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Achaemenid Empire/ (Persia) BY: HOZAN LATIF RAUF General Architectural Features
Achaemenid Empire/ (Persia) BY: HOZAN LATIF RAUF General Architectural features ▪ The architecture of Persians was more columnar and that led to vastly different massive architectural features from that of the Mesopotamian era. ▪ The use of flat timber roofs rather than vaults led to more slender columns and were rather more beautiful. This also led to rooms being squarer in shape than simple long rectangle. ▪ The roofing system was also very different, wherein the wooden brackets were covered in clay and provided more stability. The use of a double mud wall might have provided room for windows just below ceiling in structures like Palace of Persepolis. VOCABULARY WORDS ▪ The COLUMN is divided into three parts: ▪ The BASE ▪ The SHAFT- FLUTED ▪ The CAPITAL- Double Animal most with bulls Ancient Susa/Shush The city of SUSA was the Persian capital in succession to Babylon, where there is a building with a citadel complex. There was a good skill set of artisans and laborers available which made the palace complex more of a piece of art than just a building structure. Cedar wood was got from Lebanon and teak from the mountain of Zagros. The baked bricks were still made in the Babylonian method. Ancient Susa/Shush Ancient Persepolis PERSEPOLIS ▪ 518 BCE ▪ King Darius utilized influences and materials from all over his empire, which included Babylon, Egypt, Mesopotamian and Greece Architectural Plan of Ancient Persepolis The Great/Apadana Staircase ▪ King Xerxes (486-465 BC) built the Grand Staircase and the Gate of All Nations. ▪ The Grand Staircase is located on the northeast side of the city and these stairs were carved from massive blocks of stone. -
Takhté Soleymān
Historical Site of Mirhadi Hoseini http://m-hosseini.ir ……………………………………………………………………………………… Takhté Soleymân Azar Goshnasp Fire-Temple Complex By Professor Dietrich Huff Takht-e Soleymân is an outstanding archeological site with substantial Sasanian and Il-khanid ruins in Azarbaijan province, between Bijâr and Šâhin-dež, about 30 km north-northeast of Takâb, with about 2, 200 m altitude, surrounded by mountain chains of more than 3000 m altitude. The place was obviously chosen for its natural peculiarity; an outcrop of limestone, about 60 m above the valley, built up by the sediments of the overflowing calcinating water of a thermal spring-lake (21° C) with about 80 m diameter and more than 60 m depth on the top of the hill (Damm). The place is mentioned in most of the medieval Oriental chronicles (e.g., Ebn Khordâdbeh, pp. 19, 119 ff.; Tabari, p. 866; Nöldeke, p. 100, n. 1; Bel'ami, p. 942, tr., II, p. 292; Ebn al-Faqih, pp. 246, 286; Mas'udi, ed. Pellat, sec. 1400, tr., IV, pp. 74 f; idem, Tanbih, p. 95; Abu Dolaf, pp. 31 ff.; Ferdowsi, pp. 111 ff.; Yâqut, Beirut, III, pp. 383-84, tr., pp. 367 ff; Qazvini, II, pp. 267; Hamd-Allâh Mostawfi, p. 64, tr., p. 69, who attributes its foundation to the Kayanid Kay Khosrow) and was visited and described repeatedly by western travelers and scholars since the 19th century (e.g., Ker Porter, pp. 557 ff.; Monteith, pp. 7 ff.; Rawlinson, pp. 46 ff.; Houtum Schindler, pp. 327 f.; Jackson, 1906, pp. 124 ff.). It was erroneously taken for a second Ecbatana (q.v.) by Henry Rawlinson, and defective Byzantine sources caused it to be confused with the great Atropatenian city of Ganzak (q.v.) and other places (Minorsky). -
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IN THE NAME OF GOD IRAN NAMA RAILWAY TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN List of Content Preamble ....................................................................... 6 History ............................................................................. 7 Tehran Station ................................................................ 8 Tehran - Mashhad Route .............................................. 12 IRAN NRAILWAYAMA TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN Tehran - Jolfa Route ..................................................... 32 Collection and Edition: Public Relations (RAI) Tourism Content Collection: Abdollah Abbaszadeh Design and Graphics: Reza Hozzar Moghaddam Photos: Siamak Iman Pour, Benyamin Tehran - Bandarabbas Route 48 Khodadadi, Hatef Homaei, Saeed Mahmoodi Aznaveh, javad Najaf ...................................... Alizadeh, Caspian Makak, Ocean Zakarian, Davood Vakilzadeh, Arash Simaei, Abbas Jafari, Mohammadreza Baharnaz, Homayoun Amir yeganeh, Kianush Jafari Producer: Public Relations (RAI) Tehran - Goragn Route 64 Translation: Seyed Ebrahim Fazli Zenooz - ................................................ International Affairs Bureau (RAI) Address: Public Relations, Central Building of Railways, Africa Blvd., Argentina Sq., Tehran- Iran. www.rai.ir Tehran - Shiraz Route................................................... 80 First Edition January 2016 All rights reserved. Tehran - Khorramshahr Route .................................... 96 Tehran - Kerman Route .............................................114 Islamic Republic of Iran The Railways -
Iran in Depth
IRAN IN DEPTH In conjunction with the Near East Archaeological Foundation, Sydney University APRIL 25 – MAY 17, 2017 TOUR LEADER: BEN CHURCHER Iran in depth Overview The Persian Empire, based within modern Iran’s borders, was a significant Tour dates: April 25 – May 17, 2017 force in the ancient world, when it competed and interacted with both Greece and Rome and was the last step on the Silk Road before it Tour leader: Ben Churcher reached Europe and one of the first steps of Islam outside Arabia. In its heyday, Iran boasted lavish architecture that inspired Tamerlane’s Tour Price: $11,889 per person, twin share Samarqand and the Taj Mahal, and its poets inspired generations of Iranians and foreigners, while its famed gardens were a kind of earthly Single Supplement: $1,785 for sole use of paradise. In recent times Iran has slowly re-established itself as a leading double room nation of the Middle East. Booking deposit: $500 per person Over 23 days we travel through the spring-time mountain and desert landscapes of Iran and visit some of the most remarkable monuments in Recommended airline: Emirates the ancient and Islamic worlds. We explore Achaemenid palaces and royal tombs, mysterious Sassanian fire temples, enchanting mud-brick cities on Maximum places: 20 the desert fringes, and fabled Persian cities with their enchanting gardens, caravanserais, bazaars, and stunning cobalt-blue mosques. Perhaps more Itinerary: Tehran (3 nights), Astara (1 night), importantly, however, we encounter the unsurpassed friendliness and Tabriz (3 nights), Zanjan (2 nights), Shiraz (5 hospitality of the Iranian people which leave most travellers longing to nights), Yazd (3 nights), Isfahan (4 Nights), return. -
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) Dome Design
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research ISSN 2348-7607 (Online) Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp: (39-45), Month: October 2015 - March 2016, Available at: www.researchpublish.com Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) Dome Design SHAIK TAHASEEN II M.TECH, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, VISVODAYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KAVALI ABSTRACT: A dome may be defined as a thin shell generated by the revolution of a regular curve about one of its axes. The shape of the dome depends up on the type of the curve and direction of the axis of revolution. The roof is curved and used to cover large storey buildings. The shell roof is useful when inside of the building is open and does not contain walls or pillars. Domes are used in variety of structures such as roof of circular areas, circular tanks, exhibition halls, auditoriums etc. Domes may be constructed of masonry, steel, timber and reinforced cement concrete. In this paper we design RCC dome roof structure by using manual methods which gives detail design of RCC domes. The procedure of designing RCC domes was clearly explained and from the Analysis and design we get the Meridional Reinforcement, hoop Reinforcement of a dome and ring beam Reinforcement Keywords: Dome, wind load, live load and dead load, Analysis, diameter of dome. 1. INTRODUCTION In the past and recent years, there have been an increasing number of structures using RCC domes as one of the most efficient shapes in the world. It covers the maximum volume with the minimum larger volumes with no interrupting columns in the middle with an efficient shapes would be more efficient and economic. -
The Achaemenid Legacy in the Arsakid Period
Studia Litteraria Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 2019, special issue, pp. 175–186 Volume in Honour of Professor Anna Krasnowolska doi:10.4467/20843933ST.19.032.10975 www.ejournals.eu/Studia-Litteraria HTTP://ORCID.ORG/0000-0001-6709-752X MAREK JAN OLBRYCHT University of Rzeszów, Poland e-mail: [email protected] The Memory of the Past: the Achaemenid Legacy in the Arsakid Period Abstract The Achaemenid Empire, established by Cyrus the Great, provided a model looked up to by subsequent empires on the territory of Iran and the Middle East, including the empires ruled by Alexander of Macedonia, the Seleukids, and the Arsakids. Achaemenid patterns were eagerly imitated by minor rulers of Western Asia, including Media Atropatene, Armenia, Pontos, Kappadokia and Kommagene. The Arsakids harked back to Achaemenids, but their claims to the Achaemenid descendance were sporadic. Besides, there were no genealogical links between the Arsakids and Achaemenid satraps contrary to the dynastic patterns com- mon in the Hellenistic Middle East. Keywords: Iran, Cyrus the Great, Achaemenids, Arsakids, Achaemenid legacy In this article I shall try to explain why some rulers of the Arsakid period associa- ted their dynasty with the Achaemenids and what the context was of such declara- tions. The focus of this study is on the kings of Parthia from Arsakes I (248–211 B.C.) to Phraates IV (37–3/2 B.C.). The Achaemenids established the world’s first universal empire, spanning ter- ritories on three continents – Asia, Africa, and (temporary) Europe. The power of the Persians was founded by Cyrus the Great (559–530 B.C.), eulogised by the Iranians, Jews, Babylonian priests, and Greeks as well, who managed to make a not very numerous people inhabiting the lands along the Persian Gulf masters of an empire stretching from Afghanistan to the Aegean Sea, giving rise to the largest state of those times. -
Understanding Persians from “Ancient Persian Empire” to “Modern Iran”
Understanding Persians From “Ancient Persian Empire” to “Modern Iran” From “Ancient Persian Empire” …… Persians (present day Iranians) are descendents of a long and glorious empire founded 2,500 years ago by Cyrus the Great and brilliantly governed by his successors Cambyses, Darius, Xerxes, Artaxerxes, and others. For more than 200 years, this ancient Persian Empire stretched across vast areas, carrying for the most part, a peaceful rule and developing the highest levels of civilization known at the time. The rule by King Cyrus began with the overthrow of the ruling Median (Kurdish) King Astyages in 549 BCE. After capturing the capital city of Hamadan, Cyrus moved south, and with a brilliant military maneuver, captured the seat of the Babylonian Empire in 539, thus establishing history’s then largest empire. Rather than destroying the civilizations of their captives, Cyrus and his successors came to embrace them, thus allowing them to draw from the learning of others. Another of the many remarkable decisions of Cyrus the Great was allowing the Jewish captives of the Babylonians to return to their homeland in Jerusalem. Zoroastrianism was the religion of this long Persian rule as it had been under the Medes. Many Jews, who had been brought to Babylon from Jerusalem by King Nebuchadnezzar, chose to remain in Persia rather than return to Jerusalem, and some came to hold high positions within the empire. Several Jewish writers left us a legacy of the times of this great Persian Empire as recorded in the Biblical books of Esther, Daniel, Joel, Ezekiel, Nehemiah, and Ezra. Cyrus’ son and successor, Cambyses (530-522 BCE) is mainly remembered for his conquest of Egypt in 525. -
Data Collection Survey on Tourism and Cultural Heritage in the Islamic Republic of Iran Final Report
THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN IRANIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE, HANDICRAFTS AND TOURISM ORGANIZATION (ICHTO) DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON TOURISM AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN FINAL REPORT FEBRUARY 2018 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY JTB CORPORATE SALES INC. INGÉROSEC CORPORATION RECS INTERNATIONAL INC. 7R JR 18-006 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON TOURISM AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN FINAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ v Maps ........................................................................................................................................ vi Photos (The 1st Field Survey) ................................................................................................. vii Photos (The 2nd Field Survey) ............................................................................................... viii Photos (The 3rd Field Survey) .................................................................................................. ix List of Figures and Tables ........................................................................................................ x 1. Outline of the Survey ....................................................................................................... 1 (1) Background and Objectives ..................................................................................... -
Iran Or Persia: What's in a Name, the Decline and Fall of a Tourism Industry?
Iran or Persia: What’s in a name, the decline and fall of a tourism industry? Baum, T.G. and O’Gorman, K.D. Strathclyde Business School University of Strathclyde Cathedral Street Glasgow [email protected] [email protected] Iran is a combination of Persia and Islam, it is a complicated, often confused, if not diametrically opposed mix of two ideologies; as a country it is complex and unpredictable but also, from a tourism perspective, unrivalled in the cultural attributes that it can offer to the more intrepid traveller. Historically, modern Iran has its roots in ancient Persia and therefore it is unsurprising that the contemporary nation attempts to trace its cultural heritage back for at least 5,000 years. Hegel considered the ancient Persians to be the first historic people: “In Persia first arises that light which shines itself and illuminates what is around...The principle of development begins with the history of Persia; this constitutes therefore the beginning of history” (Hegel, 1857, p. 147). However, Hegel’s historicism is questionable on two grounds. Firstly, that Persia was identifiable. As Garthwaite has commented, “‘Persia’ is not easily located with any geographic specificity, nor can its people, the Persians, be easily categorized. In the end Persia and the Persians are as much metaphysical notions as a place or a people.” (Garthwaite, 2007, p. 1) Indeed, despite the long antecedence of civilisation in the area, until the late sixth century BC, there are no known historical materials that are written by Persians identifying themselves as Persian. -
An Archaeometrical Analysis of the Column Bases from Hegmatâneh to Ascertain Their Source of Provenance
Volume III ● Issue 2/2012 ● Pages 221–227 INTERDISCIPLINARIA ARCHAEOLOGICA NATURAL SCIENCES IN ARCHAEOLOGY homepage: http://www.iansa.eu III/2/2012 An Archaeometrical Analysis of the Column Bases from Hegmatâneh to Ascertain their Source of Provenance Masoud Rashidi Nejada*, Farang Khademi Nadooshana, Mostafa Khazaiea, Paresto Masjedia aDepartment of Archaeology at Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-139 Tehran, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: As a political and social statement, the style of the Achaemenid architecture was predicated on gran- Received: 15 April 2012 diose buildings and masonry, with the column as one of its primary elements. Often, the trunk of the Accepted: 15 November 2012 columns was made of either wood or stone, although their bases were always made of stone; a practice unique to ancient Iran. Consequently, access to stone for building these columns was of major impor- Key words: tance This paper deals with the sources used in the making of the column bases of Hegmatâneh follow- Achaemenid ing non-destructive techniques of petrography and XRD (X-ray Diffraction Spectrometry) analysis in Hamadan conjunction with geological data. In order to study them, we collected six samples from Hamadan and Hegmatâneh nine from column bases. Historical texts and geological formations were also taken into consideration. Petrography This study attempts to demonstrate the relationship between archaeological and environmental data by XRD statistical analysis, to be used as a tool for the identification of mineral resources in the future. 1. Introduction BC) (Grayson 1975, 106, 56). According to the Greek sources, Cyrus invaded Media because he wanted a political Petrography and XRD are two methods for the recognition independence (Brosius 2006, 8). -
Iran in Depth
IRAN IN DEPTH In conjunction with the Near East Archaeological Foundation, Sydney University APRIL 25 – MAY 17, 2017 TOUR LEADER: BEN CHURCHER Iran in depth Overview The Persian Empire, based within modern Iran’s borders, was a significant Tour dates: April 25 – May 17, 2017 force in the ancient world, when it competed and interacted with both Greece and Rome and was the last step on the Silk Road before it Tour leader: Ben Churcher reached Europe and one of the first steps of Islam outside Arabia. In its heyday, Iran boasted lavish architecture that inspired Tamerlane’s Tour Price: $11,889 per person, twin share Samarqand and the Taj Mahal, and its poets inspired generations of Iranians and foreigners, while its famed gardens were a kind of earthly Single Supplement: $1,785 for sole use of paradise. In recent times Iran has slowly re-established itself as a leading double room nation of the Middle East. Booking deposit: $500 per person Over 23 days we travel through the spring-time mountain and desert landscapes of Iran and visit some of the most remarkable monuments in Recommended airline: Emirates the ancient and Islamic worlds. We explore Achaemenid palaces and royal tombs, mysterious Sassanian fire temples, enchanting mud-brick cities on Maximum places: 20 the desert fringes, and fabled Persian cities with their enchanting gardens, caravanserais, bazaars, and stunning cobalt-blue mosques. Perhaps more Itinerary: Tehran (3 nights), Astara (1 night), importantly, however, we encounter the unsurpassed friendliness and Tabriz (3 nights), Zanjan (2 nights), Shiraz (5 hospitality of the Iranian people which leave most travellers longing to nights), Yazd (3 nights), Isfahan (4 Nights), return. -
L , Asmatthew W. Stolperworks on a Monograph About
oi.uchicago.edu l , As Matthew W. Stolper works on a monograph about the Kasr archive (described in The Oriental Institute Annual Report for 1988-89) he continues a series of articles on topics arising from other Achaemenid Babylonian business texts. One of them, mentioned in the Annual Report for 1988-89 under the working title "More Babylonians at Ecbatana," returns to a theme that Stolper discussed in "The Neo-Babylonian Text from the Persepolis Fortification," in Journal of Near Eastern Studies 43 (1984), the theme of Babylonians abroad in the Persian Empire. It was eventually submitted to Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran under the title "Tobits in Reverse," to indicate that unlike the Biblical Tobit, who laid up silver in Media for a rainy oi.uchicago.edu day, the Babylonians documented in the article acquired debts in Media that were to be repaid at home in Babylonia, as other Babylonian business men sometimes did elsewhere in Achaemenid Iran. The heads of some of the leading Babylonian business houses of their day traveled to the Achaemenid imperial capitals—not only to Ecbatana, but also to Susa, and to a town in the shadow of Persepolis. They surely did not have to go to the capitals themselves just to conduct the routine transactions that were actually recorded in the surviving texts, the article suggests, but they went an to keep their political fences mended, so the texts are not evidence of interregional trade under the imperial umbrella, but rather evidence of the relationships between Babylonian business and court politics—ancient clout. V) An article submitted to Revue d'Assyriologie, "The Murasu Texts Writ- Ci ten at Susa/' treats the evidence for another case of the same phenomenon.