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Fostering Skills in Cameroon Fostering Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Human Development Fostering Skills in Cameroon Public Disclosure Authorized Inclusive Workforce Development, Competitiveness, and Growth Shobhana Sosale and Kirsten Majgaard Public Disclosure Authorized Fostering Skills in Cameroon DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Human Development Fostering Skills in Cameroon Inclusive Workforce Development, Competitiveness, and Growth Shobhana Sosale and Kirsten Majgaard © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. 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All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publishing and Knowledge Division, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights @ worldbank.org. ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0762-6 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0763-3 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0762-6 Cover photo: Getty Images. Cover design: Debra Naylor, Naylor Design, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested Fostering Skills in Cameroon • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0762-6 Contents Acknowledgments xi Executive Summary xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms xix Chapter 1 Introduction and Background 1 Objective and Scope 1 Context and Rationale 2 Methodology and Data Sources 5 Notes 6 Chapter 2 Macro Aggregation-Accumulation Model 7 Introduction 7 Labor-Intensive Competitiveness and Growth: Aggregation-Accumulation Model 7 Aggregation Effect, 1960–2012 10 Demographics and Employment 14 Workforce Participation and Productivity 19 Notes 22 Chapter 3 Enterprises and Workforce 23 Introduction 23 Landscape of Enterprises and Employment 24 Enterprise-Level Constraints 32 Notes 37 Chapter 4 Key Economic Sectors for Jobs, Value Added, Competitiveness, and Growth 39 Introduction 39 Key Sectors 39 Foundations for Workforce Value Added 56 Conclusion 57 Note 57 Fostering Skills in Cameroon • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0762-6 v vi Contents Chapter 5 Skills Accumulation and the Stock and Flow of the Workforce 59 Introduction 59 Education System 60 Educational Attainment across Age Groups 63 Accumulation Effect (Ages 5–24 Years) 65 Balancing Improvements in Basic Education with Vocational, Technical, and Higher Education 68 Returns to Education 70 Anticipated Outcomes of Reforms in Education and Training 71 Conclusion 73 Chapter 6 Assessing the Workforce Development System 75 Introduction 75 Summary of the Benchmarking Results 76 Strategic Framework: Aligning Workforce Development with Economic and Social Priorities 77 System Oversight: Governing Workforce Development 79 Service Delivery: Managing for Results 81 Conclusion 83 Note 83 Chapter 7 Prospects, Conclusions, and Policy Recommendations 85 Introduction 85 Framework for Action 85 Governance and Institutional Arrangements 90 Expected Outcomes 95 Appendix A Data Sources on Employment in Cameroon 97 Introduction 97 Household Surveys 97 Nonfarm Enterprise Module of the 2001 Household Survey 99 Employment and Informal Sector Surveys 99 Note 102 Appendix B Francophone Education and Training System 103 Appendix C Anglophone Education and Training System 105 Appendix D Simulation Results 107 Methodology 110 Fostering Skills in Cameroon • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0762-6 Contents vii Appendix E SABER-WfD Scores and Analytical Framework 113 Rubrics for Scoring the SABER-WfD Data 119 Appendix F List of Organizations represented during Consultations with Youth, March 26–27, 2014 125 Appendix G List of Organizations represented during Consultations with Government Ministries, March 25, 2014 127 Appendix H Synthesis of Consultations with Public Sector Employees 129 Key Findings 129 Methodology 129 Findings 130 Appendix I Synthesis of Consultations with Youth Groups 133 Key Findings 133 Methodology 133 Findings 133 Youth Skills Survey 136 Appendix J Skills Development Solutions in Vietnam and Brazil 147 Appendix K Synthesis of Employment-Related and Productivity Enhancement Activities 151 Introduction 151 Limited Explicit Targeting of the Informal Sector 152 World Bank Focus on the Formal Sector 153 Notes 154 Appendix L Training and Employment Promotion Schemes and Initiatives in the Formal Sector in Cameroon 155 Appendix M Proposed Action Plan 159 References 181 Boxes 5.1 Cameroon’s Education System 60 7.1 Job-Relevant Skills and the Boundaries of Job Training Policies 87 7.2 Traditional Apprenticeship Support 88 7.3 Access Nigeria Jobs Information Management System 91 7.4 Singapore and Skills Development: A Strategy for Building a Pipeline of Skills for a Whole Industry 92 Fostering Skills in Cameroon • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0762-6 viii Contents 7.5 India’s National Association of Software and Services Companies 93 7.6 World Bank Skills for Africa Program and Skills Development in Africa 93 7.7 Programs to Reach Smaller Employers in Chile, Malaysia, and Singapore 94 A.1 Main Results of ECAM III 98 A.2 2001 Nonfarm Enterprise Module 100 A.3 Main Findings of the 2010 Employment and Informal Sector Survey (EESI-2) 100 E.1 SABER-Workforce Development 113 J.1 Skilling Up Vietnam: Preparing the Workforce for a Modern Market Economy 147 J.2 Brazil’s Better Early Childhood Development Program 148 K.1 Government Ministries Involved in Employment-Related and Productivity Enhancement Activities 152 Figures 2.1 Aggregation-Accumulation Effect in Cameroon, 2010, 2020, and 2025 9 2.2 The STEP Framework as an Integrated Set of Programs across the Lifecycle of Workers 9 2.3 GDP per Capita, 1960–2012 10 2.4 Poverty Headcount and Number of Poor, 2001, 2007, and 2011 11 2.5 Sector Contributions to GDP, 2006–11 12 2.6 Sector Contributions to GDP, 1990, 2005, and 2011 13 2.7 Demographic Profile 15 2.8 Employment Structure and Distribution of Employment by Sector and Location, 2010 17 2.9 Employment by Sector, 1986–2010 18 2.10 Total Factor Productivity, 1977–2011 19 2.11 Apparent Productivity of the Workforce, by Economic Sector, 1985–2007 20 2.12 Evolution of Workforce Productivity, by Average Age of Workers 21 3.1 Distribution of Permanent Employees by Sector 27 3.2 Education Levels and Employment by Economic Sector, 2009 27 3.3 Education Levels and Public and Nonpublic Employment, 2009 28 3.4 Education Levels and Wage, Nonwage, and Agricultural Employment, 2009 29 3.5 Visible and Invisible Underemployment by Gender, Education Level, Region, Residence, Economic Sector, and Institutional Type, 2005 and 2010 30 3.6 Main Barriers to Entrepreneurship 32 3.7 Labor Productivity Benchmarking in Various Countries 33 Fostering Skills in Cameroon • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0762-6 Contents ix 3.8 Benchmarking