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World Bank Document Report No: ACS13117 . Republic of Cameroon Public Disclosure Authorized FOSTERING SKILLS FOR INCLUSIVE WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT, COMPETITIVENESS, AND GROWTH A FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION . April 2015 . Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized GEDDR AFRICA . Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank . Standard Disclaimer: . This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Copyright Statement: . The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. ii Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................ viii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1. Introduction and Background ........................................................................ 1 Objective and Scope ........................................................................................................................... 1 Context and Rationale ......................................................................................................................... 2 Conceptual framework for the study ................................................................................................... 4 Main questions addressed ................................................................................................................... 5 Methodology and Data Sources .......................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2. The Macro Aggregation-Accumulation Model .............................................. 7 Labor-intensive Competitiveness and Growth .................................................................................... 7 The Aggregation-Accumulation Model .......................................................................................... 7 The aggregation effect, 1960-2012 ............................................................................................... 10 Demographics and employment........................................................................................................ 13 Workforce participation and productivity ......................................................................................... 17 Chapter 3. Enterprises and Workforce ........................................................................... 21 Landscape of Enterprises and Employment ...................................................................................... 22 Enterprise and workforce characteristics ...................................................................................... 22 Visible and invisible underemployment ........................................................................................... 27 Enterprise-level constraints ............................................................................................................... 30 Benchmarking Skills and Workforce Productivity ........................................................................... 30 Benchmarking Innovation and Workforce Indicators ....................................................................... 32 Investment climate constraints to enterprise productivity ................................................................ 33 Skills Utilization and Labor Laws .................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 4. Key Economic Sectors for Jobs, Value Addition, Competitiveness, and Growth .............................................................................................................................. 36 Infrastructure ..................................................................................................................................... 36 Forestry (Wood and Wood Processing) ............................................................................................ 39 Agriculture and Agribusiness............................................................................................................ 42 Institutions and Agriculture .............................................................................................................. 43 Cotton Textiles .................................................................................................................................. 45 Palm Oil ............................................................................................................................................ 45 Tourism ............................................................................................................................................. 48 Extractives......................................................................................................................................... 50 Information and Communication Technology .................................................................................. 54 The Foundations for Workforce Value Addition .............................................................................. 55 iii Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 55 Chapter 5. Skills Accumulation and the Stock and Flow of Workforce ........................ 57 Education System and Enrollments .................................................................................................. 57 Educational Attainment across Age Groups ..................................................................................... 60 Returns to Education ......................................................................................................................... 65 Anticipated Outcomes of Reforms in Education and Training ......................................................... 67 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 69 Chapter 6. Assessing the Workforce Development System ............................................ 70 Summary of Benchmarking Results ................................................................................................. 71 Strategic Framework: Aligning Workforce Development with Economic and Social Priorities . 71 System Oversight: Governing Workforce Development .................................................................. 73 Service Delivery: Managing for Results ........................................................................................... 75 Chapter 7. Prospects, Conclusions and Policy Recommendations ................................. 77 Framework for Action ....................................................................................................................... 77 Governance and Institutional Arrangements ..................................................................................... 81 Information Management System for Jobs ....................................................................................... 82 Public-Private Partnerships ............................................................................................................... 82 Alternate Financing Options for Skills Programs ............................................................................. 84 Monitoring and Evaluation Systems for Skills Development Programs .......................................... 85 Expected Outcomes .......................................................................................................................... 85 The SABER-WfD Analytical Framework ....................................................................... 96 List of Boxes Box 1. Cameroon’s Education System .................................................................................. 58 Box 2. Job-Relevant Skills and the Boundaries of Job Training Policies ............................. 78 Box 3. Traditional Apprenticeship Support ..........................................................................
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