Mastère OSE Field Trip Mastère OSE Class of 2002

Norwegian Energy context Contents :

STATKRAFT : Mår 2 The energy policy of Norway rests under the responsibility of the Ministry for Oil and Energy power plant via three departments : the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate which regulates the oil related activities, while the Norwegian Administra- NORDPOOL : head- 3 tion for Water and Energy (NVE) manages quarter the energy resources, notably the produc- tion and distribution of electricity, and sets OSLO : Waste Man- 4 energy policy and controls ; an administra- agement plant tive branch finally is in charge of the budget and administrative affairs of the Ministry. IFE : OECD reactor 5 project in Halden The energy policy has been directed, since IFE : Virtual reality 6 the 1990 vote of a law on energy toward a center in Halden more competitive style of operation and the control of energy. The resources of STATOIL : Research 7-8 Norway in hydrocarbons (9.5 G barrels for Center in Rotvoll oil – 6th producer and 3rd for exports in the world - and 4020 G m3 for natural gas – 9th SINTEF Energy : 9 producer and 8th for exports in the world) Research Center in and hydroelectricity (178 TWh /year, i.e., 99% of total production) are huge. Yet Norwegian residents do not benefit from ELKEM : Ferro- 10 these oil resources since petrol is heavily Silicon plant in taxed (72% in 2001). However, thanks to hydroelec- Contacts : Thamshavn tricity, the price of electricity is very low in spite of a M. Jean-Noël BALÉO hefty increase this winter due to the low rainfall. Attaché for the Science and Technology French Cultural Centre Electrical consumption per inhabitant is therefore of the French Embassy in Oslo Monday 17 of March : particularly high : at 25 MWh it is 3.5 times higher [email protected] than in France, an the total energy consumption per Reception held by the inhabitant is twice the EU average. Mlle. Karine ANTHOINE Science and Technol- Assistant of the Attaché ogy Attaché at the French Embassy, Jean- Noël Baléo, in honour One week of visit of the visit of the Ecole des Mines de Paris in Norway. Members of the Norwegian scien- This field trip which took place between plant in HALDEN as well as the various pro- tific community were March the 15th and 23rd 2003 climaxed the six jects involving virtual reality, a very useful tool present. This provided months long Mastère course work by high- in a number of application fields related to en- an opportunity for the lighting the Norwegian energy problems. Af- ergy systems. students to establish ter visiting a Statkraft hydroelectric power The visit of the STATOIL Research Center contacts with mem- station (the primary Norwegian energy introduced us then to the Norwegian fossil bers of the Norwegian source), we went to Nordpool, the first elec- energy resources and that of Sintef Energy’s led industrial and institu- tional world. trical energy exchange, and then to an energy us to a concrete example of multi-energy sys- recovery plant powered via household rub- tem optimization. bish incineration. After these energy produc- tion and distribution issues came visits to the The week ended with the visit of the ferro- major actors in the Norwegian energy world. silicon production factory of Elkem at Tham- shawn as an illustration of energy consumption First IFE (Institute for Energy Related Tech- and optimization in industrial processes. niques) via the OCDE funded pilot nuclear Page 2 Mastère OSE Field Trip

Tour of the Mar power plant, Statkraft firm Warmly welcomed by Bjørnar Ol- unit’s technical managers gave sen, we began the day with an us a guided tour of the facilities. overview of the activities of this This atypical power plant has a important Norwegian actor in the capacity of 180 MW and is run energy field: 87 with five 36 MW turbines. As power plants opposed to conventional hy- which produce 1/3 draulic plants, this one is very of the country’s little affected by the level of electricity. With water reserves. The com- 5000 employees pany’s production levels are and a production therefore mainly influenced by of 58 TWh per the level of demand. year, the Statkraft A 760 meter high wa- company is the terfall continuously supplies the leading producer plant via 1250 meter of tubes. and trader of en- With an impressive reactivity, ergy in Norway. the power can increase be- As most Norwe- tween 1 and 36 MW/turbine in gian power plants, this company less than a minute. mainly uses hydraulic means of The power generated production. This makes Statkraft by the plant is supervised from a control room which insures two key elements. That is, the water flow going through the turbines (which determines the level of production) and the point of entry on the grid. The day came to an end with a tour of old plant build- ings, converted in the Vemork Museum. This allowed us to discover a very interesting page largely dependent on the rainfall of Norwegian history: the inflows but also bestows the firm sabotage of the heavy water with a strong reactivity. Such flexi- bility is a strong competitive advan- tage on a deregulated market: 1/3 of Statkraft’s production is sold on Contact : the NordPool. Furthermore, the M. Bjørnar OLSEN fact that its energy is renewable Senior Adviser has allowed the company to be- STATKRAFT come a player in the market for

green certificates in Germany and [email protected] in the Netherlands. Once acquainted with supplies by Norwegian rebels Statkraft’s activities and market during the occupation by the strategy in Norway, one of the third Reich. Mastère OSE Page 3

NordPool Headquarter visit in Oslo

Nord Pool, The Nordic Power Ex- ext exchange and owning change, is the world's first multina- shares in the European En- tional commodity exchange for ergy Exchange (EEX) in Germany. electric power. Established in 1993, its effective operation began Nord Pool currently offers 3 types in 1996. of products : Nord Pool is owned by the two - a physical (spot) market, national grid companies, Statnett SF - a financial market providing in Norway (50%) and Svenska hedging tools (forward and Kraftnät in Sweden (50%) but al- future contracts, options) - a clearing system (clearing house, clearing counter- party) to guarantee all finan- cial settlements as well as physical deliveries. In 2002, Nord Pool turnover amounted to 3 232 TWh repre- senting about 60 billion Euros. Of the total 3 232 TWh, spot market exchanges accounted for 4%, finan- cial market transactions for 32% and clearing system exchanges for 64% in volume. lows electric power exchanges be- tween four countries (Norway, Nord Pool, initially Scandinavia- Sweden, Danemark, Finland). focused, nowadays gathers 308 ac- Nord Pool was the first power ex- tors located in 11 countries, includ- change market created in Europe ing UK, USA, France, Germany, the and took advantage of the electric- Netherlands… The Nordic Power ity market Exchange deregulation also recently in Scandina- adopted the Contact : vian countries Euro as a M. Hatvig MUNTHE- 10 years ago. trading and KAAS Today, the clearing cur- Senior Vice President Corporate experience rency. Communications Areas of fu- accumulated Nord Pool ASA enables Nord ture devel- P.O. Box 373 Pool to be opment for NO-1326 Lysaker the foremost Nord Pool Vollsveien 19 European power exchange and to entail derivative markets, extended serve as a basis for the widespread commodities (gas, green certificates [email protected] development of energy trading and CO2), all of which should across Europe, supplying for ex- strengthen its presence and impor- ample the spot market trading sys- tance in European energy-related tem to France’s growing Powern- exchanges. Page 4 Mastère OSE Field Trip

Waste Management Plant in Oslo The Oslo Municipal ally in different kind of development of the Waste Management construction materi- plant. was established in als. More than 70% of In 1998 the thermal 1897. The company the energy from the energy production belongs both to the incinerators is used in amounted to 535 municipality GWh including of Oslo and 399 GWh, which to a private represent more company. than 70%, that The Munici- was sold as va- pal Waste por for the pro- Management duction of heat System con- and electricity. sists of two The vapor is incineration produced at a plants of a tem perature total capacity close to 400°C, a of 240 000 pressure of tonnes per year. The district heating and more than 20 bar and plants are able to production of electric- with a flow of ap- process consumer ity. The electricity is proximately 100 t/h. waste and commercial not directly made in- The capacity of incin- waste : landfill sorting, side the plants. since eration of the factory fluorescent tubes and only steam is pro- has been constant bulbs, food waste, duced and sold. In the since 1995 and al- hospital waste. Some near future, the capac- though the public of the dust coming ity of incineration is opinion is unfavour- from the combustion going to be increased, able, it will have to in- process is used in the in spite of the bad crease in the years to composition of con- public opinion, which come. crete and more gener- is slowing down the

Contact : M. Dag PETTERSEN Executive Officer, Information Waste Managemant Authority Renovasjonsetaten Postboks 4533 Nydalen, 0404 Oslo [email protected] Mastère OSE Page 5

The OECD Halden Reactor Project main areas : Fuels, Material and Man- Machine System (MMS).

Inside the core, 30 p o sitions (out of 300) are used for experimen- tal pur- poses. Fuel tem pera- The visit began by a The reactor is quite ture, rod presentation of the huge for an experi- pres sure, Halden Project by the mental one, about 20 characteris- deputy Project Man- MW, and uses the tics of the ager Fridtjov Øwre. Boiling Water Tech- clad This Project is in fact a nology with heavy wa- (elongation, nuclear experimental ter as moderator and diameter) and reactor lead by the IFE uranium dioxide pel- the presence (Institutt For Ener- lets as fuel. It has been of cracks are giteknikk) Research built inside a mountain examples of Institute. It is an inter- for safety reason. what can be national project gath- When the reactor is measured in ering twenty countries in operation (6 the core. which jointly finance months a year), its Each different research pro- steam is used by a pa- participant in Contacts : grammes under the per mill situated in the programme can M. Fridtjof ØWRE auspices of the OECD front of it. The re- use the experimental Research Director NEA. The Norwegian search programme, results equally. Nor- Sector Safety—MTO government doesn’t renewed every third way finances 30 % of Deputy Project Manager allow nuclear electric- year, covers three the programme and OECD Halden Reactor ity generation. In France finances 7% Project fact the aim of of it. There are Tistedalsgata 20 (the reactor facilities), Halden the project is several bilateral Os alle 4, Halden only to support contracts outside [email protected] research for in- the programme. ternational nu- Wolfgang WIESENACK clear safety. General Manager

Helge THORESEN Torill M. KARLSEN Benoît DELHAYE Page 6 Mastère OSE Field Trip

IFE Virtual Reality Centre in Halden Because the human fac- such as process op- ing planning of nuclear tor is a key feature for eration, experimen- plants, or operations safety in nuclear plants, tation and evalua- and maintenance researchers of the Hal- tion. training. den Project are deeply The Virtual Reality The MMS group involved in Man – Ma- Centre is a comple- works currently inten- chine Systems. Ad- mentary extension to sively on Human Fac- vanced computer- based interface tech- nologies are being de- veloped here in order to be introduced in nu- clear power plants to replace existing inter- faces, thus aiming at

improving the overall plant safety. In this area, the Halden program is designed for pursuing extensive HAMMLAB. It extends tors and Control experimental work in the possibilities to de- Room Engineering the human factors, velop and evaluate in- (advanced alarm sys- control terface de- tems, human-centred room de- signs. It is automation…) , Plant sign and basically a “ Operational Support computer- computer (thermal performance based sup- system used optimization, flow Contacts : port sys- to create an measurements…), M. Fridtjof ØWRE tems. Therefore, ex- artificial world in System Safety and Research Director periments are led in which the user has the Reliability (software- Sector Safety—MTO the experimental facil- impression of being in based systems). A va- Deputy Project Manager ity HAMMLAB. that world…” Fields riety of tools are cre- OECD Halden Reactor Project This laboratory is the of interest are for ex- ated and improved in Tistedalsgata 20 (the reactor central equipment for ample decommission- each of these fields. facilities), Halden the study of MMS at Os alle 4, Halden Halden. Several full [email protected] scope simulators of ex- isting power plants Andreas BYE were implemented in Grete RINDAHL its operation system. Øivind BERG This policy assures Paolo FANTONI relevance for all the Jon KVALEM experimental results exhibited here. The fa- cility fulfills functions Mastère OSE Page 7

Visit to the STATOIL Research Center Three research topics STATOIL Research gas liquefaction project were presented to us Center : an interactive in Snohvit and means of during our visit to the programme, a natural storing natural gas.

A brief description of the STATOIL group :

STATOIL is a partially Contact : privatised Norwegian Mme. Kirsti TANGVIK gas and oil company STATOIL (80% belongs to the Research Center state). It boasts 16000 Rotvoll employees in 25 coun- tries. Oil and gas pro- [email protected] duction in the Norwe- gian area is the core of the activity of the STA- TOIL group. But it has been expanding abroad over the last ten years. .

E-learning

We were shown the Trondheim. The re- Geo 2000 programme. searchers thus avoid Very roughly speaking, having to travel to this programme gathers the Svalbard island. a quantity of geological There are at least data concerning the two advantages due SWALBARD island to to this system: first the North of Norway : of all, the employees rock magnetism, sismic can work in very or density information. good conditions (the This programme was environment on the developed on the basis Svalbard island is of another interactive rather rough) ; sec- programme (e.learning) ondly, STATOIL used in the medical do- saves a lot of money main and originating and time by not having days of work on Sval- from the Kardinska In- to send its employees Contact : bard. In the long term, M. Bjørn SAETHER stitulet of Stockholm in over to Svalbard. A the purpose of such an Sweden. The purpose of study period consists in STATOIL interactive programme Research Center Geo 2000 is to enable having 50 employees is its use for oil and gas the study of geology work with the pro- Rotvoll exploration in highly from a distance, from gramme for a week, promising areas. the research center in which is equivalent to 30 [email protected] Page 8 Mastère OSE Field Trip

Visit to the STATOIL Research Centre

Liquefied natural gas in Snøhvit For the time being, Sta- the Snohvit area. This The major innovation in Contact : toil does not yet have a plant should be opera- this plant lies in the en- M. Bengt OLAV liquefaction plant. Since tional by 2006. ergy efficiency of the NEERAAS the natural gas market cooling system. One of Statiol ASA will very probably enjoy This project is the con- its peculiarities also Arkitekt Ebbellvvei 10, a rapid development, clusion of a long period comes from its being Rotvoll Statoil wants to play an of work for developing built on the barges of a N-7005 Trondheim active role in the area of new technical solutions. shipyard. Large energy liquefied gas. Statoil is Some were studied with savings are expected [email protected] currently studying a pro- the German group from these new proc- ject for the construction LINDE. esses when compared of a liquefaction plant in with standard plants.

Storing Carbon Dioxide In the face cal storage of carbon ration with NTNU. of environ- dioxide in the Sleipner STATOIL will start its mental con- area (the Utsira aquifer second large carbon di- straints, the presents a huge poten- oxide storage project in main objec- tial for CO2 sequestra- association with that of tive of STA- tion). Snohvit (in which case TOIL is to the CO2 will be ex- reduce its According to three stud- tracted from the natural carbon diox- ies led by STATOIL, the gas during pumping and ide emis- underground storage reinjected into the well). sions by seems secure since no 30% before leak could be observed. To conclude, we can 2010. STATOIL has STATOIL also studies point out that the Euro- Contact : therefore embarked the use of carbon diox- pean Union is also in- M. Gelein DE KOEIJER upon major carbon di- ide storage to increase volved in these projects Statiol ASA oxide storage projects. the efficiency of oil well since carbon dioxide Arkitekt Ebbellvvei 10, The United States exploitation. Gains of storage could evolve Rotvoll showed the way in 1975. 5% to 10% in oil recov- into a promising tech- N-7005 Trondheim ered are expected. nology for the hydrogen Today, STATOIL leads chain based on fossil en- [email protected] the world largest indus- A project on this topic ergy. trial project for geologi- is carried out in collabo- Mastère OSE Field Trip Page 9

SINTEF Energy research center in Trondheim center strongly con- tributes to the scien- tific and industrial ac- tivity in Norway. Then, we were invited by Morten Grønli to the thermal energy department in a build- ing of a 2000 m² sur- face which is shared by SINTEF and the NTN University. The principal activities of the laboratory are fuel SINTEF was founded transport, mathemat- and biomass combus- in 1951 and is a his- ics…) tion. torical research center Peter Støa, di- in Norway. 1700 engi- rector of the neers and technicians research energy are employed in its 16 department first research centers. made a presen- Many of them are in tation of the field of the SINTEF, and he Mastère OSE (Energy, highlighted that environment, oil, gas, the research

Optimization of energy distribution Bjørn Baken also pre- kinds of energy re- connected to the final Contacts : sented us a project sources like fossil fu- use like electricity, “energy distribution els, wastes and bio- heating… M. Petter STØA systems with multiple mass. The results are Research Director SINTEF Energy Research energy carri- Energy Systems ers” whose Sem Saelands v.11 subjects are NO-7465 Trondheim close to those [email protected]. studied in our no master. The software cre- M. Bjørn H.BAKKEN ated simulates [email protected] an energy sys- tem. The data M. Morten GRØNLI used in the [email protected] procedure could be all Page 10 Mastère OSE Field Trip

Thamshavn ELKEM ferro-silicon plant ELKEM is a private tion of aluminium, The production of a company operating 7 manufacturing of ton of silicon requires factories in Norway, 2 products containing 1800 kg of rock, 1300 in USA and one in Bel- silicon, electronics kg of coal, 45 kg of gium. ( transistors, proces- wood chips and 8000 The Elkem factory lo- sors, integrated cir- kWh of electricity to cated in Thamshavn cuits). make the furnace produces 20 000 t/ The production of sili- function . year of silicon and 40 con and ferro-silicon 000 t/year of ferro- is done in furnaces silicon. (2000°C) with electric Silicon has many appli- electrodes; the final cations: production of product temperature special steels, produc- is 600°C.

Electric Furnace The energy used for try as additives for ce- operations is impor- the Silicon and Ferro- ment (under water tant for product qual- Silicon production is construction ). ity. X-ray analysis is 12 000 KWh, 8 000 The control in the fac- carried out to achieve KWh of which for the tory is made in the quality assurance (ISO furnaces operation. furnaces and the tur- 9001) and meet client In the factory of bines. The stability of specifications. Thamshavn, the heat released by the furnaces is used for elec- tricity produc- tion us ing steam turbines (400°C) (100 000 MWh/an). Contact : Filtering of the M. Torbjørn flue gases HALLAND makes it possi- Pb. 10 ble to recover 7301 silicon particles (micro silicon) torbjorn.halland@elkem. used in the con- no struction indus- Mastère OSE Page 11

Ecole des Mines de Paris Mastère OSE The Mastère OSE wishes to express its most Rue Clause Daunesse sincere gratitude to all those having contrib- B.P. 207 uted to the organization of this trip. 06904 Sophia Antipolis FRANCE Phone : +33 4 92 38 79 63 Most particularly to M. Jean-Noël BALÉO, Fax : + 33 4 92 38 50 47 Attaché for Science and Technology at the Email : [email protected] French Embassy in Oslo and M. Benjamin Rein in today the energy sources RAVARY, researcher at SINTEF Materials in of to-morrow ! Trondheim.

We also wish to extend our thanks to the speakers and organizers of the visits and con- ferences during this week. We have received the warmest and most admirable welcome everywhere.

We have been very impressed with the high level of the presentations and the speakers Contact : M. Gilles GUERASSIMOFF who have been most competent and made [email protected] themselves available.

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