Konfliktrisiko Rohstoffe? Herausforderungen Und Chancen Im Umgang Mit Knappen Ressourcen

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Konfliktrisiko Rohstoffe? Herausforderungen Und Chancen Im Umgang Mit Knappen Ressourcen SWP-Studie Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit Stormy-Annika Mildner (Hg.) Konfliktrisiko Rohstoffe? Herausforderungen und Chancen im Umgang mit knappen Ressourcen S 5 Februar 2011 Berlin Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Abdruck oder vergleichbare Verwendung von Arbeiten der Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik ist auch in Auszügen nur mit vorheriger schriftlicher Genehmigung der SWP gestattet. SWP-Studien unterliegen einem Begutachtungsverfah- ren durch Fachkolleginnen und -kollegen und durch die Institutsleitung (peer review). Sie geben ausschließlich die persönliche Auffassung der Autoren und Autorinnen wieder. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2011 SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit Ludwigkirchplatz 3­4 10719 Berlin Telefon +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1611-6372 Inhalt 5 Problemstellung und Empfehlungen 9 Einleitung: Konkurrenz + Knappheit = Konflikt? Stormy-Annika Mildner / Solveig Richter / Gitta Lauster Konkurrenz ums »Blaue Gold« Die Ressource Wasser zwischen Konflikt und Kooperation 21 Einleitung: Wasser als Ressource und Konfliktgegenstand Marianne Beisheim 34 Amudarja und Syrdarja: Konfrontation statt Kooperation Andrea Schmitz 44 Der Nil: Kooperation, aber keine Konfliktlösung? Tobias von Lossow / Stephan Roll 55 Schlussfolgerungen und Handlungsempfehlungen Marianne Beisheim / Tobias von Lossow / Stephan Roll / Andrea Schmitz Landhunger und Fischsterben Konkurrenz um Nahrungsmittel 61 Einleitung: Grundeigenschaften der Ressourcen Martin Kurray / Bettina Rudloff / Carsten Schymik / Kai Striebinger 67 »Land grab« als Versorgungsstrategie mit Risikopotential Bettina Rudloff / Martin Kurray 77 Illegale, ungemeldete und unregulierte Fischerei Carsten Schymik / Kai Striebinger 88 Schlussfolgerungen und Handlungsempfehlungen Martin Kurray / Bettina Rudloff / Carsten Schymik / Kai Striebinger Markt und Meinungen Energetische Ressourcen – Erdöl und Biokraftstoffe 93 Einleitung: Die Ressourcen im Überblick Sybille Acosta / Jörn Richert / Claudia Zilla 101 Herausforderung Ölpreisvolatilität – Ein Auslöser für mehr Kooperation im globalen Ölhandel? Jörn Richert 114 Handels- und Wertekonflikte um Biokraftstoffe Sybille Acosta / Claudia Zilla 126 Schlussfolgerungen und Handlungsempfehlungen Sybille Acosta / Jörn Richert / Claudia Zilla Wettlauf um Metalle Eisenerz und Seltene Erden 133 Einleitung: Immer teurer, immer knapper Stormy-Annika Mildner / Gitta Lauster 150 Eisenerz – Begehrt und teuer wie nie zuvor Florian Wassenberg 159 Seltene Erden – Die Vitamine der Industrie Hanns Günther Hilpert / Antje Elisabeth Kröger 168 Schlussfolgerungen und Handlungsempfehlungen Hanns Günther Hilpert / Gitta Lauster / Stormy-Annika Mildner / Florian Wassenberg Querschnittsthemen 173 Der Klimawandel und seine Auswirkungen auf Ressourcen Susanne Dröge 184 Wachsende Weltbevölkerung, mehr Ressourcenkonflikte? Steffen Angenendt 193 Globale Knappheit – Lokaler Reichtum Innerstaatliche Ressourcenkonflikte Stormy-Annika Mildner / Gitta Lauster / Wiebke Wodni 203 Wessen Rohstoffe? Das Beispiel der indigenen Bevölkerungsgruppen Antje Neumann / Lydia Maria Schöppner Anhang 217 Glossar 224 Abkürzungen 227 Die Autorinnen und Autoren Problemstellung und Empfehlungen Konfliktrisiko Rohstoffe? Herausforderungen und Chancen im Umgang mit knappen Ressourcen Die Lage auf den Rohstoffmärkten war in den vergangenen Jahren turbu- Ausgangslage lent. Neue Marktteilnehmer aus den aufstrebenden Schwellen- und Ent- wicklungsländern, allen voran China, sorgten für eine rapide ansteigende Nachfrage und trieben die Preise in die Höhe. Das Angebot konnte kaum mit der Nachfrage mithalten, und dies nicht nur aufgrund fehlender Kapa- zitäten in den Förderländern. Bei zahlreichen Ressourcen hatte man dar- über hinaus Nachfrage-Impulse nicht rechtzeitig erkannt, die auf tech- nische Innovationen in den Wachstumssektoren Telekommunikation und Umwelttechnologien zurückgingen. Dadurch waren Fehleinschätzungen über Bedarfssituationen entstanden. Mit der Finanzkrise brach dieser Trend 2008/2009 zwar temporär ab. Doch als sich die Weltwirtschaft 2010 erholte, zogen auch die Rohstoffpreise wieder kräftig an; bislang ist eine Entspannung an den Märkten nicht in Sicht. Steigende und teils hochvolatile Preise, zunehmende Marktkonzentra- tionen und staatliche Interventionen auf den Rohstoffmärkten schüren die Angst vor künftigen Versorgungsengpässen, zumal erwartet wird, dass diese zu internationalen Spannungen und gewaltsamen Auseinanderset- zungen führen könnten. Zahlreiche Vorkommnisse der jüngeren Vergan- genheit scheinen diese Befürchtungen zu bestätigen – etwa der Gasstreit zwischen Russland, der Ukraine und der EU, die Hungerrevolten in Haiti, Tunesien und Algerien oder auch der Handelskonflikt zwischen Europa, den USA und China um Exportbeschränkungen, die Peking etwa auf viele Metalle verhängt hat. Die Medien warnen daher vor Ressourcenkriegen, und zahlreiche Regierungen arbeiten an neuen Rohstoffstrategien. Die Allokation von Ressourcen gilt als eines der größten Sicherheits- risiken des 21. Jahrhunderts. Das High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, das 2003 vom damaligen UN-Generalsekretär Kofi Annan einberufen wurde, betonte in einem Bericht von 2004, dass Engpässe bei natürlichen Ressourcen zu Unruhen und Bürgerkriegen beitragen könn- ten. Eine vom UN-Umweltprogramm (UNEP) gegründete Expertengruppe zu Umwelt, Konflikt und Friedensaufbau stellte 2009 fest, dass es ein »signifikantes Potential für die Verschärfung von Konflikten um natürliche Ressourcen in den nächsten Jahren« gebe. Und die Europäische Sicher- heitsstrategie der EU bewertete bereits 2003 den »Wettstreit um Natur- ressourcen« als eine globale Herausforderung. Die zunehmende Knappheit vieler Rohstoffe birgt tatsächlich Risiken und Konfliktpotentiale. Grundsätzlich kann der Wettbewerb um knappe Ressourcen dann schnell eskalieren, wenn die Parteien entschlossen sind, die Konkurrenzsituation für sich zu entscheiden, und nicht davor zurück- schrecken, mit ökonomischen bzw. politischen Zwangsmaßnahmen oder SWP Berlin Konfliktrisiko Rohstoffe? Februar 2011 5 Problemstellung und Empfehlungen Gewalt zu drohen oder diese anzuwenden. Konkurrenz um Ressourcen kann zur weiteren Destabilisierung von ohnehin schon politisch fragilen Ländern und Regionen beitragen oder Spannungen in eigentlich koopera- tiven zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen auslösen. Konfliktrisiken finden sich also auf verschiedenen Ebenen; es gibt sie in den Produzenten- und den Verbrauchsländern ebenso wie im Verhältnis zwischen ihnen. Das Konfliktbarometer des Heidelberger Instituts für Internationale Kon- fliktforschung (HIIK) stellte für das Jahr 2009 fest, dass Ressourcen nach System/Ideologie der zweithäufigste Konfliktgegenstand (22 Prozent aller Konflikte) waren. Dies markiert einen deutlichen Anstieg gegenüber dem Jahr 2000, als Ressourcen hinter Autonomie, nationaler Macht und Terri- torium nur der viertwichtigste Konfliktgegenstand waren (15 Prozent). Ressourcen haben nachweislich an Bedeutung für das Konfliktgeschehen in der Welt gewonnen. Doch nicht in jedem Fall ist empirisch nachzuwei- sen, dass Konkurrenz direkt in einen Konflikt mündet. Die beiden zentralen Fragen dieser Studie lauten daher: 1. Führt eine zunehmende Ressourcenknappheit tatsächlich zu Konflikten bzw. trägt sie zur Verschärfung bestehender Konflikte bei? Und wenn ja, unter welchen Umständen ist dies so? 2. Wie können potentielle und akute Konflikte um knappe Ressourcen eingehegt und reguliert werden? Ergebnisse Folgende Ergebnisse wurden zur Beantwortung der ersten Frage erarbeitet: Verteilung und Zugang: Nicht die absolute Knappheit, gemessen am phy- sischen Vorkommen eines Rohstoffs, birgt Konfliktpotentiale. Entschei- dend sind vielmehr eine ungleiche Verteilung und ein ungleicher Zu- gang. Bei vielen Rohstoffen ist sowohl die geographische als auch die unternehmerische Konzentration hoch. Zudem finden sich Lagerstätten oftmals in politisch instabilen Ländern. Dies vergrößert das Konflikt- potential. Dependenzen und Interdependenzen: Länder sind in unterschiedlichem Maße verwundbar gegenüber Versorgungsengpässen und Preisschwankungen. Wie hoch die Vulnerabilität ist, hängt vor allem von der jeweiligen Ex- port- bzw. Importabhängigkeit (etwa im Verhältnis zum Bruttoinlands- produkt) sowie der Bedarfssituation ab. Interdependenzen zwischen Län- dern können Anreize zur Kooperation bieten, während sich einseitige Dependenzen häufig konfliktverschärfend auszuwirken drohen. Konfliktursachen: Konflikte um Ressourcen entstehen nur selten aus der reinen Verteilungskonkurrenz heraus – und wenn doch, so zeichnen sie sich durch einen geringeren Eskalationsgrad aus als etwa klassische Konflikte um Territorien. Das Eskalationsrisiko steigt jedoch, wenn Res- sourcenkonkurrenz mit anderen Konfliktgegenständen verknüpft wird. Weitere Faktoren sind beispielsweise die innerstaatliche Machtvertei- lung zwischen Regierungseliten und gesellschaftlichen Gruppen, der Kampf um regionale Vorherrschaft oder ideologische Streitigkeiten. Wahrnehmung und »Versicherheitlichung«: Ob Konkurrenz um einen Roh- stoff zum Konflikt führt, hängt nicht nur von objektiven Problemen bei Zugang und Verteilung ab. Wichtig ist auch, wie die Situation medial SWP Berlin Konfliktrisiko Rohstoffe? Februar 2011 6 Problemstellung und Empfehlungen und politisch dargestellt wird und wie die jeweiligen Akteure sie subjek- tiv wahrnehmen.
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