Research the Possibilities of Increasing the Effectiveness of the System PATRIOT/PAC 3 Using Modernized Ones High-Maneuverable

5th International Scientific and Business Conference—Future Engineering 2019 ISBN: 978-1-60595-632-9

Air-to-Air Missiles WICHER

Paweł Dobrzyński1, Bogdan Machowski1 and Roman Musiał2

ABSTRACT

The article presents the issue of increasing the capabilities of PATRIOT anti- aircraft and anti-missile sets planned for purchase by the Ministry of National Defense under the WISŁA program. The authors of the article proposed the use of offset options offered by the WISŁA program, as well as the cooperation of companies within the WB Electronics group with the Ukrainian armaments industry the producer of missile R-27. The article analyses the possibilities of increasing the potential of the PATRIOT battery through the use of high-manoeuvre missile R-27, which, thanks to Polish-Ukrainian cooperation, could be modified to the extent that they can be fired from the PATRIOT/PAC-3 system launchers. The results of exemplary simulations were presented, the purpose of which was to determine the cost/effect ratio in the context of the operational capabilities of the PATRIOT system equipped with native PAC-3 medium-range missiles and short-range missiles in the form of modified air-air missiles of the R-27 class. The WB Electronics initiative of building anti-aircraft missiles is an opportunity for companies grouped in the WB group and for many companies and scientific institutions that could be involved in the process of rocket technology production and development in Poland. A modern missile system is not only a missile and its control system, but it also includes chemical production technologies (propelling and explosive materials), precision mechanics, advanced communication and fire control systems, flight control and tracking, proximity sensors and igniters, and navigation systems. It is also a necessity to appoint and obtain competences, for ______1Military University of Technology, 2 Sylwestra Kaliskiego Street, 00 – 908 Warsaw 46, Poland 2MindMade Sp. z o.o., 3 Pl. Konstytucji, 00-647 Warsaw, Poland

218 example, for servicing them, which is often overlooked when deciding to buy a missile technique. Keywords: anti-aircraft defense, missile systems, concept of self-defense system, missile technologies, share of Polish enterprises, PATRIOT system

PRELIMINARY

In December 1990, the Polish government took part in the first official talks on the withdrawal of Russian troops from the territory of the Republic of Poland. The first units of the Northern Group of Army of the Red Army set off to the USSR as early as in April 1991. For teams dealing with rockets in Poland, it was the first swallow announcing the possibility of breaking the monopoly that the Soviet Union attributed to the development of rocket techniques in the Eastern Bloc. The arms industry in Ukraine, which was still one of the main suppliers of rocket-space technology for the Russian Federation, was in a completely different situation at that time. It was the Ukrainian engineers who were responsible for the construction of a significant part of the Russian over-ground intercontinental ballistic missiles. It was in the Ukrainian Constructor's Office "Yuzhnoye" (Dnipropetrovs’k), the intercontinental missile SS-18 SATAN were created with a mass of 210 ton, capable of a distance of 16 000 km with 8.8 t warheads aimed at American silos of intercontinental missiles. Almost 30 years have passed since the Russian army left the country. Have these years been used by our country to develop rocket competence? Unfortunately, no, as can be proved by, for example, Turkey or Taiwan, having similar to our GDP and similar expenditure on armaments, have become rocket powers in the last 20 years, and Poland lost at that time even the competences that she owned at the end of the 90's (Fig. 1). Seeing the huge stream of funds spent in Poland on armament, many experts indicate the reasons for this state of affairs as a string of "accidentally" incorrect decisions and a complete lack of understanding of what is important for the defense of the country, which includes the ability to produce and develop rocket systems. The analysis of the rocket market indicates that Poland has "specialized" in such undertakings as the following: • The purchase of missile equipment with an "apparent offset", • The purchase of rocket equipment with a "replacement offset", • "Virtual implementation", • "Apparent development", • "Apparent modernization", • "Apparent saving", • "Apparent international cooperation", • The purchase of systems that "only the seller can fully use", • The purchase of missile weapons "in quantities for half a day of combat",

219 • The purchase of missile weapons with "zero offset", • The purchase of missile technology "without source codes and documentation", and • The purchase of rocket technology "by their admiring". Examples of the above actions can be the following purchases, projects, etc.: • The purchase of Israeli SPIKE anti-aircraft missiles; • The purchase of Norwegian Naval Strike Missile manoeuvres; • 70 mm missile NLPR-70 (MON did not purchase a single copy);

3 km GROM MANPADS: 4 km PIORUN MANPADS (in development) 6 km NLPR 70 40 km FENIKS MLRS

Figure 1. Comparison of potentials and scope of production of missile systems in selected countries [11].

220 • Research and development of the missile BŁYSKAWICA, interrupted in such a moment that the specialists could say: "that in Poland, in rocket technology, nothing can be done"; • 72 mm anti-aircraft GROM missile system; • The liquidation of missile-producing plants for Polish aviation systems (which was to be justified by the possibility of buying them at low prices, for example, in Bulgaria or Romania)—unfortunately trade partners seeing the lack of competition in Poland significantly raised prices; • For a few years showing at armaments fair "wood-carved" anti-tank projectile as a result of international cooperation on a missile; • The Polish user does not have systems for indicating remote targets or satellite systems for their recognition, eg purchase of JASSM-ER systems with a range of 1000 km, it can be obtained only from allies having such capabilities; • No possibility of our own production or quick purchase of missile ammunition - purchase of 270 GMLRS missiles to the HIMARS system; • Resignation from the involvement of Polish plants in the production of missiles for the WISŁA program; • Naive judgment that a foreign producer will never use the potential of modern microprocessor devices (e.g., blocking a rocket system with a radio signal, delaying the detonator by several dozen milliseconds—"all rockets have taken off and they were gone, no target was destroyed," a dynamic change of the attack target—with the completely unconscious threat of Polish service); and, • The effectiveness of the rocket systems offered to Poland is assessed by a group of experts selected by the tenderer, who, in general, can verify the operation of the offered or purchased rocket technique only on the manufacturer's testing ground and by the service staff he employs. In the light of the above-mentioned negative phenomena, the WB Electronics Group initiative deserves particular attention. Their aim is, together with the Ukrainian partner, to develop and implement WICHER anti-aircraft systems based on the R-27 air-to-air missiles used in the Poland.

ANALYSIS OF “PATRIOT/PAC-3” AND “WICHER” MISSILE CAPABILITIES

Thanks to the efforts of the Ministry of National Defense and the Polish government, the Republic of Poland has the opportunity to join the group of 15 states whose armed forces will be equipped with the latest PATRIOT anti-aircraft and anti-missile defense systems. In addition to the United States, they are equipment in the following countries: Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands, Spain, Greece, Germany, Israel, Japan, Qatar, South Korea, Kuwait, Taiwan, and the United Arab Emirates [5]. This purchase is to be implemented as part of the WISŁA program, which provides for equipping our country with the latest types of sets referred to as

221 the PATRIOT PAC-3 (Patriot Advanced Capability 3). A characteristic feature of the PATRIOT system is that its design and equipment are optimized for combating targets flying ballistic (supersonic missiles) or ballistic-like (planes, UAV, anti-radar missiles) in the “terminal phase” of multi-layer defense, i.e. at the lower tier. Each of the 16 Lockheed Martin PAC-3 MSE missiles (Fig. 2), after take-off, performs the flight in accordance with the flight program being corrected by the inertial navigation system. In the final stage of the projectile's flight, the radiolocation head is automatically activated, coordinating the projectile's flight to the point of advance. At any moment of the flight, the missiles communicate with their own base station (AN / MSQ-104 Engagement Control Station). The high speed of the PAC-3 train flight means that it does not have to have a large warhead but only a 73kg lethality module, and the destruction of the target occurs thanks to the high kinetic energy of the projectile.

5,3 m

Figure 2. Missile PAC-3 MSE [10].

A considerable drawback of the PATRIOT system offered to Poland is the inability to mount different types of missiles on the launcher. In each fire module consisting of three launchers, only PEM-2 GEM-T (Guidance Enhanced Missile- Tactical - Raytheon) or PAC-3 MSE (Missile Segment Enhancement - Lockheed Martin) missiles may be located. This excludes Poland's participation in LCI (Low Cost Interceptor) programs, which could be an opportunity for our country to increase both defense and defense capabilities. PAC-3 systems, for the first time on a larger scale, were used as part of the II Iraqi conflict in 2003. PATRIOT batteries took part in nine matches against Iraqi ballistic missiles (Al Samoud-2 and Ababil-100). In the American media, they were described as a great success of the producer and the US Army. At the same time, some publications mention that the system was helpless in the face of primitive missiles like the Chinese construction CSS-C-3 Seersucker.

222

Figure 3. Air defence system IRIS-T SLM/SLS [9].

The analysis of the tactical and technical capabilities of the PATRIOT PAC-3 sets proves that they themselves will need medium and short range anti-aircraft shields. Since Poland does not have solutions close to those required, the opportunity to participate in increasing the capabilities of the US military battle sets could be systems developed on the basis of existing air-to-air missiles produced, for example, by the Ukrainian side. This proposal is in line with current global trends, as evidenced by the example of the IRIS-T SLS / SLM system (Fig. 3). The German- French company Diehl produces these systems based on IRIS-T air-to-air missiles, which are equipped with, among others, planes F-16, JAS Grippen, Eurofighter Typhoon, F-18 Hornet, and others. In turn, the American company Raytheon produces the SL-AMRAAM (Surface- Launched AMRAAM) system based on AIM-120 AMRAAM and AIM-9x Sidewinder missiles (maximum range is 33 km, the maximum ceiling is 15 km), and the Spyder SR/MR system from the Israeli company RAFAEL. The system was built on the basis of air-to-air missiles PYTHON 5 and DERBY in which they are mounted on F-16, F-15, JAS Grippen, Mirage 5, Mirage 2000, and SU-30. In 2016, portals dealing with military technology in Poland reported that the Ukrainian Spets Techno Export, together with the Polish WB Electronics, will provide the Polish Air Force with missiles of medium-range air-to-air missiles R- 27R1 for MiG-29 fighters. These missiles are guided semi-active radar - by highlighting the target (at small and medium distances) using the carrier's radar system and correction of the flight path with the INS (inertial navigation system). Each Mig-29 aircraft has the option of using two such missiles.

223 Although the R-27 does not belong to the latest generation of air-to-air missiles and has not been used in Air Policing missions, its increased range (in relation to previously used R-60MK and R-73E missiles) and relatively high efficiency, prompted the authors of this article to analyse the possibilities of their innovative use as part of a ground-based anti-aircraft system. Until the beginning of 2015, ARTEM Kiev manufactured R-27 missiles based on components supplied from Russia. With the introduction of an embargo on trade and cooperation with Russian companies, it became necessary to launch the production of necessary components in Ukraine or to obtain them from markets other than Russian, including from Poland. This task was completed within 18 months. In the second half of 2016, Ukraine fully achieved autonomy in the production of the R-27 family of missiles, while significantly improving their parameters, which is why missiles delivered in 2016 to Poland were produced based on Ukrainian components.

4,8 m

Figure 4. Missile R-27ER1 [8].

On the basis of these experiences, the WB Group proposed to launch the Strategic Government Project for the construction of the Polish OPL NAREW system based on the WICHER missile manufactured in Poland, placing itself in the role of system integrator and industrial coordinator - the project leader. R-27 (AA-10 ALAMO) is an air-to-air directed missile of medium range. The basic purpose of these missiles is to intercept and destroy all types of flying agents, e.g., manned airplanes, unmanned aerial vehicles, or homing missiles, in far and near fights. Table I presents selected tactical and technical parameters of the family of these missiles. R-27 missiles (Fig. 4) consist of three modules: control / homing unit section, combat warhead, the solid rocket engine, and three attachment points. These shells are currently manufactured, among others, by the Russian Federation and Ukraine (the state-owned ARTEM holding) and their on-board equipment is adapted to cooperate with the MiG and Sukhoi aircraft systems.

224 TABLE I. SELECTED TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF AIR-AIR MISSILES OF TYPE R-27 [7].

a) R-27R1 R-27ET1 R-27T1 R-27EP1 R-27P1 Missile type R-27ER1 b) c) d) e) f) Weight 350 253 343 245 346 248 [kg] Length 4.8 4.1 4.5 3.8 4.7 4 [m] Diameter 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 [m] Wingspan 0.8 0.77 0.8 0.77 0.8 0.77 [m] The rudder span 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 [m] Takeoff height < 27 < 25 < 27 < 25 < 20 < 20 [km] The maximum range in "meeting" mode 93 60 84 50 110 78 [km] The maximum range in "chase" mode 26 18 20 15

[km] The minimum range 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 2 2 [km] Max. overloading the 8 8 8 8 5 5 target Weight of the warhead 39 39 39 39 39 39 [kg]

a. Driven by command / radiolocation with semi-active homing head. b. Guided by a semi-active radiolocation system (in the final phase of the flight) and an inertial navigation system (radio-corrected from the carrier). c. Passively guided thermal head. d. Passively guided thermal head (different from the R-27R version). e. Passively directed to the source of radar / interference of the attacked aircraft.

The susceptibility of R27 missiles to modernization, which was proved by ARTEM Kiev, predestines them according to the authors of this study to be used as a rocket agent, complementing the capabilities of the PATRIOT PAC-3 battery. The following conditions speak for it: 1) According to the manufacturer's recommendations, at the moment of launching the projectile, the overloading of the carrier aircraft cannot exceed 5g - in the case of taking off from the ground, such a problem does not occur. 2) The minimum distance of the projectile's launch is 500 m - the missile is suitable, therefore, for combating low-flying air targets or helicopters that suddenly appear.

225

Figure 5. Illustration of the configuration options of R-27 missiles [8].

3) The projectile achieves a relatively high maximum velocity; therefore, in its nasal part, there are destabilizing surfaces to increase its manoeuvrability. The maximum overload of a R-27 missile in flight is 20 g, which allows you to control the manoeuvring target with an overload of up to 8 g. 4) The R-27 missile is difficult to disrupt. It results, among others, from the fact, that after take-off, it performs an inertial flight in accordance with the flight program introduced. If it is necessary to correct the track (e.g., due to the goal manoeuvres), it is carried out by radio. 5) In the final phase of the projectile flight, a semi-active radiolocation head automatically activates the bullet flight into the point of advance. 6) The attacked aircraft can fly 10 km above the launch pad and 6 km below the starting point, with the R-27 being able to combat targets against the background of the earth and the sea. The use of two R-27 missiles allows target firing with a probability of 0.6–0.75. 7) R-27 missiles have a modular structure (Fig. 5,6) enabling the use of replacement components and easy modernization of the structure, adapting it to current needs. 8) The adoption of R-27 missiles on the armament of the Polish Army enforces the creation of a logistics base and the gathering of necessary knowledge and control and measurement equipment, which could be more effectively used in the event of having more of these missiles. 9) The delivery of R-27 systems by the Polish-Ukrainian consortium suggests that, in the future, further cooperation on the development of this weapons system will be possible, including the innovative use of the missile as a ground-to-air missile.

226

IR head Active head Passive head

Figure 6. Basic missile modules - guiding heads [2].

INCREASE THE CAPABILITIES OF “PATRIOT SETS” WITH “WICHER” MISSILES

Increasing the capabilities of the PATRIOT PAC-3 sets according to the authors of the article will be possible assuming that the M901 container launchers (placed on the M-860 trailer - fig. 7.) will be supplemented with the integrated Polish-Ukrainian WICHER missile launcher in Poland (Fig. 8.). A critical condition for achieving the synergy of the result system (combining the advantages of having an effective AN / MPQ-65 radar with the possibility of using high-impact WICHER missiles) is that the American manufacturer Lockheed Martin will provide the Polish side with a communication interface that allows one to connect the two systems together. For the purpose of this study, in order to verify the correctness of the concept, a series of computer simulations were performed, the purpose of which was to verify the correctness of the following assumptions of such an effector: 1) The WICHER upgraded missile launcher is only used to cover the components of the PATRIOT battery or objects in its immediate vicinity. This assumption reduces the number of possible defense scenarios and the possible collision of both systems. 2) High manoeuvrability of the WICHER missile will be used for quick correction of the program's path immediately after take-off, which will be necessary due to the vertical placement of missiles in a container launcher (as opposed to PAC-3, which are placed directionally). This solution will allow the WICHER projectile to be shot at 360 degrees, without the need to target the launcher first. The non- moving launcher will greatly simplify its construction and increase the flexibility of combating targets from any direction.

227

Figure 7. The model of the WICHER rocket against the background of the M901 container launcher model placed on the PATRIOT M-860 semi-trailer.

WICHER missile (with a passive or active head) on the launchers "do not see" the purpose of the attack and their launchers do not generate any electromagnetic waves. The start of the warhead and the capture of the target take place on the final section of the flight path, which until then will be adjusted by radio from the launcher from which the take-off took place (TABLE II). The signal of the coincidence of the flight path (or self-liquidation) of the missile will be very difficult to disrupt, and this results from the following conditions: • The carrier signal is coded in frequency hopping—coded with a quasi-random one-off key (known only on board a missile and its' launcher). • The inclusion of flight correction signals will be realized with a certain delay, which results from the assumed zero course parameter of the target (battery attack PATRIOT PAC-3), and the potential opponent will have minimal time to react and counteract WICHER missiles. • It is assumed that the WICHER missile does not send any signals about its status on the entire flight section except in the moment just before the start of the warhead. 3) For one air objective, it will be possible to start with more than one missile launcher, e.g., from one launcher, a missile with a passive head can be fired and a semi-active projectile from the other. This will increase the attack's effectiveness during disturbances. Coordination of attacks will take place at the level of the AN/ MSQ-1045 AN / MSQ-104 Engagement Control Station (ECS) module.

228

Carrier chassis type JELCZ 662 D Vehicle cab 2 seats. no armor Chassis weight (load capacity) 14 t (11 t) The mass of the container assembly team 7,5 t The length of the vehicle with a complex launcher 9.5 m The length of the vehicle with a distributed launcher 11,0 m Starting method vertical Temperature range -30°C do +50°C The way of supplying the launcher unit on the load box The way of communicating with the system automatic fiber optic link superior or VHF Data Link Time to go to the battle state 1 min Number of missiles on the launcher 12 pc (4 x 3) Service of launch 2 soldiers Method of launching rockets Phlegmatized powder charge Start interval 5 s Number of antenna masts 1 pc

Figure 8. The “WICHER” modernized air-ground missile system, in addition to the “PATRIOT PAC-3” battery.

229 TABLE II. COMPARISON OF TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL PARAMETERS SELECTED MISSILE OF THE “PATRIOT” SET WITH THE DESIGNED “WICHER” MISSILE. Prepared on the basis of [6] PAC- 1 PAC- 2 PAC- 3 WICHER

Mark MIM-104A MIM-104C PAC- 3 WIC-1 land mobile system land mobile land mobile system land mobile system Type ground air system ground air ground air ground air 4 and guide on a 4 and guide 8 and guide 12 and guide Launcher mobile trailer on a mobile trailer on a mobile trailer on a truck The location of angular (sector angular (sector angular (sector vertical (firing any the launcher firing) firing) firing) direction) Raytheon WB Group, (Lockheed Lockheed Martin Manufacturer Raytheon ARTEM Kijów, Martin, Siemens, Vought Systems PGZ S.A. Mitsubishi) Status non produced produced produced developed Length 5.3 m 5.18 m 5.2 m 4.8 m Calibre 0.41 m 0.41 m 0.25 m 0.23 m Range 92 cm 92 cm 50 cm 97 cm Mass 914 kg 900 kg 312 kg 350 kg rocket 1-stage rocket for solid fuel rocket rocket 1-stage with a special Drive 1-stage 1-stage for solid rocket position control for solid fuel for solid rocket fuel fuel mechanism for manoeuvring in flight commanded by commanded by inertia / active inertia-command / Guiding TVM * + semi- TVM * + semi- (radar) / passive semi-active (radar) / method active (radar) in the active (radar) in (infrared) in the active (radar) / final phase the final phase final phase passive (infrared) hit-to-kill + HE 91 kg “lethality enhancer” HE 39 kg Warhead HE 90 kg fragmenting with fragmenting with a a proximity fuse 73 kg HE with a proximity fuse proximity fuse Max speed Mach 3 Mach 5 Mach 5 Mach 5 Max goal NA 24 km 10-15 km 20 km (10 km) height Min range NA 3 km -- 3 km Max range - 70 km 160 km 15 km 35 km "anti-air" Max range - - - 15-45 km - "anti-missile"

*TVM (Track-Via-Missile)—the missile sends to the ground station information about the radar signal reflected from in the target (sent from the ground radar), allowing the correction of control commands from the ground missile homing station.

230 The WICHER rocket will be equipped with an active radar homing head (ARGSN) for medium-range missiles and an inertial guidance system and data line (Fig. 9). Such a homing head is produced in cooperation with WB Electronics and provides detection and tracking of radar targets with EPR = 3m² (effective surface of reflection for radio waves, RCS—effective surface of rebound) at a distance of at least 15 km, which significantly increases the accuracy of rocket guidance, including for highly returnable purposes. In this case, the linear span of the target's target is no more than 30 m.

a) b)

c) Figure 9. View of heads: a) A3-10 (medium-range missile), b) MK-2200 (short-range missile) c) the active projectile homing head [2].

Figure 10. Graph of flight speed and flight altitude of the projectile from the WICHER family as a function of time [2].

231

CONCLUSIONS

Analyses presented in the article indicate that the use of WICHER missiles, which, thanks to Polish-Ukrainian cooperation, could be modified to the extent that they can be fired from the PATRIOT/PAC-3W system launchers, and they have the potential to increase the PATRIOT system's capabilities. The initiative of WB Electronics is an opportunity not only for companies concentrated in the WB group but also for many small and large enterprises and scientific institutions that could be involved in the process of rocket technology production and development in Poland.

Figure 11. Anticipated types of missiles resulting from Polish-Ukrainian cooperation [2].

The modern missile system is not only a rocket missile and its control, but also the technology of chemical production and precision mechanics. It also includes advanced systems of communication and fire control (Fig. 11), flight control and tracking, proximity sensors and igniters, and navigation systems. It is also a necessity to appoint and obtain competences necessary for, for example, servicing them, which is often overlooked when deciding to purchase a rocketing technique.

232 REFERENCES

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