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(The Admirable) Crichton in Mantu

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(The Admirable) Crichton in Mantu 6 29 PROCEEDING E , SOCIETY190910 TH Y F . O SMA , I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES RELATING TO THE DEATH OF JAMES (THE ADMIRABLE) CRICHTO MANTUN NI SEN ADO JULE YTH 1582D AN , EVIDENCE AS TO THE EXISTENCE OF A CONTEMPORARY BEAR- ING THE SAME NAME. BY DOUGLAS CRICHTON, F.S.A. SCOT. The mystery associated with the tragedy by which James Crichton of Elioc Clunyd han , better knowe Admirablth s a n e Crichton, eldesn so t of Robert Crichton, Lor f Sessioo d d Loran n d Advocat f Scotlandeo , s medeathhi ts neveha , r been satisfactorily solved d probablan , y e documentsth neve l Al r r . wilcopieo ,be l f themo s , relatino t g the subject have been examined by the present writer (who is pre- paring a biography of Crichton), and the most interesting of them are undoubtedly those which have been preserved in the archives of the Gonzagas e ancienth , t ducal famil f Mantua.o y 1 Even these—which have never been dealt with in any previous account of Crichton—leave the writer in a state of dubiety as to the precise manner in which Crichton met his death, but they are extremely useful in that they conclusively prove the date of his death, which has always been a disputed point, owing to the fact that there are in existence several poems by Jacobus Critonius Scotus, variously dated Mediolanum (Milan), 1584 and 1585, two and three years after the date of the death of the Admirable Crichton given us by Aldus Manutius in his beautiful "Memorian I m " lines whicn i , h referenc mads ei Crichtono t e !s passing away in his twenty-second year. Crichton was born on the 19th of August 1560, and the year of bis death, therefore, must have been 1582. Apart from this or any other evidence, the Gonzaga papers already mentioned definitel d yea yf an Crichton' o establisry da e hth s deats a h 3rd July 1582, and it follows, therefore, that the James Crichton who appeared in Milan two or three years later was another member of the same great family shalI . l procee deao dt l wit lettere Gonzage hth th n si a 1I tak e this opportunit f expressino y appreciatioy gm courtesiee th f o n s accorded my Commendatorb e e Alessandro Luzio e Directoe th Stat, th f eo r Archivet a s Mantua, and by Miss Margaret J. Robertson. DEAT F JAMEO H S (THE ADMIRABLE) CRICHTON7 29 . collection (commente de AreMvioupoth n i n Storico Italiano r 1886fo ) concernin firse e deatth gth t f ho Crichton d concludan , y givinb e e th g evidence as to the existence of the second James Crichton. James Crichton (the Admirable) entered the service of Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duk f Mantuaeo earle th yn i , par f Februaro t s y wa 1582 e H . most strongly recommended in a letter written by Annibale Capello, secretary to Cardinal Luigi D'Este, to Aurelio Zibramonti, secretary to Duke th f Mantuaeo . Capello stated that Crichton knew Italian, Latin, Spanish, French, German, Hebrew d Chaldaican , s welwa ;l versen i d philosophy, theology, astrology mathematicd an , s; improvise d versed san orations; was a graceful dancer, a skilful fencer, and an accomplished singe d musicianan r n arrivinO . Mantuan i g , Crichto s invitenwa o t d prepare a scheme of fortifications for the esplanade. He presented his plans, which pleased the Duke, who, by the way, took great delight in hearin s younhi g g protege dispute wite learneth h de th friar f o s Franciscan, Carmelite, and Dominican Orders. In these theological contests Crichton always cam f triumphantof e , leaving everybody astounde scholarshis hi t da widd pan e knowledge s forc hi ,n attackini e g his opponents, and his promptness in defending hiinself. Crichton states i o o havdt wh , e been extremely handsom person,n ei 1 became within a very short space of time the most popular figure not only ia the Court of Mantua, but throughout the whole town and neigh- bourhood. This was most displeasing to the Duke's son and heir, Prince Vincenzo Gonzaga—himself a handsome youth, if one might judge fro s portrai mcopa e hi writer' f th yo n i t s possession—and there seems little doubt that the Prince, who had been accustomed to rank first in everything, was aroused to jealousy, which developed into intense hatred e younoth f g Scotsman, whose universal talent d prepossessinan s g appearance won for their owner the esteem and admiration of all classes. Crichton, apparently wels wa ,l e facawarth d tf ha o thae e h t an enemy, and, seemingly, more than one, in Mantua, for he complained e Dukd evinceth f ha beino o et o a dislikdgwh annoyen r efo me y b d 1 Annibale Capello, who knew Crichton, stated that he had fair hair and blue eyes. 8 29 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , MA , 190910 Y . him.Duke Th 1eworr o t requeste t than yo no t m accountdhi lono s gs a , (thae sh e Duke satisfies wa ) d wit woulhe himon do n ,dar interfereo et . t I was, perhaps, only natural that Vincenzo should desir havo t e e Oiehton removed from Mantua, but whether or not he contemplated the Scotsman's removal from this world by a process of pre-arranged murder cannot definitely be proved against him. But on his own admission, and that is all the evidence we have to proceed upon, he killed Crichton on this fateful night of the 3rd of July 1582. The news of the tragedy was immediately sent to Zibramonti, the Duke's secretary y Luigb , i Olivo e Castellath , t a Mantuan A . translation of the Italian reads as follows:— "-At two o'clock in the night, just as I was on the point of getting into bed, advises Iwa d tha Signoe tth r Giacomo Critoni beed oha n mortally woundedI . immediately dressed mysel providorden o i ft send o t r an d e m someonhi e se o et thers a s nee r ewa fa d; but o leavins n o , n i roomsy gm , there th e e camm o t e Prince, who requested me to have the small door opened to four of his men, whom his highness wished to place in ambush on the lake, so that, as his highness told me, the Signor Critonio might not escape over the walls and swim the lake, he having slain Hippolito Lanzone at the feet of his highness. I repliehighness hi o dt s tha I coult t complno d y wit s requesthhi , because, Signoe th r Critonio having been mortally woundedd beeha n I informeds a , , conditioa n i t escapo no enabl o t nt s h swimmingm ey wa e b ehi Prince Th .e then calmed down, saying that he certainly thought he had wounded him, but thas suree highnesswoule b Hi h tt . no d , then showin s swordhi d e gm an ' bucklerbloode on dentedd e yan th , othee th , r marke severay db l cuts, tole dm that it came about in this wise: that, having gone in his doublet with the said Lanzone about half-pas d goot nigha bi e do t teveninon t e Signoth o gt r Valerian owite s mantlCattaneoon h hi t me es swor e beforhi h , facs d dhi ean e wanteo wh wale keeo dt th m roade undelo par t sidth s f , eo hi rand , thinking e Counth s ttha wa Langosct i t o [Vincenzo's groom-in-waiting] d strucha e kh , him down with his buckler, sending him to the middle of the road, and passed on; but, the man aforesaid, having just passed Lanzone, gave the latter a stab in the back, so that Lanzone with his sword had turned upon him, when his highness seeing him (Lanzone) swoon, and not knowing the cause, stepped forward and commenced fighting, giving and receiving cuts upon his buckler, unti t lasla t wit thrusha woundee h t adversarys dhi theo nwh , sai d: ' Pardon me, you t recogniserno highnessd ha I d r you.fo , ' Nothing further happened, save that Lanzone, having said that he felt badly wounded in the back, had been helped along a few paces by the Prince, who wished to take him to be. doctored, when he fell to the ground, and then and there died at the feet of I have copies of eight of Crichton's letters written in Italian, the originals of which 1 are preserve Mantuae th n di n Archives lettere Th . s indicat ominoun ea s foreboding. DEATH OF JAMES (THE ADMIRABLE) CKICHTON. 299 his highness, who recommended his soul to the care of two priests, there present. Whenc highnesshis did e , most grieveverin y greaand d t choleat r having seen Lanzone dead, depart wit e thoxighhth f providino t g againse th t escapin Signoe th f go r Critoni t ther bees bu onee; eha o n thir n dfo s provision,, for, at three o'clock in the night—just now struck—the said Signor Critonio, having been medicated, rendered his soul to God. It is a truly strange case, for, beyond the manifest danger to which the Prince has been exposed, there followes ha deate dth thes f hgentlemeno o etw , worth trutmournen e yi b o ht d by all.
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