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Sexual Harassment on the London Underground: Mobilities, Temporalities and Knowledges of Gendered Violence in Public Transport

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Sexual Harassment on the London Underground: Mobilities, Temporalities and Knowledges of Gendered Violence in Public Transport View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Loughborough University Institutional Repository Sexual harassment on the London Underground: Mobilities, temporalities and knowledges of gendered violence in public transport Siân Lewis A thesis submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy Loughborough University School of Social Sciences September 2018 © By Siân Lewis 2018 2 A few more stops to Walthamstow It’s just a few more stops to Walthamstow It’s just a few more stops to Walthamstow - Poppy Bird by Bromheads Jacket 3 ABSTRACT This thesis explores women’s experiences of sexual harassment on the London Underground network. Taking a qualitative approach, 29 semi-structured interviews with women who have experienced harassment and 15 semi-structured interviews with members of the British Transport Police form the basis of this study. The originality of this thesis is two fold. Firstly, it offers an empirical analysis of women’s experiences of sexual harassment in the London Underground, in a situation where sexual harassment in public transport has mainly been studied in the Global South. Secondly, using a novel conceptual framework built around the concepts of space, mobilities and rhythm, temporalities and knowledges, this research opens up a new perspective at the intersections of feminist research on gendered violence and a mobilities perspective. The study demonstrates that: urban space and transport are experienced in a gendered way; mobilities and rhythms intertwine with space, shaping how sexual harassment is perpetrated and how women experience it in public transport; that memories and the impact of sexual harassment are negotiated over time and space, and; that knowledge of sexual harassment is situated, varying from different perspectives (victims, police), depending on how a knowledge base is constructed. This thesis as a whole makes an important contribution to our understanding of a particular form of gendered violence happening within the transitory space of an underground in a major Western metropolis. By using the concepts of mobilities, temporalities and knowledges, this thesis provides insight into how women anticipate, experience, react to and remember sexual harassment in transport. It shows how these incidents impact on their mobilities in the city without reducing their reactions to feelings of fear and vulnerability, highlighting that the way in which women negotiate sexual harassment is often done to minimise and resist the impact of these male intrusions and reclaim space in the city. 4 DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this thesis to David Lewis. It’s not quite a book in the British Library, but it’s a start. I hope it makes you proud. And to the women whose experiences are the foundations of this thesis. Thank you for telling me your stories and trusting me to share them. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to start by expressing my heartfelt appreciation for the people who not only made the completion of this thesis possible, but made it a fulfilling and enjoyable experience. Firstly, my supervisor: Paula Saukko. Your unfaltering support and honesty has guided me calmly through a minefield of self-doubt, theoretical confusion and university politics. I admire your creativity and patience, and I am grateful for your excitable encouragement that continually inspired me. You have allowed me to foster my passion for this topic, grow in confidence and ability and ultimately produce a thesis of which I am proud. I count myself lucky and I can’t thank you enough. It’s been a privilege. Secondly, Jamie Ferrill. I’m so glad we got to laugh our way through this together. The thought of attempting the last three years without you is frankly unimaginable. Because of your friendship I never felt alone in what I’ve heard can be an incredibly isolating and solitary process. Thanks for pandering to my neuroses, lifting me up, and filling up my glass whenever I needed it. I’d like to think I did the same for you, but your infinite generosity and kindness is incomparable. Through procrastination, tears and enough wine and coffee to fuel a small country, we did it! Cheersies to us! I would also like to thank my supervisor Karen Lumsden. Your advice and attention to detail have been invaluable throughout this process. Without your continual encouragement and belief in the value of this research, I would have found it much harder to believe in it myself. I appreciate you giving me the opportunity to embark on this PhD adventure. Thank you for seeing my potential and allowing me to fulfil it. I would also like to thank Tom Thurnell-Read, for stepping in and supervising this project for the duration of its second year. You played a significant role in the shaping of this thesis, and I am grateful for the calm and kindness you brought to every meeting. I would like to express my love and gratitude to my support network- my real life Cheerleaders. Firstly, Fiona and Ami. Fiona, when I moved to London you said it was 6 the kind of place that would swallow you whole if you let it. Thank you for keeping me afloat. The softness and strength of both your friendships make this crazy beautiful city we call home the best place to be. To my family, by blood- Mum, Dad and Anna, and by choice- Allie and Corinne. You are my rocks; my stability and my growth, and I appreciate you endlessly. To you, and the friends who have cheered me on during this process- Amy, Becca, Han, Bicky, Charlie, Fliss, Chris, Patrick, Roachy, Kam and Rick. Thank you for your unfaltering support and encouragement over the last three years and for always believing in my ability, particularly when I doubted myself. Thanks for always asking and always listening. Your friendships allow me to breathe easy, stand tall and go through these life adventures with the knowledge that I am loved and supported unconditionally. Thanks also to the London Lads and Cat Dads, for all the practice you’ve given me in arguing my corner- I am grateful for your support even though half of you think I’ve been doing a Masters for the last three years. A huge thank you to Mum, Dad, Ami and Morgan whom out of the kindness of their hearts proofread this thesis in its final stages. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Becca, Dom and Louise for taking me into their homes and putting up with me, therefore making this research logistically possible. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to those who participated in this research. Firstly, the British Transport Police. In particular those who have supported this project from the beginning and throughout, and always made me feel welcome at HQ. Your support and input has been invaluable. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, I would like to thank the women who shared with me their accounts of sexual harassment. I hope I have done your experiences justice. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….4 Dedication…………………………………………………………………………….5 Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………6 Table of contents……………………………………………………………………..8 List of appendices…………………………………………………………………...11 List of figures………………………………………………………………………..12 List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………..12 Chapter One: Introduction……………………………………………13 Piç pronounced Peach………………………………………………………13 Sexual harassment as an endemic societal and global issue……………...15 Mind the (gender) gap: Sexual harassment on the London Underground………………………………………………………….17 Aims of the study and original contribution………………………………19 Overview of the thesis………………………………………………………22 Chapter Two: Sexual harassment in public transport: A space, time and mobilities perspective……………………………………………..26 Introduction…………………………………………………………………26 Naming and defining sexual harassment in public space………………...27 Features of sexual harassment across contexts……………………………28 Sexual harassment in the workplace and organisational settings…….28 Sexual harassment in public space…………………………………...30 Sexual harassment in public transport………………………………..32 Conceptual framework: Space, mobilities, temporalities and knowledges......................................................................................................33 Space…………………………………………………………………34 Mobilities: Rhythms and friction…………………………………….37 8 Temporalities…………………………………………………………44 Knowledges…………………………………………………………..47 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...50 Chapter Three: Methodology and research design………………….51 Introduction…………………………………………………………………51 Methodological orientation and feminist epistemologies…………………52 Researcher reflexivity………………………………………………..53 Ethical considerations………………………………………………..56 Researching urban space: A recognition and embodiment of rhythms…58 Semi-structured interviews with women who experienced sexual harassment…………………………………………………………………..61 Interviews with employees from the British Transport Police…………..65 Data analysis………………………………………………………………...67 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...69 Chapter Four: Flânerie and fear in the city: Contextualising female mobilities in urban space……………………………………………...71 Introduction…………………………………………………………………71 The flâneur: Modernity, gender and the future of the flâneuse…………72 The elusive flâneuse?...........................................................................73 Gendered mobilities in the city…………………………………………….75 Big city life: Freedom, flânerie and rhythms in contemporary London……………………………………………………………….76 Rhythms of the Underground: Predictability, collectivity and pleasure……………………………………………………………….84 Anticipating sexual
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