Introduction River Flows from North to South (Fig

ACTA GEOGRAPHICA LODZIENSIA 110 (2020): 33-48 https://doi.org/10.26485/AGL/2020/110/3

THE DOBROE 9 SITE: A STRATIFIED EARLY NEOLITHIC COMPLEX IN THE UPPER DON RIVER

ELIZAVETA YURKINA1, ROMAN SMOL’YANINOV2, ALEXEY KULICHKOV3, MARIANNA KUL’KOVA4, ANDREY ZHELUDKOV3, YEVHENIIA YANISH5, DIANA SHATROVAYA6

Abstract. The Middle Don Culture, distributed within the Middle and Upper Don River area, is thought to be one of the earliest Eastern European Neolithic cultures, and is dated to the 6th–5th millennium BC. A group of Neolithic sites was found on the right shore of the Voronezh River, and has been named the “Dobroe sites”. The Dobroe 9 settlement is one of few sites in this region at which an assemblage of Middle Don Culture has been recorded in a clear stratigraphic position. The numerous faunal remains, ceramic complex and stone inventory found at this site allows for a reconstruction of the earliest stages of the Neolithic. The elaborated ceramic typology suggests a gradual transformation of the local culture. The particularity of sedimentation process and deposition of artefacts allowed a precise correlation of stone inventory types with early-Neolithic ceramic types. Preliminary reconstructions of palaeoclimate and episodes of human activity for this time period were implemented based on geochemical methods.

Key words: Early Neolithic, Middle Don Culture, pottery, flint, stratigraphy, geochemical indication, radiocarbon analysis

ses of the Don River with its tributaries. The Don Introduction River flows from north to south (Fig. 1). Forest-steppe is a temperate zone landscape Neolithic sites of the forest-steppe Don have that is transitional from forest to steppe, and is been known since 1904 (Zamyatnin 1922). Pottery characterised in its virgin state by alternation of appears to be the main indicator of the beginning of closed, mostly deciduous forests on grey forest the Neolithic for this region and for the whole (forest-steppe) soils with mixed grass steppes on European part of Russia (Sinyuk 1986). Archaeo- chernozems (Mil'kov 1961). The Neolithic sites are logical cultures are distinguished here based mainly located in similar landscape conditions. The sites on particular ceramic complexes existing in various are located on the shore bank, the ends of the first regions (Levenok 1965; Sinyuk 1986; Smolyaninov terrace above the floodplain, and occasionally on et al. 2017). The Middle Don Culture distributed the valley sides of the rivers. Their greatest number within the Middle and Upper Don River area is is located on the floodplains of medium-width thought to be one of the earliest Eastern European rivers such as the Voronezh River, Bityug River, Neolithic cultures (Smolyaninov et al. 2017). Savala River and Tikhaya Sosna River. These The forest-steppe Don Region includes terri- floodplains are covered by water during spring tories stretching within the upper and middle cour- floods.

1 Lipetsk State Pedagogical P.P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky University, Lenina St. 42, 398020 Lipetsk, Russia; e-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0001-9903-3483 2 Lipetsk State Pedagogical P.P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky University, Lenina St. 42, 398020 Lipetsk, Russia; e-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0001-9018-8753 3 Lipetsk regional scientific public organisation "Archaeological research", Teperika St. 13/1398004, Lipetsk, Russia; e-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0003-1992-283; [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0003-1920- 9106 4 Herzen State Pedagogical University, Kazanskaya St. 6, 191186 Saint Petersburg, Russia; e-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0001-9946-8751 5 I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bohdan Khmelnytsky St. 15, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; e-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0001-7446-8392 6 Herzen State Pedagogical University, Kazanskaya St. 6, 191186 Saint Petersburg, Russia; e-mail: diana_shatrovaya @mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-8459-287X

33 Elizaveta Yurkina et al.

Fig. 1. Location of Dobroe 9 site A – in Eastern Europe, B – in the Central Black Earth Region

34 The Dobroe 9 site: a stratified Early Neolithic complex in the upper Don River

More than 100 sites of the Middle Don (SPb-1637), i.e. 5903–5484 cal. BC. Pottery of the Culture are known in this region. Archaeological transitional phase can be dated to 6190±100 ВР layers contain materials attributed to a wider (Кi-15959), i.e. 5400–4800 cal. BC, 6140±90 ВР chronological timeframe that is not distributed in (Кi-15432), i.e. 5300–4840 cal. BC, 6050±90ВР a clear stratigraphic sequence. This makes it (Кi-15441), i.e. 5300–4700 cal. BC (Universi- more complicated to precisely correlate different tetskaya 3 site) (Smol’yaninov et al. 2017). categories of materials and to suggest palaeo- The second stage is characterised by the co- climatic reconstructions for exact periods. The existence of pottery decorated with thin comb Dobroe 9 settlement is one of few sites in this impressions and pottery decorated with trian- region at which an assemblage of Middle Don gular impressions and is dated from the end of the Culture has been recorded in a clear stratigraphic 6th to the first half of the 5th millennium BC position. The article is focused on: 1) the des- (Gapochka 2001). It can relate to the penetration cription of the main cultural features of the Early of the Early Eneolithic Lower Don Culture into Neolithic archaeological materials based on the the Don forest-steppe region, and the formation of stratigraphic context documented at the unique the Cherkassky-type ceramic complex (Skoro- Dobroe 9 archaeological site; 2) reconstruction bogatov 2011). The amount of materials ascribed of the site’s settlement pattern, and 3) recon- to the second stage is much higher. They are structing the environmental conditions of the known both on the sites of the Voronezh River Early Neolithic communities in the Upper Don and the Don River: Universitetskaya 3, Universi- River region. tetskaya 1, Karamyshevo 9, Ksizovo 6, Savits- Numerous faunal remains, the ceramic koye, Kurino 1, Vasilyevsky Kordon 1, Lipetskoe complex and the stone inventory found at this Ozero, Cherkasskaya, and Cherkasskaya 3. This site allow a reconstruction of the earliest stages stage can be dated to 5770±200 BP (SPb-1288), of the Neolithic. The elaborated ceramic typo- i.e. 5207–4246 сal. BC (Yarlukovskaya Protoka logy suggests a gradual transformation of the site) and Cherkasskaya site – 5997±33ВР (Hela- local culture. This contributes to the wider pro- 3771) i.e. 4985–4795 сal. BC. Food crust of blem of earlier phases of Neolithisation in this Cherkassy-type pottery from the Cherkasskaya particular region, which is shown for the first site was dated to 5763±32 BP (Hela-3884), i.e. time. 4710–4535 сal. BC. Single 14C dates for materials of the early Eneolithic of the Don forest-steppe can be correlated with the second stage of the Chronology of Middle Don Neolithic culture (Skorobogatov the Middle Don Culture 2013). The beginning of the third stage (the second The materials of the Dobroe 9 site are part half of the 5th mill. BC) is marked by active of the wider cultural context of the Middle Don contacts with neighbouring territories – the Pit- Culture, and have been attributed to three comb Ware Culture and further contacts with the chronological stages. Eneolithic Lower Don culture. So far, there are The first stage of the Middle Don Culture no radiocarbon dates for this stage. includes pottery decorated with geometrical patterns made of triangular-form impressions. They were found at the Monastyrskaya site in Materials and study methods the Bityug River basin, in the lower layer of the Cherkasskaya site (excavations of A.T. Sinyuk The Dobroe 9 site was discovered in 2014 1979–1981), and at Inyasevskaya, Shapkinskaya by A.A. Klyukoyt (2015) in the washing away of 6, Plautinskaya 2 sites situated in the Khoper a bank of the Voronezh River at the southern River basin. On the Upper Don, similar materials edge of the village Dobroe of the Lipetsk region were found only in the layers of the Yarlu- on a 2-m-high bottomland residual hill above the river channel (Figs 1, 2). In 2017–19, A.A. kovskaya Protoka site, the Dobroe 4 site and 2 Universitetskaya 3. This stage is dated to the 6th Kulichkov and M.V. Sultanova excavated 98 m millennium BC: the Dobroe 4 site – 6912±120 within the destroyed area (Kulichkov 2018a, b; BP (SPb-1287), i.e. 6019–5621 cal. BC, Cher- Sultanova 2019). A total of 1,869 fragments of kasskaya site 3, lower layer – 6715±64 BP pottery, 207 stone artefacts and 476 bone finds, (Hela-3491), i.e. 5730–5525 cal. BC, Yarlu- all attributed to Middle Don Culture, were dis- kovskaya Protoka (point 222) – 6774±120 BP covered.

35 Elizaveta Yurkina et al.

photo by R.V. Smolyaninov Fig. 2. Dobroe 9 site A – view of the site; B – studied wall of the excavation

The stratigraphy of the Dobroe 9 site: 105–135 cm – black buried soil (finds 0–5 cm b.g.l. – humic layer (topsoil); attributed to the Middle Neolithic Lyalovo 5–55 cm – dark grey loam (sterile layer, no culture (the second half of the 5th mill. BC) and finds); Eneolithic Sredny Stog and Repinskaya cultures 55–105 cm – red-brown loam (single finds (4th mill. BC); from the Bronze Age [3rd mill. BC], Early Iron 135–160 cm – grey floodplain aleurite Age [1st mill. AD] and the Middle Ages [13th– (artefacts attributed to the Early Neolithic 14th c. AD]); Middle Don culture (the last quarter of the 6th mill. BC).

36 The Dobroe 9 site: a stratified Early Neolithic complex in the upper Don River

Geochemical indication method (Kul'kova chemical marker P2O5anthr is the indicator of anthro- 2012) and radiocarbon analysis were applied for pogenic activity (Kul’kova 2012). palaeoclimatic reconstructions and dating of ar- The ceramic decorative pattern was analysed chaeological materials. X-Ray fluorescence ana- out according to the method proposed by Cetlin lysis was applied for chemical analysis of sedi- (2008). The following stylistic levels of ornamen- ments. The changes in palaeoclimatic factors influ- tation are described: element, pattern, motif, image encing sedimentation (relative temperature, relative and composition. The vessels’ manufacturing tech- humidity, the index of chemical alteration) were nology was analysed using a binocular microscope evaluated by means of the geochemical indicators according to the historical and cultural approach Na2O/K2O, Fe2O3/CaO and CIA (Fig. 3). The geo- developed by Bobrinskiy (1978, 1999).

Fig. 3. Lithology and geochemical indicators of palaeoclimatic conditions at Dobroe 9 site

37 Elizaveta Yurkina et al.

Faunal collection analysis was processed The pottery ornamental motifs of the Middle according to Antipina (2011), and material preser- Don Culture are divided into five types: vation was described within the scale (1 to 5) Type I – motifs from triangular-oval form noted by Antipina (2003). impressions put in horizontal and oblique rows, in a line and separately. Type II – motifs of short comb stamp Results impressions, composed in horizontal and oblique rows. Characteristic of ceramic assemblage Type III – motif of small pits, put in horizontal rows, not more than two, in the upper At least 117 vessels were distinguished part of the vessels. (according to rims) (Figs 4, 5, 6). Fragments of 14 Type IV – motif of drawn lines. An area of bottoms were also revealed: 13 are rounded (Fig. diagonally drawn lines deflected both to the left 5: 4, 6; Fig. 6: 12) or conical (Fig. 5: 5; Fig. 6: 13, and to the right of the vertical axis of the vessel. 16, 20–22) and only one is flat (Fig. 6: 19). Type V – undecorated zones (the most The vessels are of medium volumes from 12 widespread). cm in diameter up to large sizes of 46 cm, with Manufacturing techniques of 17 vessels were average values of 26–32 cm, and a wall thickness analysed. Highly sandy silty clay was used for of 4–7 mm. Five forms of the vessels’ upper parts pottery manufacture; 14 samples were made of were distinguished: ferruginous raw materials, and three of non- 1. The rarest form – an open bowl – is ferruginous. In all fractures of ceramics, in a con- represented by only four vessels (Fig. 4: 9, 13, 16; centration of 1–2 inclusions per square centi- Fig. 6: 2). metre: 1) organic residues attested by cavities 2. Cylindrical open form vessels (6 items) from burnt vegetation: leaves and stems of plants (Fig. 4: 1, 4; Fig. 6: 1, 14). of various shapes and sizes (Fig. 6: 24); 2) quartz, 3. Profiled pots with varying degrees of rounded sand 0.2–0.4 mm in a concentration of profiling are represented by 12 vessels (Fig. 4: 24, 25% and 33% of the total mass. In eight samples, 29–32; Fig. 5: 1, 14, 20; Fig. 6: 19). solid ferruginous particles of a rounded shape 4. A closed ovoid vessel, the rim bending with a diameter of up to 4 mm were noted (Fig. 6: inward (Fig. 4: 2, 5, 6, 10, 11, 17, 19, 21–23, 25, 25). The raw materials were used in a naturally 27; Fig. 5: 3, 16, 17, 19; Fig. 6: 5–7, 9, 10, 11, 15, moistened state; no traces of crushing were 18). recorded. Organic solution as a temper was noted 5. A straight-walled can (Fig. 4: 7, 8, 12, 14, in three vessels, as attested by dark oily spots 15, 18, 20, 26, 28; Fig. 5: 2, 7–9, 11, 12, 15, 18, inside the sherd (Fig. 6: 23). 21; Fig. 6: 3, 4, 8). The vessels were made from small slabs A biconical form of the body can be ranging from 1×1 to 1.5×1.5 cm, the direction of reconstructed for some of them, as testified by the building elements’ junction lines is from the five fragments of such vessel rib (Fig. 6: 17–19). outer wall of the vessel to the inner, with circum- Only a small part of the vessel body is ferential overlap. Only one surface treatment me- decorated. Ornamentation elements on the pottery thod was noted – with a hard comb stamp, which of the Middle Don Culture from the Dobroe 9 site could also be of a decorative nature in the vessels’ are represented by four types: processing (Fig. 5: 1). The mechanical strength of Type I. Triangular-oval form impressions. the vessels is medium. The fragments profile Subtypes: small triangular impressions (Fig. 4: colour is three-layer. The layers are uneven in 17, 18, 21, 24–26, 28, 32; Fig. 5: 19; Fig. 6: 18) thickness, and the boundaries between them are and in rare cases – oval impressions (Fig. 5: 20) slightly blurred, which indicates that, after firing, and staple-like impressions. the vessels were left to cool for some time in the Type II. Impressions of a short comb stamp firing device. The data obtained allow us to (Fig. 5: 7; Fig. 6: 1–3, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19). suggest a bonfire firing with insufficiently long Type III. Pits. Rounded small, with a dia- exposure at incandescent temperatures of 650– meter of 3–4 mm (Fig. 4: 14, 19, 24–32; Fig. 5: 1, 700°C, with a sharp increase and subsequent 2, 7–9, 12, 13, 15–17, 19–21; Fig. 6: 1, 3, 4, 5–8, decrease in temperature, as reflected in the 10, 11, 15, 19). uneven thickness of the vessel layers (Vasil'eva Type IV. Drawn lines. Not deep drawn lines 2002). of 1–2 mm thick (Fig. 4: 27; Fig. 5: 7).

38 The Dobroe 9 site: a stratified Early Neolithic complex in the upper Don River

photo by R.V. Smolyaninov

Fig. 4. Dobroe 9 site. Pottery fragments of the Middle Don Early Neolithic culture

39 Elizaveta Yurkina et al.

photo by R.V. Smolyaninov

Fig. 5. Dobroe 9 site. Pottery fragments of the Middle Don Early Neolithic culture

40 The Dobroe 9 site: a stratified Early Neolithic complex in the upper Don River

photo by R.V. Smolyaninov Fig. 6. Dobroe 9 site. Pottery fragments of the Middle Don Early Neolithic culture 20–22 – microphoto of potsherd fractures

41 Elizaveta Yurkina et al.

Features of stone artefacts the back and abdomen, it has traces of white patination (Fig. 8: 10). The second is treated with A total of 207 pieces of stone artefacts were a two-sided exciting multi-faceted retouching and found, of which 142 pieces constitute production has a broken pike; the spikes are located in the waste – flakes and fragments. In this group, 22 middle of the product (Fig. 7: 16). The remaining pieces with use-wear traces were recorded (Fig. 7: two are partially retouched and have a rounded 8). Flint served as the main material for the tools’ treated tang (Fig. 7: 17, 19). A flint arrowhead production, in rare cases quartzite, quartzite sand- fragment was also found (Fig. 7: 18), from which stone and sandstone were also used. The primary it does not seem possible to determine the shape. knapping products are presented by eight cores – a fragment of a polished flint product, a and one core-fragment for the flakes’ manu- hammerstone, a quartzite scraper, an adze (?), a facture (Fig. 7: 6; Fig. 8: 5), including one single- fragment of a chopping polished tool made of platform prismatic core, one disc-shaped form quartzite sandstone (?), and a flint fragment with and six multi-platform amorphous cores, which traces of bifacial cleaving (Fig. 8: 9). In addition, are characterised by an average and final degree 10 multifunctional tools were discovered (Fig. 7: of wear. The blade industry is almost absent. Only 13, 15). Five fragments of grinding plates were one irregular blade, section of the blade and blade also identified. One is of sandstone, while the rest flake with the traces of slight disposal were found are of quartzite sandstone. (Fig. 7: 4; Fig. 8: 2, 3). Tools and artefacts with traces of secondary Faunal collection processing include: – one middle burin made on a flint sharp The collections of the years 2017 and 2018 bend with a wedge-shaped cortex and two angular were processed, and 263 animal bones (from 93 burins, one of which was made on a medium- specimens) were analysed. In total, 256 bones sized flint flake (Fig. 8: 1) on whose cleavage an belong to mammals, five to mallards, one to a additional work is traced, and a second on a large pike and one to a turtle. Material preservation is quartzite flake (Fig. 7: 2); very poor – around 1–3 points (according to – the largest group of the tools – end scrapers Antipina 2003). Many bones crumble into dust and their fragments – are represented by 23 and it is not possible to identify them. Individual specimens of various shapes and sizes (Fig. 7: 1, specimens bear traces of rodents gnawing. In 3, 5, 7, 9, 10–12, 14). Two fragments of heavy total, eight mammal species were identified: elk scrapers on the flakes are functionally close to the (Alces alces) – 31 specimens; beaver (Castor scrapers; they have one notch of 1.2 cm long (Fig. fiber) – two; wild boar – three; wild ox – three; 8: 8); and lynx, marten, fox and wild horse – one – two borers on the flakes (Fig. 8: 4). specimen each. The most widespread species are Another laminar flake probably served as a wild animals, and are meat prey according to the perforator; archaeozoological classification (Antipina 2011). – a knife made on a large triangular flake These species indicate the existence of large (Fig. 8: 7). A fragment of the proximal part of the forests near the site. Amphibians are presented by blade with a retouched edge on the dorsal side one fragment of a tortoise plastron. In a single and partial correction with the ventral was pro- case, a charred bone was found – a highly bably also used as a knife; calcified elk tooth. It was possible to determine – chopping tools are represented by a the age in only one case – by the upper tooth, fragment of the blade part of a flint adze and a which belonged to an adult specimen. whole specimen (Fig. 7: 20) made of light brown Stratigraphic observations allowed us to flint by double-sided processing with subsequent suggest that almost all the definable bones of edge retouching and grinding of the entire surface mammals, fish, birds, and amphibians (except for of the tool, as well as with an executed back edge. seven elk specimens associated with a layer of the Its shape is elongated and oval-rectangular, and Late Neolithic-Eneolithic of the second half of the the blade part is slightly damaged; 5th to the first half of 4th mill. BC) belong to the – arrowheads are represented by one early Neolithic cultural layer of the Middle Don quartzite (Fig. 7: 17) and three flint arrowheads of Culture, dating from the last quarter of the 6th a triangular shape with sharply pronounced mill. BC. asymmetric spikes. One of them is with a broken tang treated with bilateral pressure flaking. From

42 The Dobroe 9 site: a stratified Early Neolithic complex in the upper Don River

photo by E.S. Yurkina Fig. 7. Dobroe 9 site. Stone inventory 1, 3–16, 18–20 – flint artefacts; 2, 17 – quartzite artefacts

43 Elizaveta Yurkina et al.

photo by E.S. Yurkina Fig. 8. Dobroe 9 site. Stone inventory

44 The Dobroe 9 site: a stratified Early Neolithic complex in the upper Don River

photo by E.S. Yurkina Fig. 9. Dobroe 9 site. Bone and antler artefacts

45 Elizaveta Yurkina et al.

Reconstruction of bone industry strated by specific geochemical indicators. This lithologically homogeneous cultural layer of the The bone-processing techniques include: Middle Don Culture was dated to 6150±100 ВР cutting, chipping, abrasion, polishing. The tubular (SPb-2840), i.e. 5317–4839 cal. BC, based on the bones were used as the main semi-finished; in dating of organics from the soil. a single case, a processed rib and a product from a pig's fang were noted (Fig. 9: 3). Five types of hunting and fishing tools were distinguished. The Discussion points group includes arrows, points and harpoons. Due to the products’ fragmentation, they cannot The particularity of the sedimentation process always be ascribed precisely to a specific type. Part and deposition of further artefacts in the litho- of the fragmented point (Fig. 9: 2) is distinguished logical layers at the Dobroe 9 site made it possible by a careful processing of the entire surface. The to correlate different categories of materials with preform was a quadrangular rod cut by a cutter and the horizon of the pottery assemblage of the then levelled by chopping. The final shape was Middle Don Culture. At the sites of the Upper Don given to the tip by abrasive treatment: signs of Region with materials of the Middle Don Neolithic abrasion are well traced in the form of thin linear culture, the pronounced flaking technique for ma- traces. The middle of the tip of the spike has nufacturing tools dominates. The prevalence of the a deepening resembling a groove. One spike with a flaking technique over blade technology can be relatively short feather and a flattened-oval section marked. The number of cores implemented for was noted (Fig. 9: 8), as well as one middle processing blades is very low. The tools are fragment of a spike that has traces of polishing typologically very heterogeneous. Only single (Fig. 9: 5). Due to poor preservation, two other burins were found. There are grinding stones made fragments of a flattened spike (Fig. 9: 4, 13) are not of sandstone or quartzite sandstone with extensive subject to further classification. The harpoon (?) working surfaces at every site. However, the fragment (Fig. 9: 12) is highly fragmented and on percentage of the polished products is very low. the remaining part has three small beak-shaped Triangular arrowheads with sharply pronounced teeth on one edge. Also, tools for working with soft asymmetric spikes found at the Dobroe 9 site can material were found. There are three fragments of be securely attributed now to Middle Don Early gloss (Fig. 9: 1, 8, 10), one of which is made of Neolithic culture. The arrowheads in the Forest- large elk bone and has a sharpened rounded edge Steppe Don Region of the Neolithic era are a rare and polishing marks. One tool fragment that may class of stone products. Similar types of arrow- have been used as an awl is of interest (Fig. 9: 7). heads were found in the Upper Don basin – at the Some products (Fig. 9: 6, 11, 14) cannot be Lipetskoe Ozero site (Sinyuk, Klokov 2000) and in attributed to any types. An artefact made from the Middle Don: at the Cherkasskaya and Dronikh- antler was interpreted as a zoomorphic figure with inskaya sites on the Bityug river (Sinyuk 1986). one end possibly elaborated into the form of a bird An extremely small number of stone artefacts can head (Fig. 9: 15). Only the basic characteristics are be found at early Neolithic sites on the Upper Don, conveyed: an oval body and a curved head with a which partially attests to their possible replacement narrowing at the end. Other traces of stylisation by products of other activities: bone-carving and were not noted. Analogies to these artefacts can be woodworking (Smol'yaninov, Yurkina 2018). found in the Oka River basin in the materials of a The Middle Don Culture existed within multilayer site of Shagar II and Chernaya Gora a wider geographical area of the steppe and forest- (Kashina, Emel'yanov 2003), though attributed to steppe areas where the earliest pottery appeared. the Late Neolithic. Similar studies were carried out in the Lower Volga region. The early stage of the Middle Don Palaeoclimatic reconstructions Culture in the Middle and Upper Don area can be correlated with the Orlovskaya Culture (second In the lower cultural layer of the Early stage) distributed in the Lower Volga region Neolithic of the Middle Don Culture, represented (5800–5500 cal. BC, Algay site) during a period by grey aleurite, the markers of relative tem- of humid and warm climate (Kulkova et al. 2019). The decrease in human activity documented at perature (Na2O/K2O) and relative humidity the Algay site correlates with cold and dry con- (Fe2O3/CaO) increased – the cool climatic conditions changed to warming and increased humidity. ditions at 5660–5560 cal. BC. In the later stage of The human activity also increased, as demon- the Orlovskaya Culture (5300–5200 cal. BC) the

46 The Dobroe 9 site: a stratified Early Neolithic complex in the upper Don River climate became more humid and warmer, and References there were significant changes in the material culture of this stage, probably influenced by Antipina Ye.Ye. 2003. Arkheozoologicheskiye issledo- newcomers. This stage is synchronous with vaniya: zadachi, potentsial'nyye vozmozhnosti middle stage of the Middle Don Culture dated to i real'nyye rezul'taty. Novyye arkheozoolo- 5300–4850 cal. BC; in this period the climatic gicheskiye issledovaniya v Rossii. In: Ye.Ye. conditions were warm and humid after a cooling. Antipina, Ye.N Chernykh (eds) Noveyshiye According to Gerasimenko (1997), the climatic arkheozoologicheskiye issledovaniya v Rossii. Holocene optimum in the steppe zone was regis- Yazyki slavyanskoy kul'tury, Moskva: 7-34. Antipina Ye.Ye. 2011. Pereyaslavl' Ryazanskiy, tered during 5500–4500 cal. BC. Probably, the kreml', XVII vek: osteologicheskaya kollek- favourable climatic conditions promoted the tsiya. Analiticheskiye issledovaniya laboratorii spread of Neolithic groups in different regions, yestestvennonauchnykh metodov. In: Ye.N. from the south to the north. Chernykh, V.I. Zav'yalov (eds) Analiticheskiye issledovaniya laboratorii yestestvennonauchnykh metodov. Institute of Archeology of the Conclusion Russian Academy of Sciences, Moskva: 204- 213. The Dobroe 9 site is a reference point for Bobrinskiy A.A. 1978. Goncharstvo Vostochnoy Ye- understanding the processes of Neolithisation of vropy. Istochniki i metody izucheniya. Nauka, the forest-steppe zone of the Upper Don. Pottery Moscow. found here can be attributed to a transitional phase Bobrinskiy A.A. 1999. Goncharnaya tekhnologiya kak dated to the last quarter of the 6th millennium BC. obekt istoriko-kulturnogo izucheniya. In: A.A. It includes both vessels decorated mainly with Bobrinskiy, I.H. Vasil'yeva, N.P. Salugina (eds) Aktualnye problemy izucheniya drevnego gon- triangular impressions and later phases when comb charstva: kollektivnaya monografiya. Samara impressions became widespread. Preliminary geo- State Pedagogical University, Samara: 5-109. chemical studies demonstrated the coincidence of Cetlin Y.B. 2008. Neolit centra Russkoj ravniny: increased anthropogenic activity and warmer, more ornamentaciya i metodika periodizacii kul'tur. humid climatic conditions. This correlates with the Grif and K., Tula. nature of archaeological deposits in a stratigraphic Gapochka S.N. 2001. Neoliticheskie pamyatniki s na- context: as the climate conditions improved, kol'chatoy i nakol'chato-grebenchatoy kerami- anthropogenic activity also increased (lower and koy lesostepnogo Dona. Avtoreferat dissertatsii upper cultural layer); when the conditions became na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata istori- colder and humidity decreased (a layer of deposits cheskikh nauk. Voronezh: 1-28. Gerasimenko N.P. 1997. Natural human habitat in the between the cultural layers where the geochemical south-east of Ukraine in the Late Ice Age and indicators changes are recorded), the anthro- Holocene (based on the materials of paleogeo- pogenic activity decreased. graphic study of archaeological sites). Archaeo- Further detailed investigations of both logical Almanac. 6: 3-64. geochemistry of archaeological deposits and Kashina E.A., Emel'yanov E.A. 2003. Kostyanye archaeological collections at different Neolithic izobrazheniya ptic finala kamennogo veka sites are needed for reconstructions of cultural Meshcherskoj nizmennosti. Problemy drevnej i processes and their connection with climatic srednevekovoj arheologii Okskogo bassejna. In: changes in the basin of the Upper Don. V.P. Chelyapov (ed.) Problemy drevney i sred- nevekovoy arkheologii Okskogo basseyna. Sbornik nauchnykh rabot. Ryazan': 53-70. Klyukoyt A.A. 2015. Otchet o provedenii razvedo- Acknowledgments chnykh rabot v srednem techenii r. Voronezh na territorii Dobrovskogo, Gryazinskogo i Lipets- This publication was prepared with financial kogo rayonov Lipetskoy oblasti v 2014 godu. support from the RFBR (Russian Foundation for Arkhiv IA RAN. R-1. Basic Research) grant No. 18-49-480004 “Site Kulichkov A.A. 2018a. Otchet o provedenii razvedo- Dobroe 9 in the system of the Early Neolithic chnykh issledovaniy v basseyne r. Voronezh v antiquities of the forest-steppe Don Region” and predelakh Dobrovskogo rayona Lipetskoy the grant from the Foundation for Presidential oblasti, Michurinskogo rayona Tambovskoy Grants “Following the Traces of an Ancient Man” oblasti v 2017 g. Arkhiv IA RAN. R-1. No. 19-2-018793. Kulichkov A.A. 2018b. Otchet k otkrytomu listu № 1927 ob arheologicheskih issledovaniyah na territorii vyyavlennogo ob"ekta arheologiches-

47 Elizaveta Yurkina et al.

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