers * Measures to control helminthes diseases and livestock diseases * The necessity of public awareness and education 9.3.2 Ministry of Agriculture Jihad The following points were discussed with agricultural authorities: 9-2 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report The need for water in the agricultural areas downstream of the plant * The improvement in irrigation water following implementation of the project * The reuse potential of treated effluent and treated sludge * The need for mitigation measures such as controlling heavy metal content in soils and crops * Improving current irrigation methods * The need for agricultural extension services in the agricultural areas of the project to monitor long term impacts of the project. * The education of farmers on the use of treated effluent and sludge 9.3.3 Non-Governmental Organizations The Consultant and the Project Management Unit organized and held a number of meetings to consult affected groups and obtain comments from local NGOs. The complaints about the project were then reviewed by the Consultant and the proponent. The non-governmental organizations consulted were: The farmers Council * Independent agronomists * Environmental researchers * Independent public health engineers * Representatives of the city's industrial institutions * University professors and experts * Green Association The view points of the various non-governmental organizations can follows: be summarized as The implementation of the project should commence as soon as possible. * The standards for management, pipe laying, construction and monitoring should be of the highest quality. * The need for institutional strengthening of all agencies at the provincial levels, including SWWC * The need for more action , rather than continued endless studies and hesitation * The need fore inter-agency coordination training, education and public awareness. 9-3 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report * Technology transfer is essential for training of staff at all levels. * Issues relating to the connection fees, and the need to make them affordable * Reduction of the Unaccounted For Water * The need to preserve the natural state of Maharloo lake * The need to exercise utmost care to avoid potential impact on cultural heritage buildings and monuments. 9.3.4 Farmers Several meetings were held with farmers and agricultural organizations and the following topics were addressed: * The improvement to the environment if the project was implemented * The negative and positive impacts of using treated sludge a soil conditioner * The impacts of reuse of treated effluent in agriculture * The positive impacts of improved quality of Khoshk and Soltan Abad rivers * The farmers awareness of possible water logging problems and how to use sludge * The public hazard from using contaminated surface and ground water. The views and concems of the farmers were recorded and assessed. They can be summarized by the following: The farmers emphasized the importance of improving the quality of the ground water and surface waters. * Farmers are concerned about heavy metal pollution of soil and crops leading to avoidance by consumers of crops grown in the area. * The farmers insisted that the effluent should be of acceptable quality to protect their reputation * The farmers welcomed the reuse of sludge as a soil conditioner, particularly if it would yield good results and is offered at economical rates. * However, they expressed concern about the risk of heavy metal build up or helminthes diseases. 9.3.5 Public Meeting Annex F presents the proceedings of the public consultation meeting held on the 4 of January, 2004. More than 150 people representing the main stake holders, and the public participated in the meeting. The public meeting discussed the project 9-4 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report objectives, project description, alternatives to the project and altemate design options available, positive and negative impacts of the project, major environmental issues and mitigatory measures available, and feedback from the public. The speakers presented their discussions using documentary films, power point, and audio visual aids. The main feedback from the public was that the project is urgently needed, it should be executed to a very good quality, govemment agencies should coordinate with each other, and SWWC capacity should be enhanced to meet the project needs. The main concern of the participants was the potential adverse impacts of the projects on the following: * Maharloo lake water quality * Historical buildings and monuments * Health concems from sludge and irrigation reuse The Proponent and the Consultants to the project assured the participants that the EA studies have addressed these issues very carefully per following: The project aims at maximizing the reuse of effluent in agriculture. Therefore, the discharge of effluent in the lake will take place during the wet season only, wherein the effluent cannot be reused. Furthermore, the treated effluent of the WWTPs would be in compliance with the national standards for surface water discharge. Also to evaluate and detect potential effects on the lake, the project includes a comprehensive program for monitoring the Lake's water quality. The Consultants clarified that the design of the project works was studied carefully to locate all facilities and align all underground lines away from historical sites; furthermore the project will ensure compliance with the permit requirements of the SCHO, whose representative will attend the construction sites near cultural heritage areas. Adequate design provisions have been incorporated in the sludge treatment process, sludge application, sludge and soil monitoring to address all the requirements of the national and intemational standards for reuse of sludge in agriculture. 9.4 Summary Numerous govemmental and non-govermmental organizations were consulted at various stages of project preparation. At the initiation of the project, technical, financial, environmental and social issues associated with the project were discussed in meetings attended by the design Consultants, representative of the City councils, Shiraz municipality, Fars Water Authority and various other stakeholders. Terms of 9-5 Shiraz Water Supplv and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report Reference for the El studies were developed and shared with the key stakeholders in scoping meetings, which were held as of August 2002. The preparation process for the environmental assessment included public consultations which were carried out at various stages. The consultations involved line ministries, city authorities, provincial departments of environment, operating water and wastewater companies, local communities, NGOs and the public. Upon the completion of the draft EA report, the executive summary was translated to Farsi and a public hearing was held on the 4 of January 2004. The meeting was attended by more than 150 participants from various organizations including representatives of SWWC, local health authorities, local law enforcement authorities, Fars Water Authority, NGOs, Shiraz municipality, DOE, members of the press, experts and professionals from the community of Shiraz. Invitation letters were prepared in Farsi and were accompanied with the draft Executive Summary. Announcements about the meeting were also made through the local newspapers and public bulletin boards. The meeting was covered by the local newspapers, television and radio. The meeting consisted of an opening session, a presentation of the project financial arrangements and the current cooperation between the World Bank and SWWC. This presentation was followed by a short documentary film which showed the current status of the water and wastewater services in the city and the ongoing works of these facilities. The film was followed by a presentation of the project's major components and the environmental aspect of each component. The common view held was that the project should be implemented as soon as possible as it would result in improved health and welfare benefits not only to Shiraz but for the whole region. The main concern was expressed by NGO and MOE representatives conceming the impact of the project on Maharloo Lake, and whether alternative effluent discharge options are available to avoid these impacts. The Consultants of the project clarified that the alternative of reusing the treated effluent in agricultural irrigation is actually adopted in the project, and therefore the discharge of effluent in the lake will take place during the wet season only, wherein the effluent cannot be reused. Furthermore, the treated effluent of the WWTPs would be in compliance with the national standards for surface water discharge. Also to evaluate potential effects on the lake, the project includes a comprehensive program for monitoring the Lake's water quality. Other concerns related to the impact of the project on the historical buildings of Shiraz, was raised by a member of the public, who requested clarifications on the measures foreseen to mitigate these adverse impacts. The Consultants clarified that the design of the project works was studied carefully to locate all facilities and align all underground lines away from historical sites; furthermore the project will ensure 9-6 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report compliance with the permit requirements of the SCHO, whose representative will attend the construction sites near cultural heritage areas. A representative of the MOAJ requested clarification on how the project will address the reuse of treated sludge in agriculture considering the constraints and the health quality limits required by various standards. It was clarified that adequate design provisions have been incorporated in the sludge treatment process, sludge application, sludge and soil monitoring to address all the requirements of the national and international standards. 9-7 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report 10 List of References 1. A Study of Air Pollution in Shiraz; A.Safari, Organization of Environmental Protection, Fars Branch, 1999 2. A Study of Contamination and Contamination Resources of Water in Shiraz Plain; M. Koochmeshkian; Organization of Environmental Protection,1993 3. A Study of Ways for Water Table Drawdown in South-east of Shiraz Plain; Parab Fars Consulting Engineers, 1991 4. A Synthesis of the Comprehensive Study for Revitalization and Development of Agriculture and Natural Resources in Fars Province (Parts 6 and 7); Yekom Consulting Engineers, 2000 5. A Synthesis of the Comprehensive Study for Revitalization and Development of Agriculture and Natural Resources in Fars Province, Part 19 (Environment); Yekom Consulting Engineers, 2000 6. Contamination of Water and Soil in Catchment Area of Maharloo Lake; K. Banani, Organization for Enviromnental Protection, Fars Branch, 1996 7. Draft report -Feasibility Study for water Supply and wastewater Collection Treatment and Disposal Facilities for City of Shiraz, Iranab Consulting Engineers, 2002 8. Draft report -Feasibility Study for water Supply and wastewater and Disposal Facilities for City of Shiraz, Iranab Consulting Engineers, 2002 9. Economic-Social-Environmental-Technical Justification of Shiraz Sewerage Plan; Mahabghods Consulting Engineers, prepared for Shiraz Water and Sewage Company,2002 10. Environmental Impact Assessments of Shiraz Sewage Treatment Plant during Construction and Operation; Z.Saboori; Graduation Paper; School of Environmental Studies, University of Tehran, 2001 11. Environmental Review of Baalbek Water and Wastewater System 12. Final Report- Feasibility Study for water Supply and wastewater Collection Treatment and Disposal Facilities for City of Shiraz, Iranab Consulting Engineers; 2003 10-1 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report 13. First Interim Report- Feasibility Study for Water Supply and Wastewater collection Treatment and Disposal for City of Shiraz; Iraanab Consulting Engineers; Vol. 1 ;2002 14. General Census of People and Houses; Iran Census Center; 1996 15. Identification of Iranian Villages; Iran Census Center; 1999 16. Iran Wild Life (Vertebrae); Eskandar Firooz; University Press Center, 1999 17. Phase 1 Study Report for Rehabilitation of Shiraz Water network (Parts 1 and 2); Iranab Consulting Engineers, 2001 18. Plan for Development and Extension of Shiraz (Part 5); Parhas Consulting Engineers, prepared for Fars Housing and City Planning Branch Office, 1996 19. Report on Geo-electrical investigation of groundwater resources of Shiraz; Abkav-Tehran Consulting Engineers, 1971 20. Report on Geology of Catchment Area of Shiraz Khoshk River; Parab Fars-Haseb Fars Consulting Engineers, 2002 21. Report on Hydrogeology and Water Resources (Rehabilitation Plan of Khoshk River in Shiraz); Parab Fars-Haseb Fars Consulting Engineers, 2002 22. Report on Morphology of Shiraz Khoshk River; Parab Fars-Haseb Fars Consulting Engineers, 2002 23. Second Interim Report- Feasibility Study for Water Supply and Wastewater collection Treatment and Disposal for City of Shiraz; Iraanab Consulting Engineers; Vol. 2; 2002 24. Soil Study of Shiraz; Center for Investigation of Water and Soil, 1969 25. Study of Contamination of Maharloo Lake Water; Organization for Environmental Protection, Fars Branch-Shiraz University, 1998 26. The Birds of Iran, Firooz .E; 1976; Department of the Environment 27. Third Interim Report- Feasibility Study for Water Supply and Wastewater Collection Treatment and Disposal for City of Shiraz; Iraanab Consulting Engineers; Vol. 3 ;2002 10-2 Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report 28. Tracing of Heavy Metals in Water, Soil and some Agricultural Products around Khoshk River in Shiraz; Moslemi, Jaafar-Zadeh, Abbasi; Organization for Environmental Protection, Fars Branch 29. Water Supply and Wastewater Collection Disposal (Feasibility Study- draft Report) Iranab Consulting Engineers, March 2003 10-3