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Numbers, Reproductive Success and Genetic Structure of Lapwings <I Klimov: Numbers,reproductive success and geneticstructure of LapwingsVanellus vanellus Numbers, reproductive successand genetic structure of Lapwings Vanellusvanellus in areasof varying pastoral regimes S.M. Klirnov Klimov,S.M. 1998. Numbers,reproductive success and geneticstructure of LapwingsVanellus vanellusin areasof varyingpastoral regimes. International Wader Studies 10: 309-314. Researchwas conductedin 1980-1989on constantsurvey squares in the greenbelt of Lipetsk(the CentralChemozyom Region). One hundred and fifty-four nests were observed regularly until hatching.The numberof LapwingsVanellus vanellus breeding in the studyarea decreased markedly,from 90-100 pairs to 10-15pairs. The causesof the declineare intensive cattle grazing, predationof clutchesby HoodedCrows Corvus corone cornix, Magpies Pica pica and RooksCorvus frugilegus,and recreational pressure. When moderate grazing by 100-150head of cattleoccured on a 400ha area,50-60 pairs of Lapwingsnested each year, but after the cattleherd increasedto 1,000 head,the numberof breedingLapwings decreased to 10-15pairs. Averageclutch size in 1980-1983 was 3.9+0.1,and the reproductivesuccess was 46.1%. Over the next 12 years(1984-1996) the clutch sizedecreased to 3.3+0.3and the reproductivesuccess also decreased to 38.2%. In 1987-1989,clutch size(3.2+0.3) and reproductivesuccess (28.2%) was furtherreduced. We considernon-metrical characteristicsofeggs (colour and shellpattern) to be a reliablegenetic marker for differentbird groups.For Lapwing,there is a dependencebetween the scaleof intra-populationvariety (M) and thenumber of breedingpairs. Hencein 1982,when the numberof breedingbirds was at its highest (100pairs), M = 2.4+0.1. In morerecent years, M hasnot exceeded2.26. S.M. Klimov,Department of Zoology, Lipetsk State Pedagogical Institute, Lenina Str. 42, Lipetsk, 398020, Russia. KasMoB,C. M. 1998.qscaennocT•,, ycnex pa3m•omensn • reneTsqecKan cTpyKtypa q•i6scoB Vanellusvanellus • pafionaxc ncpcMem!•aM•4pC•MaMU sbmaca. International Wader Studies 10: 309-314. H(;caeAonausnnponoAsa.cb n t980q989 rr. •a sna•paTaxnOCTOnUHblX sccaegonausfi n 3eae.o• noncer. AuneTcl•(qepno3e•nb•fi 8enTp). Hog peryanp.b• na6aioaeu.e• ao t54 rnc:•Aa.qncaennOCTb r.eaan½.xcn • paaones3yqcn.a qs6ucon Vanellus vanellus 3a•eT.o cnu3uaacb,OT90d00 napao i0q5 nap.Hpsqmib• co•pan•ensa qm;aeooocT• - nbmacCKOTa, pa3opea.e •aaAo• cepb•M•nopoaaM. Co•us coronecornix, (:opo•aM• Pica pica vpa.• Co•usfrugile•s, • pe•peal]•o..an•tarpya•a. Hp• y•epelt.o• .binaceot •00 Ao roao.cl•ota na nao•aA• 400 ra rne3A•a•cb•a•Ab•fi tog ot 50 Ao60 nap.6•co., a yneasqens.cTaga CKOTa Ao t.000 rOaOBKoAHqCCTBO vae3An•uxcn qsfscon G!tH3•AO('.b HaBceFo t0d5 nap.Cpea.ee soa. qecTno hug n ,aaasen 1980-t985rr. 6b•ao3,9&0.i. ycnex 6bla46A%. Bteqease caeay•o•.x 12 aCT (1984-t996) paa•ep •aaa•. y•enbmsacsua cuss.acs.ycnex pa3•no•ensn .a 382%.B nepsoac 1987no 1989 r. ,a, pa3Mep (5,2&0.3).Ta,. ycnexpaa•nome.nn (28,2%) 6blan e•e nnme.Mbl cq.tae• ueMeTp.qec,m• xapas•epncT.•.nm• (ospacsa • p•cyno, csopaynb0 •taae•ub• reneTuqec•.• .nAm•aTopoM Aaspa3anqnb•x rpynn nTn•. Aaa qu6ncaeCTb 3aBBC•MOCTb MemAy cTeneubD ,nytpsnonyasilsoanoropa3noo6pa3ss (M)s soasqecTso•rneaAm•sxcs nap. i982r., aoraa q.cao r.e3as•.xcs ntm! aoctsrao nn,a (i00 nap),M= 2,4k0,i.B nocaeaaseme roA•xscanquna M .e npesb•maaa2,26. Introduction sidesof the processof humanmodification of naturallandscapes such as occurs on farmland. More than60% of the totalhuman population on the earthnow livesin largecities and towns,making Birds,being one of the mostnoticeable and well- the impactof humansone of the mostimportant studiedvertebrate groups, can serve as good models currentenvironmental issues. An improvementin for suchstudies. In many partsof EuropeanRussia the relationshipbetween man and natureis now the impoverishmentof bird populationsas a result extremelyurgent. Scientificknowledge of the reactions of natural communities to different kinds of humaninfluence has been slowed during the last two decades.Indeed, for severalspecies, including of anthropogenicinfluence will help achievethis LapwingVanellus vanellus, an increasein numbers end. Long-termstudies enable a better hasbeen recorded. The biology and ecologyof this understandingof boththe positiveand negative specieshave beenrather well studied,although 3O9 International Wader Studies 10: 309-314 thereare generallyfew breedingdata from within mapped. Eachnest was examinedregularly; from urban landscapes. six to ten timesduring the nestingperiod. Periodic standard wader counts and searches for nests were Study Area and Methods also carried out. Our studies were conducted from 1973-1990 in the At the sametime as this work was taking place, town of Lipetsk,situated in the centralpart of similarstudies were carriedout on a fifth sample EuropeanRussia, and in the surroundingarea, a plot 40 km from Lipetsk,which was characterisedby total areaof 400ha (Figure1). Between1980 and only slightagricultural influence (sporadic 1989,studies were carriedout on four sampleplots pasturingand annualhay makingfrom the second eachof 5 ha, of varyinglevels of anthropogenic half of June onwards). influence.All the plotswere located on moistflood- plain meadowswith pools,ox-bow lakes, swamps Eggsuccess was estimated as the proportionof and shrub-thicketsalong the Voronezhand the hatchedchicks from the totalnumber of eggsin Matyrarivers. All themeadows were used for nestsbeing studied. pasture(mainly by cows)and hay making;on plots 2 and 3, moderatepasturing occurred, while plots1 As well as these traditional field methods, a new one and 4 sufferedintense grazing. Plot 4 waswithin an wasused: the pheneticapproach, based on the areaof activerecreation and thushay makingonly analysisof the colourof the egg-shell(Klimov et al. tookplace locally. 1989,1990). As hasbeen shown by Myand (1988), by our studies(Klimov 1987, 1990,1991; Klimov & Datesof arrival and the beginningof nest- Ovchinnikova 1988, 1992; Klimov et al. 1990, 1992a, construction,egg-laying and hatchingwere 1992b,1992c; Ovchinnikova & Klimov 1987),and by recordedannually for all waderspecies. Every nest was marked with a metallic stick and its location Vengerov(1989, 1990, 1991, 1992), eggs are convenientobjects for the analysisof morphological variationin bird populations. The colourof a Lapwingegg-shell is due to two components- diffuselyspread pigment, called the backgroundcolour, and variouslines, spots etc., calledthe tracery.Lapwing egg-shellcolour is ß ! ! ! Do6poe 5 ß; Elec Lipetsk Figure1. Studyarea and location of controlplots. 1 - studyarea; 2 - controlplots with numbers;3 - administrative boundaryof Lipetskregion. 310 Klimov: Numbers,reproductive success and geneticstructure of LapwingsVanellus vanellus thereforevery complicated,as in the majorityof Results and Discussion open-nestingbirds. Variationsin background colourcan be separatedinto threegroups: sandy Regularobservations were made on 228Lapwing (varyingfrom grey to olivetints, including those nests,the majorityof whichwere observed until with light-bluebackground colour), green-brown hatching.During the studies,the breeding (backgroundcolour from greento tobacco-brown) populationof Lapwingwithin the studyarea and intermediatesandy-green-brown. The tracery declinedfrom 90-100pairs in the early 1980s,to 10- canalso vary, depending on the form and 15 pairsin the late 1980s(Table 1). Thiswas caused combination of the elements, and their distribution mainly by intensivegrazing, destruction of nestsby and densityover the egg-shell.The following corvids(Hooded Crow Corvuscorone cornix, Magpie tracerypatterns can be distinguished: Picapica, Rook C.frugilegus), and recreational pressure.When moderategrazing of 100-150head of cattleoccured on a 400 ha area,50 to 60 Lapwing 1. Form and combinationof traceryelements pairsbred annually;when the herd increasedto Althoughthese elements differ in shapeand size, 700-1,000head of cattle, numbersof breeding they canbe includedinto oneof two geometric Lapwingdeclined to 10-15pairs (Table 1). At the groups:spots or lines. Accordingto their sametime, changesin the distributionof Lapwing combinationon the egg-shell,four typesof tracery colonies and in the behaviour of birds were were distinguished: recorded.At the beginningof the study about95% 1.1. Spottytracery - only the spotsare present; of Lapwing colonieswere situatedon flooded 1.2. Spotty-linear- bothlines and spotsare present, meadows,while the restof the birdsnested on bogs althoughspots prevail; and hillockymarshes. In the later yearsof the study 1.3. Linear-spotty- bothlines and spotsare present, Lapwingssettled mostly on the floatingmats of linear traceryprevails; or bogsand, more rarely, on hillockymarshes, in 1.4. Linear- only linesare present. groupsof threeto five pairs. This situationwas observedat all the plotswithin the areasof 2. Distributionof traceryelements over the farmlandexcept plot 3, from whichLapwings whole egg-shell disappearedin 1984after it becameovergrown with In general,the traceryelements are circularly scrub. concentratedat the obtuseend of the eggs,rarely at the acuteone, and still morerarely at both of them. We believethat the declinein eggsuccess was due In addition,the traceryelements can be to the activitiesof avianpredators, whose numbers concentratedaround the equatorialpart of the egg, in the study areaare ratherhigh: 15 pairs of Hooded or spreaddiffusely over the whole egg. Thus,five Crows,70 pairsof Magpies,and sevenpairs of typesof distributionof traceryelements are Marsh Harrier Circusaeruginosus
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