LXXIIIe Session De La Société Internationale Fernand De Visscher Pour L’histoire Des Droits De L’antiquité 3-7 September 2019 Edinburgh, UK

ABSTRACTS RÉSUMÉS RIASUNTI RESÚMENES ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN INDEX OF AUTHORS G GARCIA LUDEÑA, MARIA INDEX DES AUTEURS TERESA 19 INDICE DEGLI AUTORI GIANNELLA, NICOLE 19 GIGLIO, FRANCESCO 20 ÍNDICE DE AUTORES GIRDVAINYTE, LINA 20 GOMEZ-BUENDIA, INDEX DER AUTOREN CARMEN 21 GÜNVEREN, GÜZIDE BURCU 21 A CHAMIE, JOSÉ FÉLIX 11 AINSLIE, JONATHAN 4 CHORUS, JEROEN M.J. 12 H AKIPEK ÖCAL, ŞEBNEM 4 COHEN, EDWARD E. 12 HAYASHI, TOMOYOSHI 21 ALONSO, JOSÉ LUIS 4 CORCORAN, SIMON 13 HEIRBAUT, DIRK 21 AMUNÁTEGUI PERELLÓ, CUNNINGHAM, GRAEME 13 HELD, HENRIK-RIKO 22 CARLOS 5 CUSMÀ PICCIONE, HERRMANN, ANDREAS 22 ARMGARDT, MATTHIAS 5 ALESSANDRO 14 HERZ, ZACHARY 23 ATZERI, LORENA 5 CZECH-JEZIERSKA, BOŻENA 14 HOOF, VINCENT VAN 23

B D I BABLITZ, LEANNE 5 DAALDER, ELSEMIEKE 14 IGIMI, MARIKO 23 BEHEIRI, NADJA EL 5 DE IULIIS, FEDERICA 15 ISOLA, LISA 24 BEMMER, JAQUELINE 6 DIECKMANN, SONJA 15 ISRAELOWICH, IDO 24 BENFERHAT, YASMINA 6 DIMOPOULOU, ATHINA 15 BERTOLDI, FEDERICA 6 DONATO, GIUSEPPE DI 16 J BESSON, ARNAUD 7 DONDORP, HARRY 16 JAKAB, EVA 24 BLANCH NOUGUÉS, JOSÉ MARÍA 7 DYJAKOWSKA, MARZENA 16 JÁNOS, ERDŐDY 24 BLICHARZ, GRZEGORZ JOŃCA, MACIEJ 25 JAN 7 E BOB, MIRCEA DAN 8 ERNST, WOLFGANG 17 K BOBBINK, RIAN 8 ESCUTIA, RAQUEL 17 KABAT-RUDNICKA, BÓNÉ, EMESE VON 8 DANUTA 25 BRAVO BOSCH, MARÍA F KACPRZAK, AGNIESZKA 25 JOSÉ 9 KANTOR, GEORGY 26 FERNÁNDEZ DE BUJÁN, FEDERICO 17 KARAMBELAS, DIMITRIS 26 C FINKENAUER, THOMAS 18 KARLOVIĆ, TOMISLAV 26 CANDY, PETER 9 FINO, MICHELE ANTONIO 18 KASAI, YASUNORI 26 CAMBRIA, CARLA 10 FORGO-FELDNER, BIRGIT 19 KAYAK, SEVGI 27 CARBONE, MARIATERESA 10 FORSTER, DORIS 19 KERR, WILLIAM 27 CARRASCO GARCÍA, FUENTESECA, KLAUSBERGER, PHILIPP 28 CONSUELO 10 MARGARITA 19 KOOPS, EGBERT 28 CASAS LEÓN, MARÍA ETELVINA DE LAS 11 KOWALCZYK, BEATA J. 28 CERNOCH, RADEK 11 KRAUSLER, NIKOLAUS 29 L R U LAMBRINI, PAOLA 29 RISTIKIVI, MERIKE 40 UCARYILMAZ, TALYA 51 LAZO, PATRICIO 30 RIZZI, MARIAGRAZIA 40 URBANIK, JAKUB 51 LERACZYK, IZABELA 30 RODRÍGUEZ DIEZ, JAVIER 41 LINARES, JOSÉ 30 ROSARIO GURIDI RIVANO, V ŁOCHOWSKI, PIOTR 31 MAR DEL 41 VALLEJO PÉREZ, GEMA 51 LOGINOV, ALEXANDR 31 RUELLE, ANNETTE 42 VIARO, SILVIA 52 LONGCHAMPS DE BÉRIER, FRANCISZEK 31 S W LORUSSO, ALBERTO 32 SALWAY, BENET 42 WALLINGA, TAMMO 52 LOSKA, ELŻBIETA 32 SAMPSON, JOE 42 WIEWIOROWSKI, JACEK 52 LUČIĆ, ZDRAVKO 32 SANSÓN RODRÍGUEZ, WINKEL, LAURENS 52 LUCREZI, FRANCESCO 45 MARÍA VICTORIA 42 SASAKI, TAKESHI 43 WOJTCZAK, MARZENA 53 SCARCELLA, AGATINA M STEFANIA 43 Y MAGALHÃES, DAVID 33 SCHEIBELREITER, PHILIPP 43 YOSHIMURA, TOMOYO 53 MATAIX FERRANDIZ, EMILIA 33 SCHIAVO, SILVIA 43 YOUNI, MARIA S. 53 MAUER, QUINTIJN 8 SCHIELE MANZOR, CAROLINA 44 MILANI, MATTIA 34 Z SIMELIUS, SAMULI 44 ZOLLSCHAN, LINDA 54 MILOTIĆ, IVAN 34 SIIMETS-GROSS, HESI 40 MUSSO, BENJAMÍN 35 SIMONETTI, CRISTINA 45 SORKA, KAMIL 45

N SOZA RIED, MARÍA NICZYPORUK, PIOTR 35 ÁNGELES 45 NOVÁK, MAREK 36 STAGL, JAKOB 46 NOVITSKAYA, ANNA 36 STANKOVIĆ, EMILIJA 46 NOWAK, MARIA 36 STLOUKALOVÁ, KAMILA 46 SUGAO, AKIRA 47 O ORIVE, ELENA QUINTANA 37 T ÖNCÜL, AYŞE 37 TANAKA, MINORU 47 TANEV, KONSTANTIN 47 P TANTALOS, MARIOS 48 PEINHOPF, MARLENE 37 TARWACKA, ANNA 48 PELAEZ, JULIO 37 TERRANOVA, FRANCESCA 48 PENNITZ, MARTIN 38 THOMAS, PHILIP 49 PERRY, DAVID 38 THÜR, GERHARD 49 PÉTER, ORSOLYA MÁRTA 39 TORT-MARTORELL, PLISECKA, ANNA 39 CARMEN 49 POLOJAC, MILENA 39 TRITREMMEL, DAVID 50 TSUNO, GUIDO 50 PUGSLEY, DAVID 40 TUCCILLO, FABIANA 50 TUORI, KAIUS 50 broader pattern of Diocletian legal- ways in which private ownership of res A economic policy, which sought to bind mancipi and res nec mancipi could be JONATHAN AINSLIE the smallholding coloni more closely to transferred. An owner could, by limiting University of Edinburgh |United the land they worked and prevent them his/her ownership, create other rights Kingdom moving between different estates in wich had the same character as real order to stabilise revenues. rights. In that way limited real rights began to evolve and develop. But they This paper will build on these insights were also limited in number, so the Commutative Justice under the by combining an analysis of rent principle of numerus clausus emerged. Tetrarchy: An Analysis of laesio remission and laesio enormis. It will enormis and Rent Remission argue that Diocletian legal-economic The same principle is still operative in policy developed a specific approach most civil-law systems including Turkish to issues of commutative justice, or law. However, a completely different Keywords: Diocletian, Tetrarchy, rent, justice in transacting. This emphasised approach is followed in respect of prices, economics a greater role for the imperial court as personal rights. As for the personal a source of moral authority, perhaps rights, contrary to this principle, there is anticipating the later ‘confessional’ state no limit in number or type. Many legal obligations in the Roman of the Justinian period (Sarris and Miller Personal rights are usually created by Empire were underpinned by economic 2018). However, this approach was contracts and in contracts personal transactions between one or more also deeply pragmatic: the harshness rights can only be enforced against parties. It was common for one of these individual economic transactions was the other party to the contract. In the parties to have less bargaining power ameliorated as far as necessary to law of contracts, the basic principle is than the others. Several petitions from achieve greater economic and fiscal that of contractual freedom. In other the Tetrarchy concern scenarios where stability. words, freedom of contract is based on a weaker party has found themselves in mutual agreement and the free choice economic distress in consequence of of the parties. Therefore, the parties their transaction with a stronger party. ŞEBNEM AKIPEK ÖCAL may conclude any type of contract they These include transactions where one ED University |Turkey want, and they may also create new party has fallen into arrears on their rent, types of contracts. Freedom of contract as well as where one party has been is recognized as a general principle of compelled to accept a significantly Real Rights and the Principle of the civil law by the European Court of higher price for a good or service than Numerus Clausus Compared to Justice. But this freedom has also some the market clearing rate. Personal Rights and the Freedom of limits. These limits are mostly imposed These petitions arrived at a time Contract: a Comparative Analysis by law. when the Empire was recovering from of Roman Law and Turkish Law In this paper, starting from Roman a period of economic and political times, the evaluation of real rights and disruption. During the dynastic crisis personal rights will be explained and which followed the death of Alexander Keywords: Real right, personal right, both concepts shall be compared Severus, trading links across the numerus clausus, freedom of contract, especially from the point of view of Mediterranean had been disrupted Turkish Law the principle of numerus clausus. The and Roman patterns of production situation in Turkish law regarding both and consumption fragmented. The rights shall also be introduced. structure of the imperial government One of the most important concepts had undergone significant changes, in law is that of ‘absolute rights’. with a much larger central imperial staff An absolute right is a right that can JOSÉ LUIS ALONSO and an increased willingness to attempt be asserted against and has to be interventions in economic transactions, respected by every person. There are Universität Zürich |Switzerland as demonstrated by the Diocletian price several types of absolute rights. An edict and currency decree. Even before absolute right may be against a person, the third century, long term trends in the like the personal right; or it may be Jurisdiction and the Law structure of the agrarian economy were against property, like real rights. In Civil affecting the law. Law, the real right refers to a right that is attached to a property, rather than Keywords: jurisdictional discretion, legal Analysis of Diocletian legal doctrines a person. Real rights include several norm, peregrine law from an economic perspective have different types, namely ownership, so far focused on the need to balance usufruct, mortgage, pledge, easement the interests of stronger and weaker of habitation and servitudes. In 1883, August Schultze famously landholders, with an emphasis posited that the jurisdictional discretion on ensuring that land remained in In Roman law, real rights, especially behind the rise of the ius honorarium productive use even where tenants have ownership, were always bee regarded inevitably entailed the abrogation of the fallen into arrears (Kehoe 2007). This as important concepts. Private old ius civile as law: in the heyday of reflected a broader desire to stabilise ownership, especially, played a central the formulary procedure ius civile was production after the disruption of the role in all periods of Roman law. In the no longer law; only the law imposed by earlier third century. It also fits into the early years there were two different

4 the magistrate for each concrete case Causation and Counterfactual Keywords: legal hearings, chalcidica, formally existed (Schultze, Privatrecht Reasoning in Roman Law and Eumachia, Pompeii, archive of Sulpicii und Process in ihrer Wechselbeziehung, Modern Jurisprudence Freiburg i. B. 1883, 384). Within the archives of the Sulpicii More than a hundred years later, Hans Keywords: causation, Roman law, family (first century C.E.) we find Julius Wolff came to a similar conclusion jurisprudence record of both legal activities and regarding Roman Egypt. The fall of the sales of slaves taking place at the Ptolemies created a legal vacuum: chalcidica. Three different chalcidica all existing law ceased to be such, The counterfactual approach of are attested as being located in Puteoli: because it was no longer binding for the causation is under attack in modern the Hordonianum, the Octavianum, Roman administration; and even though legal theory. In the first part of my talk and the Caesonianum. Like her the local legal traditions survived thanks I will go back to classical Roman law neighbours in Puteoli, Eumachia also to Roman tolerance, they were not to show how important and fruitful built a chalcidicum in her community of binding and therefore not law, as their counterfactual reasoning was in Pompeii. This structure, together with occasional rejection confirms. (Wolff, antiquity. In the second part of my talk a crypt and a portico, are mentioned Das Recht der griechischen Papyri I will show (against Michael S. Moore, in the dedicatory inscriptions for her Ägyptens I, München 2002, 115-116). Causation and Responsibility, 2009, complex. Unfortunately, the physical The extreme theories of Schulze and p. 412) that the counterfactual account shape of a chalcidicum is unknown. Wolff are a reminder of the aporiae of causation is able to deal with the Scholars have struggled to piece that result from projecting a strictly problems of overdetermination if we together the very fragmentary evidence normative understanding of the law introduce the concept of ‘normative for over a century. In her 2005 back into Antiquity. Any attempt to ideal worlds’ (based on the possible JRA article examining the material grasp how the law actually operated worlds semantics invented by Leibniz). evidence for the locations at which in the Roman world needs to start Thus, the great intuition of the Roman slaves were sold, Elizabeth Fentress by considering how the jurisdiction jurists concerning counterfactual identified two raised recesses within operated: a project where much can still reasoning can be made use of in the portico, on the front of Eumachia’s be gained from a joint study of the legal modern legal theory in a fruitful way. building, as chalcidica. I think she and the papyrological sources. is correct. In this presentation, I will provide further evidence to support LORENA ATZERI her identification of these spaces. The CARLOS AMUNÁTEGUI location and form of these recesses, Università degli Studi di Milano PERELLÓ parallel other spaces at which we |Italy Pontificia Universidad Católica de know legal activities took place. This Chile |Chile paper confirms new locations for legal hearings within the Forum of Pompeii A Byzantine Legal Text and Its and further strengthens the link between Editors Andrés Bello’s Civil Code and Its the Augustan building program and System of Sources Eumachia’s complex. Keywords: Roman law, Byzantine legal sources, humanist editing, early modern NADJA EL BEHEIRI Keywords: Andrés Bello, Civil Code, scholarship, texts and their transmission legal sources, tradition Katholische Universität Péter Pázmány |Hungary The present paper will focus on the Andrés Bello’s Civil Code is one of editing process of a late Byzantine legal the most influential legal works of the source from the 16th to the 18th century Ein entlaufener Bär zwischen American 19th century. It is still in and its consequences for the modern Natur und Institution force in five Latin American countries text. and its continental influence goes well beyond these five nations. Recently, a Keywords: actio de pauperie, new edition including its source system Gefährdungshaftung, Tierschaden, has been published by us. This work Natur, Eigentum underlines the fundamental continuity B of Roman legal texts, through modern LEANNE BABLITZ understanding and the role of tradition Im Einleitungssatz zu Digesten 9.1.1.10 in the configuration of modern legal University of British Columbia verneint Ulpian zunächst grundsätzlich |Canada systems. die Anwendung der actio de pauperie auf wilde Tiere. Der Jurist führt das Beispiel eines Bären an, der seinem MATTHIAS ARMGARDT Legal Hearings in the Forum of Eigentümer entwichen ist und Schaden Pompeii University of Konstanz |Germany angerichtet hat. Den Ausschluss der Haftung begründet Ulpian damit,

5 dass das Eigentum mit dem Entlaufen Keywords: Roman law in Late Antiquity, c’est le plus souvent lié à des questions des Tieres erloschen ist. Moderne poena, Theodosian Code, Patristics, d’argent: l’argent que doivent rapporter Autoren haben auf den Widerspruch punishment ses écrits à un auteur, l’argent que ses (Polojac), bzw. den, gedanklichen écrits rapportent à son éditeur avec en Fehler (Wacke) hingewiesen, der corollaire la question de l’exclusivité zwischen den beiden Sätzen des This paper explores the semantic d’une part, la question de la copie Fragments zu bestehen scheint. Der colourings, (inter-)textual embedding, d’autre part. grundsätzliche Haftungsausschluss and contexts in which the term poena A Rome aussi, on pouvait gagner de im ersten Satz macht das Argument occurs in Roman legal sources of late l’argent avec ses écrits: le premier über den Eigentumsverlust überflüssig. Antiquity. It examines its conceptual cas est le plus simple avec un auteur Im Schrifttum ist das Schwergewicht evolution within the purview of de pièces de théâtre. Le second cas allgemein auf die Qualifizierung criminal law, including domestic and est un peu moins simple : si un poète des Bären im Hinblick auf die actio ecclesiastical penal practices as well remportait un concours de poésie avec de pauperie gelegt worden. Diese as extra-judicial dispute settlement prix offert par l’empereur, il était bien Fragestellung wird auch von Ulpian D. embracing the characteristic multi- payé pour ses oeuvres. Le poète Martial 9.1.1.2 angesprochen,wo es heißt, dass normativity of the period. I seek to a reçu des récompenses de l’empereur die Klage alle vierfüßige Tiere betrifft discern the historic progression of Domitien, mais il semble que cela n’ait und von D. 9.1.4, in der Paulus eine the term and its representations as pas été le cas le plus fréquent: pour action utilis für jene Fälle vorsieht, in synchronic actualisations of punishment bon nombre d’auteurs le but poursuivi denen ein Schaden durch ein anderes and atonement, and examine to which était d’assurer sa propagande, ou als ein vierfüßiges Tier entstanden extent penal strategy, philosophy of de faire plaisir à des amis, ou encore ist. Im Bereich der Sekundärliteratur pain and soteriology came to bear on (et peut-être surtout) de s’assurer la finden sich sowohl Autoren, die die its development and apperception. I gloire synonyme d’immortalité, mais Anwendbarkeit der actio de pauperie focus primarily on a selection of texts pas de gagner sa vie. Ces auteurs ne auf wilde Tiere bejahen als auch from the Theodosian Code and the percevaient pas d’argent, quand des solche, die eine Gewährung der Klage writings of early Christian authors whose copies de leurs écrits étaient diffusées verneinen. Symptomatisch für den textual meaning I analyse through par un libraire, ou par une relation. Quid Meinungsstand ist die Tatsache, dass the theory of corpus linguistics. The du droit de la propriété intellectuelle Max Kaser in der ersten Auflage seines resulting methodology used for the dans ces conditions? Handbuches die Anwendung auf wilde study of historical legal texts allows me Tiere bejaht, sich aber in der zweiten to scrutinise changes in register and Nous nous proposons d’étudier la Ausgabe nicht mehr festlegen will. Bei provides empirical data for potential notion de paternité d’une oeuvre dans Ulpian selbst finden sich noch zwei concurrent dichotomies as well as la Rome antique de la République et du weitere Stellen, die im Hinblick auf die for the diachronic progression of key Haut-Empire, en examinant tout d’abord actio de pauperie ausdrücklich von concepts signified by the term poena. les cas avérés de rétribution de la wilden Tieren sprechen (D 9.1.1.6 und production d’une oeuvre littéraire. Puis D. 9.1.1.7). Letztere der beiden Stellen nous nous intéresserons à ces auteurs sagt, dass die Klage ganz allgemein YASMINA BENFERHAT qui n’ont pas écrit pour être rétribués, (generaliter) Anwendung findet, wenn University of Lorraine |France et qui ont un rapport à la notion de ein Tier entgegen seiner gezähmten paternité d’une oeuvre plus complexe, (wilden) Natur einen Schaden anrichtet. en prenant l’exemple de Pline le Jeune. Die Problematik der Stelle ergibt L’apparition de la notion de Mais le plus intéressant pour nos sich zum einen aus der rechtlichen paternité de l’oeuvre littéraire: recherches est sans doute Martial, et Qualifikation von Tieren und deren L’exemple de la Rome antique nous finirons avec lui. natürlichen Eigenschaften. Grundlegend für die Beurteilung der Stelle ist aber auch das Verständnis von Eigentum FEDERICA BERTOLDI Keywords: Pliny the Younger, intellectual seitens der römischen Juristen. Die property, money, glory, Martial Università Roma Tre |Italy Perspektive des vorliegenden Beitrags ergibt sich aus der Verknüpfung der beiden Aspekte. Quelle aurait été la réaction d’un Romain From the Lex curiata de imperio to si on lui avait parlé de la paternité d’une the Lex (regia) de imperio JAQUELINE BEMMER oeuvre littéraire? Dans une Rome où, par exemple, circulaient plus de cent University of Vienna |Austria pièces attribuées à Plaute avant que Keywords: Lex curiata de imperio, l’érudit Varron ne fasse un tri pour en Principate, Lex regia de imperio garder finalement une vingtaine, parions The Conceptual Evolution of qu’il aurait été étonné. Ce qui complique ‘poena’: Multinormative Penal particulièrement les choses pour nous The majority opinion states that the Attitudes and Practices in Late au 21esiècle, c’est qu’on n’écrivait pas Principate of Augustus was based Antiquity forcément pour s’assurer des revenus on the auctoritas of the princeps and dans la Rome antique. Or, quand on that this new constitutional form was s’intéresse aujourd’hui au droit d’auteur only institutionalized by the reign of

6 Vespasian. The analysis of the sources Keywords: usufruct, civitates, discovered the escheat. It is quite a shows, instead, how the investiture municipes, praescriptio centum remarkable way of solving the position of individual emperors required the of estate without heirs when compared enactment of a single lex and how to other modern legal orders. It seems, this process was repeated for every This paper concerns the legacy of a however, that quite a similar solution emperor deemed legitimate by the usufruct in favour of civitates in Roman when compared to Roman law, yet senate and the people. In conclusion, law. This issue was discussed by the not the same one. Emperor Augustus the presence of the lex de imperio from classical jurists since usufruct originated applied the legal concept of caducum the Royal period to the Justinianic era, as a limited right extinguished by the (escheat) as a way to increase the regardless of its force and legislative death of its holder. Justinian’s compilers treasury’s revenue. Publius Cornelius effectiveness, constitutes a constant in certainly amended various fragments Tacitus wrote in his ‘Annales’ that there Roman constitutional history. of the Digest (D. 71,56; D. 33,2,28) were appointed officers —custodes , establishing a limit of 100 years. The who were responsible for taking over communication also deals with the estates without claimants and thereby ARNAUD BESSON temporal limitation on the usufruct in estimating their value. Later a system Yale University |United States of favour of legal persons in European and of so-called informers — delatores was America Latin Amercian civil codes. created. Those who informed the state of caducum received half of the value of the reported property in gratitude. This GRZEGORZ JAN BLICHARZ allowed for a decrease in administrative Égyptiens après 212: statut juridique ou dénomination Jagiellonian University in Krakow costs of enforcing escheats and culturelle? |Poland probably enhanced the effectiveness of the regulation at the same time. Delatores who simply denounced others whipped up particular opposition in Keywords: statut personnel, citoyenneté, Roman Nicety in Canadian society. The solution now applied in Constitutio Antoniniana, Égypte, Inheritance Law: Beyond the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova papyrology Spacetime? Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, British Columbia and Saskatchewan urges us to ask how much flavour of Le statut des Égyptiens après l’octroi Keywords: escheat, caducum, Roman rationality it contains: either one universel de la citoyenneté romaine delatores, estimating value of estate, of regulating caducum and delatores, or en 212 constitue un problème estate without heirs one of treasure trove. historiographique ancien. Theodor Mommsen pensait que puisque ceux-ci This, in turn, immediately evokes ne jouissaient d’aucune citoyenneté As Roman law held a special place in Roman law and a question about its avant 212, ils n’avaient pas pu bénéficier the ancient world, it seems reasonable cognitive power very often hidden from de l’octroi universel de la citoyenneté to ask whether it is still significant the eyes of modern legal doctrine. romaine. En outre, le P. Giss. I 40 and meaningful to the modern world. What is the basis of comparison of qui porte le texte de la Constitutio A particular regulation of Canadian such particular and narrowly tailored Antoniniana renferme également inheritance law proves how much solutions? Does Roman law prove its l’extrait d’un autre édit de Caracalla, Roman law was based on common unique rationality among other ancient lequel exige l’expulsion des ‘Égyptien’ sense and an awareness of human legal orders not only in large things, but d’Alexandrie vraisemblablement en 216. nature. It would be difficult to believe also in little things? What does it mean Comment interpréter la désignation that the legislators in the Canadian for legal science that we can trace d’Égyptien qui apparaît également provinces were inspired by the ancient similar solutions, yet disconnected in dans une autre inscription tardive (SEG Roman concept. Since February 7, 2015 space and time: used in antiquity and IX 356) après l’universalisation de la there has been new law on escheat in nowadays? citoyenneté romaine? S’agit-il d’un force in New Brunswick. It repeats the statut juridique ou d’une dénomination foregoing regulation from 1973 and purement culturelle? Ces conclusions grants the Crown the right to dispose peuvent-elles être étendues à d’autres of an escheated estate as it deems groupes d’individus? proper. Interestingly enough, the statute directly allows the state to transfer the estate as a reward to a person who JOSÉ MARÍA BLANCH discovered that it is escheated in favour NOUGUÉS of the state (discovery of the escheat). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid By doing this it extends the typical |Spain right of the state to grant escheat to a person with a justified interest or a moral claim to inheritance. On behalf Sobre el límite temporal del of the state the Lieutenant-Governor usufructo en favor de las civitates in Council decides what portion of an en derecho romano estate should be granted to person who 7 MIRCEA DAN BOB Antichresis: A Comparative Study familiar legal concept in Rome before of Classical Roman Law and the this time, although Roman legal sources University of Cluj-Napoca | from the first century AD and earlier are Romania Contractual praxis from Roman Egypt limited. Antichresis is then again absent in Roman legal writings from the fourth and fifth century, only to re-appear in La laesio enormis, le code civil Keywords: Antichresis, Roman and the sixth century through Justinian’s autrichien de 1811 et une affaire de Corpus Iuris Civilis and Novellae. famille Hellenistic law, juristic papyrology, possessory pledge, fruits, protection of Still, antichresis from Roman Egyptian debtor or creditor Laesio enormis, the Austrian civil and from Roman legal writings shared code of 1811 and a family business a lot of common features. They could be established in the same forms: as an In our paper we study the right of independent legal concept or combined Keywords: laesio enormis, Austrian Civil antichresis in the antique Mediterranean with the right of pledge. Furthermore, Code, Roman law world. We explore the interplay between antichresis from Roman Egypt and papyrological sources on antichresis Roman antichresis were created on from Roman Egypt written in Greek the same type of objects, which were En feuilletant parmis des actes and classical Roman legal writings. slaves, estates and limited real rights appartenants à mon arrière-grand- Moreover, we examine the embedding thereon. These objects were more or pere, j’ai découvert des contrats de of the legal concept of antichresis in less readily accessible in both areas vente, conclus il y a presqu’un siècle. the broader legal continuum of the researched, although slaves were more Ils contiennent de manière constante Mediterranean world. available in Rome than in Roman Egypt. une clause faisant référence à l’art. The papyrological sources consist of What is more, antichresis could fulfill the 934 ABGB sur la laesio enormis. contracts, drafted on papyri in Greek. same two economic functions in Rome Ma présentation se penchera sur The classical Roman material consists and Roman Egypt: interest antichresis l’application de ce texte dans la of fragments from the Corpus Iuris and amortization antichresis. What Transylvanie roumaine, en faisant le Civilis, which were mainly dispute do these differences and similarities rapport avec ses origines romaines: resolutions. Thus, the studied source say about the law regarding this legal la solution romaine, comment a-t-elle materials show different phases of the concept and its place in the antique été reçue par le code civil autrichien? interaction between contracting parties. Mediterranean world? Our study quel a été l’étendue de son application One of the finds from this research is points out that antichresis was a pan- pratique? est-ce qu’on peux parler that a substantive difference between Mediterranean legal concept. We d’une réception fidèle? antichresis in the Ptolemaic and could not establish a mutual influence Roman Egyptian contracting praxis of sources from the Hellenised Roman and antichresis in Roman dispute East and Roman sources from the Italic Whilst searching through family papers, resolutions existed. In classical Roman peninsula. However, a common origin I discovered some sale contracts law, protection of the debtor was of Roman and Egyptian antichresis is concluded a hundred years ago by emphasized, whereas in the Greek plausible. one of my ancestors. Their clauses papyrological contracts the position of were constantly referring to the §934 the creditor was favoured. This could be ABGB’s provisions on laesio enormis. explained by differences in the socio- EMESE VON BÓNÉ It is the aim of my paper to give an economic context of both sources. In account on the application of this text Erasmus University Rotterdam Roman Egypt creditors seem scarcer, in the Romanian historical province (ESL)|Netherlands which would make obtaining credit of Transylvania, by comparing it to its harder, leading to contracts, which show Roman origins: How was the Roman a great emphasis on the protection of law solution received in the ABGB? Marital Power from Roman Times creditors. How these contracts were What was the extent of its application in up to the French and Dutch Civil judged, if contracting parties would practice? Did it successfully stay true to Code Illustrated in Mozart’s Opera resolve to a form of dispute resolution, its original sense? ‘La Nozze di Figaro’ remains largely unknown. Furthermore, there are differences in the availability of sources. The Keywords: marital power, Roman law, French law, Dutch law, opera RIAN BOBBINK papyrological sources show a remarkable continuity. Contracts of Radboud University, Nijmegen antichretic loans are continually attested |Netherlands between the third century BC up until A musical illustration of a marriage in the 18th century is Mozart’s opera ‘Lá and QUINTIJN MAUER the Arab conquest. On the other hand, the presence of antichresis in Roman Nozze di Figaro’ where Count Almaviva Leiden University |Netherlands legal sources shows no such continuity. gave grateful Figaro a job as head of The legal concept was only mentioned his servant-staff, and is now persistently for the first time in the third century trying to exercise his ‘droit de seigneur’ AD. It is unlikely that antichresis was a – his right to bed a servant girl on her

8 wedding night – with Figaro’s bride-to- on tradition. Only in 1957 did women be! in the Netherlands become legally C independent of their husbands with the PETER CANDY In Roman times the pater familias had Lex van Oven. marital power. In Roman sources we University of Edinburgh |United find the termmanus which means the Kingdom marital power which the husband had MARÍA JOSÉ BRAVO BOSCH on his wife. The wife in manu depended on the authority of her husband. By University of Vigo|Spain Law, Rhetoric, and Saufeius’ Ship: establishing manu the bride went over The Use of chiasmus in D.19.2.31 from her family to the family of her (Alf. 5 dig. a Paulo epit.) husband. When a woman went over to The Empress Theodora and Legal the family of her husband in manu she Reform of Justinian lost her legal position of being sui iuris. Keywords: Roman law, Republican She lost her jurisdiction and could not juristic literature, responsa, rhetoric have property rights. Keywords: Theodora, Justiniano, Mujeres, Legislación, Prostitución In Robert Joseph Pothier’s Traité de In this paper I examine the relationship la puissance du mari sur la personne between rhetorical style and legal et les biens de la femme the husband The Empress Theodora influenced reasoning in Roman juristic thought is again chef du mariage and has the legislation of Justinian lelating against the backdrop of a well-known authority over his wife: Le mariage, en to women. While there is no reliable juristic text: D.19.2.31 (Alf. 5 dig. a formant une société entre le mari et la evidence about the extent to which the Paulo epit.). This text – which has femme, dont le mari est le chef, donne emperor consulted with his wife on this become something of a cause célèbre au mari, en la qualité qu’il a de chef de issue, the sources at our disposal clarify among Roman legal scholars – has a cette société, un droit de puissance sur Theodora’s position and Justinian’s complex authorial history that starts la personne de la femme, qui s’étend clear intention to legislate in favour of with its origins in the late Republic and aussi sur ses biens. the legal status of women of his time. moves through its epitomisation by In Pothier’s Traité du contrat de mariage Paul and (potential) interpolation by the In the same way, modern scholarly we read: Le Code civil ne considère le Justinianic compilers. To compound opinion, almost unanimously, is firmly mariage que sous les rapports civils. Le the issue of its interpretation, the committed to a clear role for Theodora projet de Code définissait le mariage: responsum at the heart of the text is in the Emperor’s legislation concerning un contrat dont la durée est dans provided in answer to a question about women. l’intention des époux, celle de la vie de an otherwise unattested actio (or form l’un d’eux ce contrat peut néanmoins Our objective will be to determine of conduct), and proceeds through être résolu avant la mort de l’un des precisely what power and influence an apparently difficult course of legal époux dans les cas et pour les causes Theodora had on this legislation of reasoning. déterminées par la loi. In France, it was Justinian. The argument that I shall present in considered very important to uphold La emperatriz Teodora influyó en la this paper is that the responsum at marriage. legislación de Justiniano, en lo que the heart of the text has a chiastic In the Netherlands, the subordinated se refiere a las disposiciones con structure typical of that found in other position of women was described by respecto a las mujeres. Si bien es cierto literary sources from the same period. one of the first female lawyers, Betsy que no consta de forma fehaciente The observation that the response is Bakker-Nort (1874-1946), who wrote a por parte del emperador que hubiese framed using this technique marks the doctoral thesis on the legal position of realizado consultas sobre ese tema section out as authentically republican the married woman. Her dissertation con su esposa, las fuentes a nuestra and helps to disentangle the authorial is a comparative study of the position disposición clarifican la posición de difficulties described above. Further, of the married woman in Germany, Teodora y la intención de legislar a favor the recognition that Servius or Alfenus Switzerland, England, France, and the de la situación jurídica de las mujeres couched their legal reasoning within a Netherlands. Her conclusion was that of de su época. rhetorical style also sheds light on the all the European countries analyzed, the relationship between juristic literature Del mismo modo, la doctrina, casi de Netherlands had the most unfavourable and its wider cultural context during the forma unánime, apuesta decididamente marriage legislation. She also wrote late Republic. Altogether, it is submitted por un protagonismo claro de a paper on marriage legislation, Les that this text cannot be fully understood Teodora en la legislación femenina del Femmes contre le Code Napoléon. In without sensitivity to both its legal and Emperador. the Dutch Civil Code of 1838 we find in literary contexts and demonstrates art. 161 almost a literal translation of art. Nuestro objetivo será reivindicar the ways in which Roman lawyers and 213 of the French Civil Code according precisamente el poder y la influencia specialists in Roman literature can profit to which a woman has to obey her de Teodora en el feminism jurídico de from one another’s work. husband. In 1930, Betsy Bakker-Nort Justiniano. published a reform bill. She concluded that the resistance against abolition of the marital authority was based

9 CARLA CAMBRIA la lex Oppia presenta delle peculiarità contenuto del patto concluso tra le parti che la diversificano dalle altre leggi nelle singole fattispecie descritte dalle Università degli Studi di Messina suntuarie: è l’unica che si rivolge fonti richiamate. |Italy esclusivamente alle donne e riguarda abbigliamento femminile e gioielli, mentre tutte le altre pongono limitazioni CONSUELO CARRASCO Diritto e società: la legislazione ai banchetti; è l’unica ad essere stata GARCÍA suntuaria del III e II sec. a. C. abrogata venti anni dopo nel 195 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid a. C. dopo un acceso dibattito che |Spain divise l’opinione pubblica; inoltre la lex Keywords: Sumptus, legislazione, Oppia è l’unica che non compare nelle Oppia, donne, tributus elencazioni delle leges sumptuariae ‘Res communes omnium’, di Aulo Gellio e di Macrobio. La lex ‘commons’: Palingenesia de una Oppia -a mio avviso- ha imposto alle Già le XII tavole (Tab 10.2) contenevano categoría jurídica romana? donne sui iuris di tributare all’erario il norme repressive del lusso nei loro oro eccedente e rappresenta un funerali, ma è tra il III e il II sec. a. escamotage pensato per sottoporre a C. che si assiste per la prima volta Keywords: res communes omnium, tassazione I cospicui patrimoni femminili al ricorso allo strumento legislativo commons, dominio público, recursos senza formalmente imporre un tributus per regolamentare il lusso, una naturales, new commons che avrebbe legittimato le donne a materia fino a quel momento riservata chiedere maggiore partecipazione all’intervento censorio. Non è un caso alla vita pubblica, introdotto dopo la che il problema si sia posto alla fine Cuestionada por romanistas como battaglia di Canne in un momento in della seconda guerra punica e ben Mommsen (1889), la categoría de las cui la res publica attraversava una si inquadra nella serie di iniziative res communes omnium ha sido utilizada grave crisi economica. Venti anni portate avanti dalla oligarchia per a lo largo de la historia para los más dopo, cassata l’emergenza del 215 a. salvaguardare il suo potere e le basi diversos fines. Formulada por vez C. dovuta alla guerra punica, la legge stesse della società romana. L’evidente primera por Marciano (D. 1,8,2 pr.;1) infatti venne abrogata. interesse dei gruppi egemoni al tema -aunque en realidad antes otros juristas del sumptus e la circostanza che la ya se pronunciasen respecto del mar, el legislazione suntuaria diverrà dopo il MARIATERESA CARBONE litoral, o el aire como “communem usum II sec. a. C. un elemento permanente omnibus hominibus” (Celso D. 43,8,3,1)- dell’attività politica di tutte le grandi Università degli studi Magna Graecia ha servido: desde para legitimar la personalità, testimoniano l’importanza di Catanzaro|Italy independencia de una ciudad como dell’argomento al fine di una valutazione Venecia, cuando se disputaban su complessiva della società del tempo. dominio el imperio y el papado en Appare opportuno analizzare le leggi Il rescritto dei Severi a Gemina: la Edad Media (Baldo de Ubaldis); sul sumptus del periodo, sulla base una risposta apparentemente hasta para la defensa, por parte de delle fonti in nostro possesso, al fine dissonante: Cordiali saluti los juristas holandeses, de la libertad di individuarne il contenuto: La lex de los mares para la navegación y Metilia de fullonibus del 217 dettava el comercio frente a las pretensiones restrizioni all’arte tintoria vietando il Keywords: Aestimatio dotis, partus exclusivistas de España y Portugal, así ricorso a tecniche eccessivamente ancillarum, restituzione della dote, patti, como frente a Gran Bretaña en materia costose. La lex Oppia del 215 si incrementi dotali de pesca, en la Edad Moderna (Hugo rivolgeva esclusivamente alle donne e Grocio). En la década de los 90 del riguardava l’abbigliamento femminile siglo XX en España, a la categoría de e l’uso di gioielli. La legge vietava alle Un rescritto risalente al 197 d.C. res communes omnium se recurrió, donne di possedere più di mezza oncia (C.5.18.1) sancisce una disciplina también, por parte de la doctrina del di oro, di indossare vestiti multicolori diversa rispetto a quanto di regola derecho administrativo para calificar e di andare in carrozza all’interno di disposto riguardo all’attribuzione recursos naturales como la atmósfera, Roma ad eccezione che nelle ricorrenze definitiva al marito dei partus ancillarum la flora, o la fauna, en la inteligencia di festività religiose pubbliche. La dotalium in caso di aestimatio (Fr. de que la obligación de los poderes lex Orchia de coenis del 182 -181 a. Vat.114; D.23.3.18; D.24.3.66.3; públicos de velar por su utilización C. limitava il numero degli invitati ai C.5.13.1.9a). Gli imperatori rispondendo racional (art. 45 CE) no debía llevar banchetti. La lex Fannia cibaria del 161 a Gemina, infatti, stabilirono che, implícita la consideración de los mismos a.C. dettava regole limitatrici del lusso nonostante l’aestimatio dotis, le schiave como ‘dominio público’ (en la acepción nei banchetti imponendo un solenne con i loro nati, sciolto il matrimonio, ‘patrimonialista’ -no ‘mero título de giuramento da fare davanti ai magistrati. si sarebbero dovute restituire alla intervención’- que en el ordenamiento La lex Didia del 143 a. C. estendeva moglie. Si tratta di contrasto effettivo jurídico español éste ha tenido desde el a tutto il territorio italico le prescrizioni o è solo apparente antinomia tra i siglo XIX), pues de estos bienes no se della lex Fannia. La lex Licinia di data testi? Una possibile soluzione della puede predicar las características de incerta (forse del 131 a.C.) ampliava il questione appena prospettata potrebbe inembargabilidad, imprescriptibilidad, contenuto della lex Fannia. Tra queste intravedersi ove si rifletta sia sull’oggetto inalienabilidad (art. 132.1 CE). El mismo della stima sia, soprattutto, sul diverso argumento ha servido a algunos para

10 criticar la calificación legal del ‘espacio partes al obligarse a una determinada The Importance of Having an Heir radioeléctrico’ como ‘dominio público’ prestación. optando, de nuevo, por hablar de res El principio ‘pacta sunt servanda’ está communes omnium. La cuestión no Keywords: autonomy of will, position of a su vez vinculado a la buena fe de las es relevante solo desde el punto de heir, religious duties (sacra), testator, partes e implica, por parte de éstas, el vista dogmático; por el contrario, tiene universal succession cumplimiento efectivo de lo acordado importantes consecuencias prácticas siguiendo una actitud honrada y leal (así, en el ámbito fiscal cuando entre ellas. De ahí que se considere que de tributación por contaminación The appointment of an heir is the key a los contratantes los une un vínculo medioambiental se trata, o en el ámbito provision in Roman testaments. It sagrado e inalterable. Sin embargo, administrativo cuando se persigue reflects the importance of having an heir el Derecho como institución jurídica, determinar el título habilitante para un from the point of view of the Romans. es susceptible de evolución, de forma aprovechamiento especial de estos As the heir was the universal successor que se adapta a los nuevos cambios o recursos). Ante la ineficiencia del of the deceased, he replaced him in realidades sociales que van surgiendo estado para la gestión y preservación all relations apart from those purely a lo largo de la evolución histórica. La de estos bienes que se definen en personal. Thus, he received not only flexibilidad es un rasgo esencial de la negativo: ‘de su uso no se puede excluir the rights related to the property (both experiencia jurídica, tal y como señala a nadie’, surge la idea de los commons: assets and debts), but he also had the Aristóteles con su metáfora de que bienes comunes en cuanto al uso, pero duty to execute private religious acts ‘lo justo, natural, como la regla de los también en cuanto a la gestión, que (sacra privata). From today’s point of arquitectos de Lesbos, se adapta a las pueden estar sujetos a distintas formas view, it is mainly (or exclusively) the rugosidades de la piedra’. de propiedad; bienes necesarios para heir, for whom is this position important. la existencia, crecimiento y mejora de La cláusula ‘rebus sic stantibus’ However, within the frame of Roman law, la comunidad, y en cuya gestión la (‘estando así las cosas’, o ‘conservando there were many more people, for whom comunidad también ha de participar la situación de las cosas) comporta una the existence of heir was essential. (implica más confianza en la sociedad y de estas adaptaciones o cambios a los First, the deceased’s concern – the menos en el estado). Entre estos están que se ha visto empujado el Derecho. perpetuation of a family and its name los recursos naturales (la categoría se La cláusula conlleva que se cumplirá (and the execution of sacra privata) was amplía incluyendo hasta los cuerpos lo acordado entre las partes siempre possible only when having the heir – celestes, entre muchos otros), pero y cuando no varíen las circunstancias dying intestate would be a shame. The también ‘new commons’ como internet de hecho bajo las cuales se negoció importance of of the heir is obvious, o, en general, el conocimiento. el contrato. Pero sus repercusiones en provided the estate is not insolvent. Establecer un cierto paralelismo entre materia de obligaciones y contratos Another group consists of the creditors el fenómeno ocurrido en el mundo no pueden poner en peligro el of the deceased because the heir will romano y la actualidad -aunque pueda principio de seguridad jurídica entre pay the debts of the deceased. Finally, responder a distintos fines-, pasa por las partes contratantes. Por un lado, the existence of an heir was important un studio pormenorizado del trato que nos encontramos con el principio de for legatees as they could obtain la jurisprudencia romana dio a bienes autonomía de voluntad de las partes y legacies only after the acceptance of como el mar y el litoral; en menor el principio ‘pacta sunt servanda’; pero the inheritance by the heir (dies cedens medida, el aire y el agua corriente. realmente en la práctica, pueden existir & dies veniens). causas sobrevenidas y extraordinarias que impidan el cumplimiento de lo MARÍA ETELVINA DE LAS acordado en el contrato. JOSÉ FÉLIX CHAMIE CASAS LEÓN Esta situación no es nueva: si bien Universidad Externado de Colombia Universidad de La Laguna |Spain existe algún atisbo de la misma en |Colombia las fuentes romanas, sin embargo, fue la escuela de los posglosadores La ‘Cláusula Rebus sic Stantibus’ quienes dieron forma a la cláusula y Il diritto ed il suo posto nel mondo como Excepción al Principio ‘Pacta comenzaron a aplicarlas en el ámbito antico: a proposito di ius, fas, lex, e sunt Servanda’ del Derecho privado. Esta excepción iuris prudentes descansa también en el principio de buena fe contractual que pretende Keywords: obligación, pacta sunt impedir que un contrato se transforme Keywords: ius, iurisprudentia, fonti servanda, rebus sic stantibus, buena fe en fuente de lucro para uno de los del diritto, iuris prudentes, storia del contratantes frente a una pérdida diritto, diritto romano, giuristi, tradizione desmesurada para la otra. giuridica El principio ‘pacta sunt servanda’ es intrínseco a las obligaciones. La propia obligación, por su etimología, RADEK CERNOCH La storia del diritto romano ci insegna implica ‘sujeción física’, ‘ligadura’ y Masaryk University, Brno |Czech come nelle origini il diritto (ius) e la este lazo de unión viene dado por los Republic religione (fas) non appaiono opposte; propios acuerdos que han asumido las e la giurisprudenza (iurisprudentia)

11 ha conservato nella sua definizione Keywords: decretum principis, restitutio The Role of Roman Law in Roman il riferimento al ruolo della scienza in integrum, Emperor Septimius Commerce: Reconciling Slaves’ non solo del giusto e del ingiusto Severus, the Jurist Paul, Dig. 4.4.38 pr. Business Importance and Slaves’ (ragion d’essere del discernimento, Juridical Nullity discernientes), ma anche conoscenza delle cose divine ed umane. Perciò, Prompted by Elsemieke Daalder’s i primi giuristi erano dei pontefici. Il recent doctoral thesis (Leiden 2019, Keywords: commerce, slaves, legal risultato dell’indagine si riferisce all’idea cum laude), this communication focuses fiction, agency, family di ‘diritto’ in rapporto con la ‘religione’ on Septimius Severus’ imperial court e la ‘legge’ nei periodi: i) fondazione (193 - 211 CE). A number of cases della civitas romana; ii) i giuristi noti argued before and decided in this court Many scholars think that Roman come iuris conditores nella repubblica; were reported by the jurist Paul, acting commerce largely ignored Roman iii) la codificazione di Giustiniano che as a member of Severus’ consilium. law which has been denigrated as si chiama se stesso ed i suoi giuristi Frequently Paul was sitting in this court only ‘an extraordinarily complex and anche conditores iuris. In particolare in while a case was argued, while it was difficult system [lacking] practical questo periodo, con la codificazione deliberated on by the Emperor and utility’, applicable only to the elite di Giustiniano e dei suoi giuristi, si the Members of his consilium, and levels of Roman life. But continuing vede anche maturare un cambiamento when it was decided, and that decision new discoveries of ancient Roman strutturale del diritto romano che è pronounced by the Emperor. Reports of documentation of mundane business stato tradotto e prodotto in greco, 37 such cases have been handed down matters –– including wax tablets from favorendo così la strada a un periodo, to us in Justinian’s Digest. Dr Daalder Murecine, the Tabulae Herculanenses, per così dire, in cui il diritto romano si gives important analyses of all those and the archives of Lucius Caecilius è aperto per essere ‘tradotto’. Trovo di reports, filling thereby over 400 pages, Iucundus –– have demonstrated that grande importanza per lo studio del 2/3, of her book. routine banking and other transactions diritto e nella formazione giuridica oggi, closely followed, and were memorialized One of the cases ended in Severus’ sottolineare la riflessione diacronica su in accordance with, Roman law decretum in favour of the girl Rutliliana. alcuni aspetti dell’origine del diritto, per principles. She was perhaps still a pupil, under the dimostrare il contenuto etico dell’attività age of 12, when the Emperor granted The absence of a general provision della giurisprudenza romana (cavere, to her a restitutio in integrum which for ‘agency’ effectively precluded free agere, respondere) molto necessario the lower courts (of the praetor and, men from legally acting in commercial di essere preso in considerazione oggi in appeal, of the praefectus urbi) had transactions on behalf of other free nella professione legale; in modo da denied her. The report of this case is men. As members of the family, ricordare che nel diritto romano lex e found in Dig. 4.4.38 pr., a difficult text however, slaves were capable of ius costituiscono concetti diversi, la which has always attracted a vivid binding the pater familias. Because no prima una delle fonti del secondo, che interest among scholars. For the mere sizeable or complex business could è generato da più fonti di produzione period starting with Wieacker’s doctoral function through exclusive dependence indipendenti l’una dall’altra, tra cui la thesis, 1932, until 2016, Dr Daalder on a sole proprietor, dependents’ legge, espressione delle potestas della mentions 12 authors who produced capacity to act for a pater familias città che assunse il ruolo della fonte substantial treatments of fragment 38 became critical to the economy as principale, mentre le opinioni dei giuristi pr. With the additional analysis offered the Roman polity transformed itself costituivano quasi un polo opposto. Il by her, most aspects of that fragment into a heavily-monetized imperium, compito dell’avvocato è l’espressione would seem by now to have found a generating unprecedented commercial della peritia, la prudentia, ‘che dà satisfactory explanation. However, some complexity. Moreover, the law strongly l’autorità ai giuristi quindi fondatori questions remain, thus with regard to deterred masters’ personal involvement del ius, a volte da soli, a volte con la the four times Paul is referring to in in business: limitations on owners’ legge, o di un’altra fonte di diritto, ma integrum restitutio or similar terms. What financial liability were effective only sempre responsabili di migliorandolo is the status quo ante the pupil sought when a dominus was not directly quotidianamente, sviluppando così una to be restored to? What had Paul in engaged in, or even knowledgeable of, funzione pubblica prima non tecnica, mind when he would rather have the mercantile operations. ma sacerdotale, e poi tecnica e verso la pupil restored in a different way? What laicità. Slave status was requisite for virtually is the status quo ante the Emperor, in all positions of supervisory or financial the end, overruling the Jurist, reinstated importance. Moreover, servi were the pupil to? What is the restitui the prior JEROEN M.J. CHORUS frequently and uniquely skilled in trade tutors of the pupil had not sought? To and craft, often operating independently Court of Appeal Amsterdam these questions the major part of the and at least partially for their own |Netherlands communication will be devoted. benefit, further increasing slaves’ effective control of many aspects of the The Emperor overruling the Jurist: EDWARD E. COHEN economy. Yet a fundamental principle of Roman law was the absolute legal Severus’ decretum in favour of University of Pennsylvania|United Rutiliana (Dig. 4.4.38 pr) nullity of slaves. A Roman slave was States of America unable to enter into a contract or be a party to a civil lawsuit. By the letter of

12 the law, he lacked the capacity to own copied and commented on the Roman The general acceptance of the narrative (in Latin, ‘hold’ [habere]) property of any legal material in the manuscript and of legal science in modern application kind. In economic reality, nevertheless, related this to the historical texts, and has allowed scope for the acceptance the Roman slave did ‘hold’ (tenere) what this says about the understanding of its founding myth. As we have legal enormous amounts of property. Legal of and interest in Roman law in early science now, so then must have the theory and commercial reality were thus twelfth-century England. Romans; it is after all from the Romans existentially in conflict. that we derive our conception of the system. Yet, for all the supposition Although Roman legal experts never GRAEME CUNNINGHAM that a scientific revolution occurred in explicitly abandoned the atavistic the law with Q. Mucius Scaevola, the but (by the High Empire) manifestly University of Glasgow |United Republican sources do not paint a fictitious principle that a slave cannot Kingdom picture of autonomous, systematic and own property, Roman legal experts pure law. Indeed, quite the opposite. likewise never cease to treat assets in a slave’s peculium as though they were The Place of Rhetoric in Late An examination of the law of succession the private property (uelut proprium Republican Law: Some Thoughts on provides an interesting starting point patrimonium) of the slave controlling Pietas and the Querela inofficiosi for an analysis of the existence of a the peculium. In order to reconcile the testamenti scientific approach to law in the late irreconcilable –– to create what we and Republic. The civil law on succession the Romans would call a ‘legal fiction’ presents a settled approach. (fictio; credendum est) –– the Roman Keywords: Rhetoric, Succession, Pietas, Nevertheless, innovation and variation jurisprudents explicitly acknowledged Society, Science occurred. Not from the culmination of that ‘one must close one’s eyes’ (oculis legal refinement by the professional coniventibus) to the clear incompatibility juristic class, but from the practice of between legal recognition of a slave’s The writings of the German Historical the courts. Of particular interest is the business capacity, including ownership School of the nineteenth century means by which changed occurred, of assets in his peculium, and legal produced a peculiar narrative through legal instruments which made insistence that slaves, qua slaves, had concerning the development of provision for decisions to go against the no capacity to own anything or even to principles of legal science in late prescription of established succession enter into contracts. Republican Rome. The idea outlined law by appeals to socially understood is that, under the influence of a ideas within Roman society, such as singular injection of Greek concepts aequitas or pietas. SIMON CORCORAN of categorical science and under the This paper intends to look at the impact ingenious guidance of the noted jurist Newcastle University |United of pietas, as a socially understood Quintus Mucius Scaevola pontifex, the Kingdom value in Roman society, and its Romans developed an autonomous influence on the legal innovation of system of law, beholden to nothing the Querela inofficiosi testamenti. I will but its own categorical logic, self- Roman law and Roman history argue that, far from excluding social perpetuating and autonomous, without in early 12th century England: and cultural consideration in favour of the need for jurists, as professional legal William of Malmesbury and an autonomous scientific approach, scientists, to look beyond law’s own Bodleian MS Arch Selden B.16 the Roman law of the late Republic methodology. This re-imagining of the innovated on the basis of appeals late Republican jurists as the founders made in court, rooted in rhetorical of an autonomous and scientific system Keywords: William of Malmesbury, argumentation, to the extent that social of law owes more to the intellectual Mediaeval manuscripts, Breviary of values, not scientific categorisation, was upheavals of the nineteenth century, the Alaric the source of legal innovation. potent mix of nationalism, romanticism, science and cultural change that culminated in the production of the legal The manuscript Bodleian Arch Selden codes, than it does to extant Republican B.16 is well-known among scholars of sources. The attribution of legal science Roman legal history as an important to the ancient jurists amounts to the witness to the text of the Breviary of illusion of a skewed but hopeful mirror, Alaric and the Theodosian tradition of in which eminent jurists of modernity Roman law. But the manuscript is far hoped to catch a glance of themselves more than that, being a large Roman in the ancients whom they revered. The historical miscellany compiled and pre-eminence of this narrative view was copied by or under the supervision of secured by the victory of the Romanists the early English historian, William of of the Historical School in their input Malmesbury, c.1129, a good example of to legal codification, and further the extensive engagement with classical concretised by the positivistic approach sources of this notable scholar of the to law that dominated, though not twelfth-century Renaissance. This without challenge, much of the twentieth paper explores how and why William century.

13 ALESSANDRO CUSMÀ contengono e poi anche in relazione states two tendencies in Roman-law PICCIONE ai materiali giuridici presenti nel titolo studies should be distinguished – C. 1.5 ed in quelli ad esso vicini. Dal ‘traditional’ Roman law studies, referred Università degli Studi di Messina punto di vista del loro contenuto, to as ‘bourgeois’, and new ‘Marxist |Italy già in passato ne era stata messa in Roman law studies’. Some scholars discussione la paternità giustinianea, believed that only ‘Marxist Roman law ma era rimasto irrisolto il nodo relativo studies’ required further development, Le significationes del legislator: alla loro presenza in quei provvedimenti. while ‘bourgeois Roman law studies’, a proposito delle categorie La nostra indagine, muovendo dalla on the other hand, could only provide giustinianee di ‘αἱρετικός’ e di vicende che hanno portato alla a basis for information collected by ‘αἴρεσις’ restituzione dell’attuale testo greco delle its researchers. The negation of the due leges in questione – ricostruito division of law into public and private indirettamente da Krüger sulla base in Marxist ideology was not as obvious Keywords: eretico (nozione di), rispettivamente delle testimonianze as is commonly accepted. The paper eresia (nozione di),Codex Parisinus del Codex Parisinus Coislinianus gr. will present, in a synthetic way, the Coislinianus gr. 151, Nomocanon XIV 151 e del Nomocanon XIV Titulorum main views of this topic, given by some Titulorum, Taleleo – ten­­­­­­ta di risalire, servendosi di Romanists after the Second World War, uno scholium sinora trascurato, particularly in East-Central Europe. alla possibile provenienza della Più che noto è il lavorio interpretativo definizione di haereticus di C.I. 1.5.12.4, messo in campo dai giuristi romani desumendone l’estraneità dal contenuto per definire la portata di singoli termini originale della constitutio presente nel o di espressioni presenti in leges, Codex r.p.; da qui si traggono, poi, D edicta, constitutiones Principum ed in le conseguenze anche in ordine alla ELSEMIEKE DAALDER atti negoziali (in specie, mortis causa). seconda definizione, quella di haeresia Di esso già i compilatori bizantini Leiden University |Netherlands in C.I. 1.5.18.4, strettamente imparentata ebbero cura che restasse traccia – ed alla prima. una traccia topografica prontamente riconoscibile, non dispersa nelle diverse Bonus iudex, bonus princeps: Law and justice in the Judicial Decisions materiae – nei titoli 50.16 (‘De verborum BOŻENA CZECH-JEZIERSKA significatione’) e 50.17 (‘De diversis of the Emperor Septimius Severus regulis iuris antiqui’) del Digesto. John Paul II Catholic University of Lungamente queste ‘definizioni’ Lublin |Poland della giurisprudenza romana hanno Keywords: Septimius Severus, Julius attirato l’interesse anche della dottrina Paulus, imperial adjudication, decreta, moderna, innescando un dibattito From the Debates on Public and imperiales sententiae cospicuo, ancora lontano dall’esaurirsi Private Law: The State of Post-war completamente. Assai più modesto Roman Law Studies lo spazio che è stato, di contro, The emperor was the pinnacle of the sinora riservato dagli interpreti dei Roman legal system. He was perceived giorni nostri alle operazioni definitorie Keywords: legal history, Roman law as the ultimate source of law and justice provenienti dal legislatore, pur se, in socialist states, Marxist ideology, and therefore all of his legal acts (edicts, per tutta la temperie tardoantica, division into public and private law rescripts and even judicial decisions) ormai non poterono prodursi, ex had the force of law (cf. D. 1,4,1,1). At novo, che queste ultime. La presente the same time, cultural values dictated ricerca ne sottopone ad esame due, While the concepts of public and that, even though the emperor was particolarmente significative e delicate, private law remain problematic, the above the law, it befitted him to live and a causa delle implicazioni non solo di matter was also subject to critical act in accordance with it. Striking the tenore giuridico che da esse sarebbero discussion in the legal literature in right balance between imperial power potute derivare. Ci riferiamo alle nozioni socialist states. It is commonly believed and the law was especially important di eretico e di eresia poste tra parentesi that the origin and idea of this division in the process of imperial adjudication. tonde rispettivamente in C.I. 1.5.12.4 derives from Roman law. Socialist- The subject of this paper is a collection ed in 1.5.18.4. Esse sarebbero latrici oriented ideology generally left Roman of imperial judgments of the emperor nell’età giustinianea – stando ad una law out of its legal system since it Septimius Severus (193-211 CE), ricostruzione dottrinale abbastanza rejected the development of private recorded by the Roman jurist Paul consolidata – di un concetto nuovo, property in favour of far-reaching state and transmitted in de Digest through perché più lato, di haereticus e di interference in private-law relationships. two different works, the Decreta and haeresia, comprensivo cioè anche dei Any influence on the part of the legal Imperiales Sententiae. Paul’s collection soggetti professanti una fede diversa da system of a state that allowed slavery is unique: no other Roman jurist has quella cristiana e dunque degli infideles was inconsistent with the ideals of ever published a similar collection of tout court. Tali definizioni sollevano, socialism. This was based on historical imperial judicial decisions. This paper tuttavia, una serie di questioni, anzitutto and dialectical materialism and was will therefore focus on how, according all’interno delle stesse leggi che le connected with the inevitable conflict Paul’s descriptions, Septimius Severus between classes in society. In socialist dealt with administration of justice and

14 will explore the motives behind the SONJA DIECKMANN familias mit dem Tode des paterfamilias publication of this remarkable collection vermö-gensfähig wird. Eine nichtige of imperial judicial decisions. Universität Bielefeld |Germany Schenkung des Vaters an das Hauskind konvaleszierte durch den Tod des Vaters trotz Fortdauer des FEDERICA DE IULIIS Ratihabitio und Bestätigung. Zu Schenkungswillens bis zum Tode Pomponius 32 ad Sab. D.41.6.4 Università di Parma |Italy auch noch in spät-klassischer Zeit nicht. Mit dem Erbfall fällt der Schenkungsgegenstand damit in das Keywords: Ratihabitio, Genehmigung, Vermö-gen des Erben. In tema di conflitto d’interessi fra Bestätigung, Rückwirkung, Ersitzung tutore e pupillo o curatore e minore Die ratihabitio des heres wird im Schrifttum zumeist als eine In der Literatur wird dieses Fragment Neuvornahme der Schenkung Keywords: excusatio, tutela, lite, pupillo, auch unter dem Aspekt der gedeutet. Dies beruht vor allem auf Giustiniano Unterscheidung zwischen Bestätigung dem vertretenen Standpunkt, dass ein und Genehmigung untersucht. nichtiges Geschäft nicht genehmigt werden könne. Unter dem Schein der Der Erblasser, ein pater familias, macht Nel titolo de excusationibus delle Genehmigung des alten Geschäfts seiner in patria potestate stehenden Institutiones di Giustiniano (I. 1.25), il ver-berge sich der Abschluss eines filia familias zu Lebzeiten ein nicht conflitto di interessi fra tutore e pupillo neuen Geschäfts mit demselben Inhalt. näher bezeichnetes Geschenk und ovvero fra curatore e adolescente è Das wird auch damit begründet, dass enterbt sie später. Wenn der heres die previsto come causa di dispensa dalla die Diskussion des Juristen sich auf die donation des pater familias genehmigt, tutela o dalla cura soltanto qualora Auswirkung des ratum habere auf die so entscheidet Pomponius, fängt sfoci in una controversia giudiziaria di Schenkung des Vaters beziehe. die Tochter von dem Zeitpunkt der rilevante entità, riguardante cioè tutto Genehmigung an zu ersitzen. Meines Erachtens spricht in der il patrimonio o una eredità (§ 4). Tale Tat mehr dafür, in der ratihabitio disposizione si configura come una Es stellt sich die Frage, ob in der eine Neuvornahme der Schenkung sintesi della disciplina già delineatasi ratihabitio durch den Erben eine zu sehen. Hierfür lässt sich unter a partire dall’epoca classica, come Neuvornahme der Schenkung oder anderem anführen, dass ansonsten emerge da testimonianze di matrice eine Bestätigung der Schenkung des der Erbe an gesichts des Prinzips giurisprudenziale e da costituzioni Vaters liegt. Auf den ersten Blick könnte der Universalsukzession praktisch imperiali, recepita nei Digesta e nel es den Anschein haben, dass die gleichbedeutend sein würde mit Codex giustinianei (cfr., per esempio, D. fehlende Anrechnung der Besitzzeit dem, der sein eigenes Geschäft 27.1.21 pr.; C. 5.62.16, a. 244). Tuttavia, auf eine gewisse typologische Nähe bestätigt, denn der Erbe tritt in die trascorso circa un lustro dalle grandi des untersuchten Falles zur modernen Rechte und Pflichten des Erblas-sers compilazioni, l’Imperatore, avuta notizia Bestätigung zurückzuführen ist. ein. Mann könnte dementsprechend delle molteplici liti fra amministratori Die filia kann die ihr zugewendete argumentieren, dass der Erbe gar nicht e pupilli o minori, riconsidererà la Sache jedenfalls zunächst ein an der Schenkung unbeteiligter questione attraverso l’emanazione nicht donationis causa zu Dritter ist. Bei diesem Verständnis stellt di un’apposita Novella (Nov. 72, a. Eigen-tum erwerben, d. h. der sich aber das Problem, dass der pater 538) e, con il dichiarato proposito di Schenkungsgegenstand verbleibt familias selbst die Schenkung nicht apportare correzioni in materia, vieterà im väterlichen Vermögen. Schen- hätte bestätigen können, weil seine di essere tutore o curatore a chiunque kungen des Hausvaters an sein Tochter ge-waltabhängig war. intrattenga con il destinatario della gewaltunterworfenes Kind sind tutela o curatela un qualche rapporto nichtig, nicht aufgrund eines giuridico di credito o debito, ovvero una Schenkungsverbotes wie bei ATHINA DIMOPOULOU garanzia reale. Nel dibattito che si è Schenkungen unter Ehegatten, sviluppato sin dalla più risalente dottrina National and Kapodistrian University sondern weil sie wegen der Ver- tale intervento legislativo è stato inteso of Athens|Greece mögensunfähigkeit des Hauskindes talora come fonte di un’innovazione tale unmöglich waren. Mit dem Tod des da creare una cesura, talaltra come Vaters erlischt die patria potestas, d. una circoscritta appendice rispetto al ‘Give me your hand as a pledge’ h. die Tochter wird sui iuris und damit preesistente assetto normative accolto (Soph. Phil. 820): The Hand as a vermögensfähig. Ein Eigentumser- nel Corpus Iuris. Al fine di chiarire la Medium of Commitment and Trust werb der filia familias als gesetzlicher portata della Novella 72 di Giustiniano in Ancient Greek Legal Practice Erbin nach ius civile an dem si intende proporre nella comunicazione and beyond Schenkungsgegenstand durch Erbgang un riscontro testuale esteso anche tritt nicht ein, weil sie vom Vater enterbt a testimonianze di derivazione wurde. Auch gelangt mit dem Weg- postgiustinianea, quale contributo Keywords: hand, πίστις, δεξίωσις, fides, fall des Schenkungshindernisses interpretativo volto a restituire il tenore dextrarum iunctio der Erwerbstitel pro donato nicht zur normativo della stessa nel tentativo Entstehung, obwohl die väterliche di vagliarne l’impatto sulla tradizione Gewalt beendet wird und die filia giuridica precedente e finanche In the Mediterranean world, the successiva. handshake has been, since time 15 immemorial, and still remains today, world, as attested by Biblical evidence. The antinomy between Julian’s theory the gesture symbolizing the turning Similar conceptions are also reflected in of custom in the Digest (D. 1.3.32) point and confirmation of every legal Roman social and legal practice, where and Constantine’s constitution in the agreement, acting as a physical the hand is also strongly connected to Codex (C. 8.52 (53).2) of Justinian’s evidence of mutual trust. The paper the notion of fides. The joining of the codification has troubled its interpreters will explore the use of the hand (χείρ) right hand, known as dextrarum iunctio, for centuries. Modern legal historians and of the joining of the right hands was a gesture heavy of symbolism, as tend to focus on the different eras and (δεξίωσις) as a medium for expressing a statement of loyalty and of conclusion constitutional frameworks in which commitment and trust (πίστις) in ancient of agreement, by which a bond of trust the jurist Julian and the emperor Greek legal practice, as illustrated was formed and revealed, in marriage Constantine worked. The role of custom by references in the Homeric epics, and patronage relationships, in private in classical times, and the question the tragedies, literary and epigraphic contracts and state affairs. whether D. 1.3.32 is genuinely Julian’s evidence. In the context of a culture of is much debated, but the derogatory oral agreements, the giving of hands force of custom in Justinian’s Corpus acted as a confirmation of one’s will GIUSEPPE DI DONATO iuris has attracted less interest. Most and words, creating a physical bond Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Romanists simply assert that Justinian and commitment between the parties. di Milano | Italy denied custom any derogatory force. Already in the Iliad and the Odyssey, Recently two papers were published on gods and heroes are depicted as this topic, one in 2008 by Castelluci, the clasping ‘each other’s hands as a L’unità del genere umano other in 2011 by Buzdugan. This paper pledge of their good faith’, the gesture nell’etimologia isidoriana di intends (1) to complement Castelluci’s expressing the very essence of being parricidium survey of the secondary literature on bound by commitment, as in the case this topic, and (2) to review the way of the truce agreed between Achilles in which these two authors solve the and Priam for the burial of Hector. antinomy within the Corpus iuris. Keywords: parricidium, eguaglianza, Later, in the tragedies, the giving of the Isidoro, Etymologiae, Differentiae right hand is demanded or recalled as evidence of agreement and of MARZENA DYJAKOWSKA binding one’s πίστις (faith), including In questo contributo intendo analizzare John Paul II Catholic University of instances such as the agreement of la peculiare nozione isidoriana di Lublin |Poland the suitors of Helen to help whomever ‘parricidium’, i suoi punti di continuità e would be her husband described di rottura con la tradizione romanistica at Euripides’ Iphigeneia at Aulis. e le sue possibili fonti giuridiche e Roman Law as an Interpretative Also, in the commitment demanded letterarie, rielaborando le quali Isidoro Directive in the Light of ‘Decisiones by Philoctetes to Neoptolemos in giunge ad affermare un’eguaglianza Lituanicae’ by Pedro Ruiz de Moros Sophocles’ Philoctetes, in Heracles’ che accomuna tutti gli uomini tra loro demand that his son shake hands (homines hominibus pares sunt) senza to commit to do what he will ask him operare distinzioni quanto al loro status Keywords: Roman law, Decisiones to, in Sophocles’ Trachinian women, giuridico-sociale. Lituanicae, Pedro Ruiz de Moros, or in Jason’s broken faith deplored Arbitral Court in Vilnius, Magdeburg law in Euripides’ Medea. In Xenophon’s L’idea dell’unità del genere umano e Anabasis, the joining of hands is also dell’eguaglianza fra gli uomini era del mentioned as the confirmation point resto già presente in alcuni testi della Pedro Ruiz de Moros, born in of an agreement, notably between giurisprudenza romana classica e, Spain and educated there and in Xenophon and the King of Thrace prima ancora, nella filosofia stoica, ma Italian universities, after taking the Seuthes. Such references reveal the viene sostenuta dal vescovo di Siviglia professorship of Roman law in Cracow rich symbolism of the gesture of joining alla luce della rinnovata fede cristiana, University was created a Judge of hands in the context of taking an oath di cui egli si fa portatore, acquisendo the Royal Arbitral Court in Vilnius. He of allegiance, making a pact and in così un significato del tutto nuovo e applied Roman law as a criterion for pledging one’s faith to another. The particolare. interpretation in relation to Magdeburg joining of hands also acted in marriage law. Roman law served to interpret the as a symbol of faith and trust, while the meaning of unclear notions of German rich iconography of the joining of hands HARRY DONDORP law. He was also an advocate of the (δεξίωσις) between the deceased and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam subsidiary application of Roman law in family members in funeral monuments |Netherlands the case of loopholes in national laws. may have had a meaning other His work, entitled Decisiones (...) de than simple farewell. A number of rebus in sacro auditorio Lituanico ex Hellenistic honorific decrees refer to Justinian and Customary Law appellatione iudicatis (Cracow, 1565), is the ‘ἐγχειρισθεῖσαν ἑαυτῶι πίστιν’ in the a commentary on five judgments. The sense of ‘putting the people’s trust into basis of the verdict is Magdeburg law, one’s hands’. The use of the right hand Keywords: Digest, Codex, Justinian but the author’s arguments are full of to express commitment seems to be a references to Roman law and the works common topos throughout the ancient of glossators and commentators. The

16 judgements were selected to present the development of execution and res la protección de los intereses cases which could not be unequivocally iudicata-effect of arbitral awards. While patrimoniales de los hijos de un primer solved according to German law. Ruiz central features were already in place matrimonio que, con ocasión de unas de Moros was trying to prove that in in Justinian’s times, the paper will also segundas nupcias por parte de su such cases in which German law could look into select developments in the progenitor viudo, pueda suponer not give a clear answer, Roman law time of the Ius Commune. la eventualidad de que los bienes was capable of doing so. His views on que provenían de una familia (la del the role of Roman law in the application cónyuge premuerto) finalmente acaben of national law were expressed in RAQUEL ESCUTIA por el nuevo enlace matrimonial en una an introductory dedication letter to Universidad Autónoma de Madrid familia extraña a la de su procedencia. King Zygmunt August. Beginning his |Spain Así se dispone en el artículo 968 deliberations by showing the superiority CC que ‘el viudo o viuda que pase a of the bodies applying the law over the segundo matrimonio estará obligado legislator, Ruiz de Moros stressed the Bases Romanísticas de la Reserva a reservar a los hijos y descendientes great importance of the knowledge Vidual del primero la propiedad de todos of law, especially Roman law. Having los bienes que haya adquirido de su shown the groundlessness of the difunto consorte por testamento, por argument that the use of Roman law Keywords: Ley Feminae, segundas sucesión intestada, donación u otro testifies to dependence on the notion nupcias, derecho sucesiones, viuda, cualquier título lucrativo; pero no su of Empire, the author emphasizes that bínuba mitad de gananciales’. El legislador da sovereign European states reach for por supuesto que éste sería el deseo this right because of its perfection and del cónyuge premuerto, y de ahí que that this should also be done by Poles. Tradicionalmente las segundas nupcias se establezca la obligación legal de In German law, in force in many Polish fueron abordadas por el Derecho en reservar sobre el cónyuge viudo desde cities and in Prussia, knowledge of Roma desde su foment (época de que contrae el nuevo matrimonio, Roman law was necessary, because Augusto) hasta su penalización (a partir pretendiéndose así que los bienes it could be directly applied in the face de Constantino) dependiendo de las no salgan de la rama familiar de su of numerous gaps. At the same time, necesidades sociales del momento. Sin procedencia. however, the author attributed to Roman embargo, es en un momento puntual, law the role of an interpretative directive En la presente ponencia se analizará con Teodosio I, donde los intereses in case of ambiguities in German law, as el origen y fundamento de la reserva patrimoniales de los hijos del primer evidenced by detailed considerations of vidual en Derecho romano, el matrimonio, ante las nupcias de la individual decisions. tratamiento discriminado entre viuda viuda, son tenidos en consideración y viudo, los derechos de la bínuba por el Derecho romano, conformándose y los hijos del primer matrimonio, la la figura de la denominada reserva recepción en el ordenamiento español vidual que después será recibida en a través de nuestro Derecho histórico los Ordenamientos de base romanística E y el futuro o cuestionamiento de la tales como el francés, el italiano y el WOLFGANG ERNST institución tal y como se ha producido español. University of Oxford |United previamente en el Ordenamiento Kingdom Es, precisamente, en la disposición francés o italiano. Feminae (CTh. 3.8.2 = C.I. 5.9.1) del emperador Teodosio I donde encuentra Roman Foundations of the Law of raíz la institución de la reserva vidual Arbitration con la que se le impone a la viuda una carga, una limitación dispositiva, en la F medida que debía conservar los bienes FEDERICO FERNÁNDEZ DE provenientes de su difunto esposo o BUJÁN Keywords: arbitration, multi-arbiter de sus familiares para los hijos habidos decision-making, res iudicata and UNED University, Madrid |Spain dentro de ese matrimonio, si contrajese arbitral awards nuevas nupcias, mientras que tal reserva no tendría lugar en el caso de Derecho romano vigente y Derecho seguir viuda o que premuriesen los Roman jurists developed the civil clásico hijos del primer matrimonio en beneficio compromissum into the first fully- de los cuales se establecía la reserva. fledged, detail-rich law of arbitration Esta ley supuso un nuevo sistema ever developed. It has provided Keywords: Derecho romano vigente, que irá experimentando diversas all later arbitration procedures with Clasicidad, Atemporalidad modificaciones e innovaciones con la valuable elements. Going back to sucesiva legislación imperial. the Roman beginnings helps us to understand better that arbitration is not La reserva vidual, tal y como viene En el tiempo presente puede decirse a privatisation of a genuine state-task recogida en los artículos 968 y que existen tres Derechos romanos: to provide a judicial decision-making siguientes del vigente Código uno el histórico, que fue y ya no es; otro process. Special attention is given to Civil español, tiene como finalidad el que es precedente; y un tercero que

17 es Derecho vigente. subsiste aún después de la ruina del sind daher nicht zwangsläufig imperio es porque el buen sentido, überarbeitet. Así, en ocasiones es un Derecho principal maestro de la vida humana, histórico, del que nada en Derecho reina en ellas y porque no se ha hecho vigente se recuerda. En otros supuestos en parte alguna mejor aplicación de los MICHELE ANTONIO FINO se configura como el más importante principios de la equidad natural’. precedente histórico de muchísimas University of Gastronomic Sciences instituciones de Derecho positivo. Ese Derecho romano vigente se -Pollenzo |Italy Los ejemplos en esta categoría conforma como un verdadero son inacabables por lo que resulta Teshaurus jurídico universal capaz de imposible siquiera su mero enunciado. ser asumido en espacios geográficos For a renewed interpretation of El Derecho Romano se conforma y culturales bien alejados del mundo Augustan censuses, in the light así como un extraordinario element en el que ha nacido y se ha mantenido of the matrimonial legislation of interpretativo del Derecho vigente, ininterrumpido. Así Japón, y hoy China. the Princeps and the multiplicity de acuerdo con el artículo 3, 1 del of status civitatis in the Italic Código civil español, precepto que Peninsula of the 1st century BC se encuentra con contenido similar, THOMAS FINKENAUER cuando no casi idéntico en otras Universität Tübingen |Germany muchas codificaciones. Keywords: Roman censuses, Augustus, matrimonial and fertility legislation, Pero cierto contenido de Derecho ancient demography, citizenship romano va más allá. Se configura como Zur Inhärenz von Einreden im auténtico Derecho vigente. Se concreta bonae fidei iudicium en las geniales categorías y conceptos Studies of ancient demography que han traspasado su vigencia inicial have had, in the last thirty years, a y, transmitiéndose por la cauce de la Keywords: Inhärenz, bonae fidei remarkable return of interest among Historia de la Ciencia del Derecho y iudicium, exceptio doli, exceptio pacti historians. Theses once considered de los derechos nacionales, se han classic, like those of Beloch and Brunt, convertido en el precipitado recogido have been revoked in doubt, on the en el tenor literal de los Códigos civiles Für die bonae fidei iudicia gilt die sog. basis of new research, new findings and que recogen casi con literalidad sus Inhärenzregel. Sie besagt, dass es above all new tools, by different authors, categorías y contenidos atemporales y weder der Einschaltung der exceptio including Elio Lo Cascio and, recently, ageográficos. doli, noch der exceptio pacti bedarf, Saskia Hin. weil der Richter schon aufgrund des De su vigencia atemporal señala ex fide bona oportere dazu angehalten The present study aims to highlight how, D´Aguesseau ‘Todas las naciones ist, sowohl die Arglist des Klägers in the reconstruction of the consistency consultan (las leyes romanas) aún en als auch eine zwischen ihm und dem of the Roman population in peninsular época presente y cada una recibe de Beklagten abgeschlossene Abrede zu Italy, at the time of Augustus, three ellas respuestas de eterna verdad. berücksichtigen. elements can play a leading role, Los juristas romanos…siguen siendo alongside a renewed investigation into hoy intérpretes seguros de nuestras Ein Blick in die romanistische the numbers of censuses reported in propias leyes. Ellos prestan su espíritu Literatur des 20. Jh. lehrt, dass der Augustus’s res gestae. a nuestros usos, su razón a nuestras Inhärenzgrundsatz keineswegs costumbres y los principios que nos unumstritten ist. Einerseits It is first crucial to consider the dan nos sirven de guía, aun cuando existieren Belege für die Inhärenz, knowledge that above all legal anduviésemos por un camino que les andererseits nicht wenige Stellen einer historians have been able to fuese desconocido.’ ausdrücklichen exceptio doli oder pacti accumulate, concerning the (likely) im Rahmen eines bonae fidei iudicium. objectives of the Augustan legislation Trataré en mi intervención de glosar Wie nicht anders zu vermuten, plädieren on marriage and fertility. Secondly, y de desarrollar el emocionante daher die einen für die Klassizität des the analysis must consider the pensamiento de grandes que lo han Inhärenzgrundsatzes und – wenig diversity within the mechanisms for sabido reconocer. Así, Leibniz declara: überraschend – für die Unechtheit der granting Roman citizenship. Finally, it ‘No existe en el mundo libro alguno Zeugnisse einer Einrede im bonae fidei is important to recall the wide variety que aclare cuestiones dudosas y se iudicium, während andere es gerade of personal situations cohabiting caracterice por una tal riqueza de umgekehrt machen. within those territories that are Italian pensamiento como el Corpus iuris nowadays and are often presumed as civilis, en especial el Digesto, que Die bisher nicht thematisierte homogeneous, under the point of view llega de forma increíblemente rápida Schwierigkeit liegt in der Reichweite of the status civitatis of those who lived al corazón de los problemas y cuya der Inhärenzregel. Sie besagt nur, there, at the dawn of the Principate. autoridad, no es de maravillarse, pues dass die Einschaltung einer Einrede desde siempre ha sido reconocida vor dem Prätor nicht notwendig ist. Aus Once this presumption can be set aside por los pueblos más significativos de der Überflüssigkeit einer Einrede darf for a moment, a framework will emerge Europa’. Y en el mismo sentido Bossuet jedoch nicht auf ihre Unzulässigkeit in which the ‘classical’ interpretation afirma: ‘Si las leyes romanas han geschlossen werden. Texte, die der of the figures we read in the Augustan parecido tan santas que su majestad Regel zuwider eine Einrede enthalten, censuses of the Roman cives,supported

18 by Beloch and Brunt, could be DORIS FORSTER reconciled with a whole population G Universität Konstanz |Germany of the Italian peninsula close to that MARIA TERESA GARCIA estimated by Lo Cascio and by the LUDEÑA scholars who followed him. Die actio de pauperie vor dem Independent Scholar |Spain Hintergrund sich wandelnder BIRGIT FORGO-FELDNER Haftungs - und Sachkonzepte Societas Publicanorum Vista en Universität Wien |Austria Distintos Pasajes de Cicerón como Keywords: Tierhalterhaftung, Germen de la Sociedad Anónima Deliktsrecht, Noxalhaftung, autonomes Si alia actio non erit – Zur actio de Handeln, actio de pauperie dolo als Möglichkeit einer restitutio Keywords: societas, transferability of in integrum shares, assembly, business meeting, Verursacht ein quadrupes einen decapitalization, joint stock company Schaden, so gewährte das römische Keywords: actio quod metus causa, Recht dem Geschädigten gegen actio de dolo, restitutio in integrum, den Tiereigentümer die actio de A través de esta intervención subsidiäre Klage, interpretatio pauperie. Es wurde anerkannt, observamos el reflejo de la societas dass der Schaden ohne iniuria publicanorum de la época republicana verwirklicht wurde. Ein Fehlverhalten en determinados textos ciceronianos Die These von Kupisch (In integrum wurde dem Tiereigentümer nicht tales como Pro Rabirio Posthumo sobre restitutio und vindicatio utilis bei vorgeworfen. Somit glich die la transmisibilidad de las acciones, o Eigentumsübertragungen im Haftungspflicht einer objektiven bien inVatinium testem interrogatio XII klassischen römischen Recht, 1974) Haftung. Der rechtshistorische 29 donde se alude a las sociedades über die actio quod metus causa Ursprung der Tierhalterhaftung zeigt con multitud de socios, en LasVerrinas: als Möglichkeit einer untechnisch damit einen fundamentalen Wandel Discurso contra Q. Cecilio se aborda verstandenen restitutio in integrum der konzeptuellen Fundamente der la recaudación de impuestos en wurde zeitnahe von Kaser (SZ 94 Sach- und Verschuldenshaftung. Asia, también conforme a la Lex [1977] 101-183) und Selb (FG Kaser Diese Entwicklung soll ausgehend portorii Asiae. E incluso en texto pro 1986, 259-272) übernommen und vom vorliegenden Beispiel in den Blick lege Manilia donde algunos ven el gestützt. Mittlerweile hat sie sich genommen werden. primer crack bursátil de la historia. Y weitgehend (insbesondere im deutsch- también, con ánimo de complementar und englischsprachigen Raum) los anteriores, se alude a otros textos durchgesetzt. Parallel dazu konnte sich, MARGARITA FUENTESECA adicionales como Philippiques, ausgehend von den genannten Autoren, Universidad de Vigo|Spain Pro Sestio, Lex Agraria, Paradoxa auch die Meinung etablieren, die actio Stoicorum, De Officiis. A partir de la de dolo als Ausformung einer restitutio información aportada, bien se puede in integrum anzusehen. Dafür spricht deducir la afinidad de los perfiles que unter anderem die Einordnung der Texte Dos Excepiones Procesales con una presenta la societas publicanorum con zur actio de dolo in D 4.1ff und in PS única finalidad la actual sociedad anónima, al menos 1.7.2 zur in integrum restitutio. Gegen en su origen. eine restitutio in integrum propter dolum Keywords: exceptio in factum scheint aber insbesondere Ulpian 5 comparata vel doli mali, exceptio opin D 4.3.38 zu sprechen, demzufolge rei venditae et traditae, venta a non NICOLE GIANNELLA bei gleichliegendem Sachverhalt ein domino, reivindicatio Cornell University |USA Minderjähriger eine restitutio in integrum erhält, ein Volljähriger hingegen eine actio de dolo (maior quidem annis Existen en el Digesto tres pasajes en los Slave Catchers and Slave viginti quinque de dolo habebit que se plantea exactamente el mismo Harborers: Trust on the Roman actionem, minor autem in integrum supuesto de hecho. Cada uno de ellos Road restituetur). Wenn man die actio de dolo sirve para explicar el funcionamiento als mögliche Ausformung einer restitutio de las excepciones que podia oponer in integrum begreift, irritiert diese el comprador a non domino frente a Keywords: slaves, fugitivarius, Formulierung. Warum wird nicht für den la acción reivindicatoria del vendedor: interpreter maior ebenso wie für den minor von la exceptio in factum comparata vel einer in integrum restitutio gesprochen? doli mali y la exceptio rei venditae et Der Vortrag ist ein Versuch, diese Frage traditae. On the road of resistance to slavery, zu beantworten. the question of trust is paramount though nevertheless largely ignored by modern scholarship on ancient slavery. In my paper I seek to understand

19 how runaway slaves discerned who The precarity of the slave’s trust-giving LINA GIRDVAINYTE they could trust on their path out of is perhaps made most clear by the Université Bordeaux Montaigne slavehood: potential sympathizers term for slave catcher, fugitivarius. On willing to assist and even shelter them account of the amount of fraud involved |France or slave catchers who were actively in the process of slave recapture and seeking to return them to their owners. rescue, fugitivarius comes to mean, at least in one instance (C.Th. 10.12.1), a Legislating for the Greeks: Roman Slave catchers and slave harborers concealer of runaway slaves. Positive Legislation in Mainland are a form of middlemen, but have not Greece been a part of the recent focus on other middlemen such as financial negotiators FRANCESCO GIGLIO (see e.g. Verboven, Vandorpe, and Keywords: legislation, authority, Roman, Chankowski (eds.), Pistoi dia tèn University of Surrey |United Achaia, Macedonia technèn: Bankers, Loans, and Archives Kingdom in the Ancient World, 2008) and traders (see e.g. Wilson and Flohr (eds.), Both literary and epigraphic sources Urban Craftsmen and Traders in the Regulae and τόποι in Roman Law: attest that Roman positive legislation Roman World, 2016). These economic A Road Map for Modern Legal was first introduced in mainland Greece middlemen operated within the Systems as early as the second century BCE, institutional or governmental structures while Roman legal enactments and of the market economy and legal judicial decisions are found entering system and as such these structures Keywords: regulae, topics, open the domain of locally applicable law at ultimately provided some security arguments, legal reasoning around the same time. In this sense, between parties (see discussion of Greece provides an excellent example historians of trust in Forrest and Haour, of how Roman intervention in the legal ‘Trust in Long-Distance Relationships, Roman law has directly influenced and the judicial spheres need not 1000-1600 CE’, in Holmes and Standen several aspects of the modern legal have been congruent with provincial (eds.), The Global Middle Ages [Past & discourse both in the Civilian systems organization. It is equally interesting to Present supplement, 2018]). and in the Common law. Greek observe that this early legislation for philosophy, and particularly Aristotelian the Greeks was explicitly styled as part Slave catchers and slave harborers tenets, exerted a fundamental influence of the local laws: complementary, as it instead bear more similarities with upon the Roman, and consequently the were, rather than competing with pre- a different form of middlemen: modern, legal reasoning. In this paper, existing legal traditions. interpreters. By their very nature, both we shall see how Roman law moved slave catchers and slave harborers Throughout the provincial period, from legal literature to legal science must cross and even transgress then, we observe a decline in Roman thanks to the spreading of Greek ideas boundaries. The slave catcher nominally legislative intervention in the sense among the jurists. In a voyage which operates within the law, but is hated by of providing a large territorial unit starts from Aristotle and includes society for their profession. The slave with a set of laws, and an increase in Quintus Mucius’ liber singularis ὅρων harborer, on the other hand, is acting localised, smaller-scale legislation and and Cicero’s Topica, a case will be against both the law and the social regulatory activities applicable to single made of law as a systematic, coherent order. Rachel Mairs has argued that the city-states or communities only. These body which is open to external, interpreter is viewed as betraying their were normally tailored to fit the needs a-systemic influences. community by assisting foreign agents and conditions of specific communities (perhaps, she notes, best exemplified Cicero’s analysis of the Aristotelian and were thus driven by primarily in the phrase ‘traduttore, traditore’) in teachings allows us to identify the two local rather than imperial or provincial a manner not unlike the slave harborer main pillars of modern legal systems: concerns. It is striking, too, that the most (see discussion in ‘Translator, Traditor: regulae and open arguments. Whereas extensive imperial involvement in the The Interpreter as Traitor in Classical the regulae, linked to apodictic- legislative sphere seems to have taken Tradition’, Greece & Rome 58.1 2011: deductive reasoning, provide the place within the free and privileged 65, 65n2). backbone of the system, the open communities, such as Athens or Delphi. arguments work as rule-breakers. On This is also where such legislation This paper seeks to examine this the basis of topical reasoning, the open assumes a pseudo-local nature. process of trust-making and breaking arguments allow new ideas to permeate by employing Saidiya Hartman’s idea of In this brief paper, I will try to sketch the the barrier between law and society. ‘critical fabulation’ to the runaway slave’s extent and the nature, as well as the experience (Scenes of Subjection: Roman law shows that any legal system ideological underpinnings of Roman Terror, Slavery, and Self-making in is characterised by the tension between positive legislation in mainland Greece Nineteenth Century America, 1997) as more or less static rules and more or through time, and ask whether the basis found in Roman legal sources such as less disruptive arguments. Law is a upon which a legal norm or regulation the juristic interpretation on the action social science and such tension is was perceived as either Roman or local for a slave made worse (actio servi necessary for a legal development that necessarily lay in the issuing authority. corrupti, Dig.11.3) and literary sources runs in line with societal development. like Apuleius’ Metamorphoses.

20 CARMEN GOMEZ-BUENDIA 367 BCE, a new magistracy called the Keywords: jurists, legal responses, was created. In 242 BCE, the ordinary people, Alfenus, legal Universitat Rovira i Virgili praetor praetor peregrinus was established to education (Tarragona) |Spain resolve disputes between the outsiders or two parties when one was a Roman citizen. In my presentation, I plan to analyze the Ancora sulle ‘actiones utiles’ extant fragments left with the name of P. The task of the praetor was not to put Alfenus Varus the ius civile aside, but to support it for Keywords: Actiones utiles, procedura the sake of the society by smoothing its (hereafter Alfenus) with a focus on the formulare, actiones in factum rigidness. This body of rules established form how his responses were given in this way is known as ius honorarium. and how his doctrines were developed. With this analysis, I want to reflect on These new magistracies, also referred I meccanismi procedurali della the addressees of his responses. Were to as praetor urbanus and praetor procedura formulare ci permettono they addressed to the jurist himself to peregrinus, released edicts on the di approfondire nell’evoluzione di develop his doctrine, or to his pupils basis of the authority of their imperium. alcune istituzioni giuridiche da una in legal education, to the persons with They provided the necessary clarity prospettiva casistica tipica dei giuristi offices and responsibilities to help in law. Those who wanted to bring an romani. L’articolazione tecnica delle their mission, or to the real clients actio, for example, based their demands actiones utiles è un esempio di come in the actual consultations? I chose on the principles set out in an edict. una rimedio procedurale consente this object as I was recently inspired Since their term of duty was limited to di rispondere a un diverso universo by an argument on D. 9, 2, 52, 1 by a year, a new praetor could release a di problematice giuridice che si the historian Knapp, where a mere new edict each year. Although it did susseguono nel tempo e di come i shopkeeper could get access to not have to be subject to the previous giuristi romani contribuiscono alla sua aconsultation by Alfenus concerning praetor’s edict, established rules are creazione. his own lex Aquilia case (R. Knapp, acknowledged: changes and additions (Ed. P. J. Du Plessis et al., The Oxford were made. The edictum of the praetor Handbook of Roman Law and Society became an important source of law, (Oxford, 2016), Chap. 28, ‘Legally GÜZIDE BURCU GÜNVEREN which provided legal security as well as Marginalised Groups – The Empire’), flexibility and stability to the law. Bursa Uludag University |Turkey p. 369). Knapp’s argument ultimately The position of the praetor peregrinus leads to the grand question: ‘Which was crucial, as it constituted the ius class of people was the beneficiary The Importance of the Law of the gentium. The rules of the ius gentium of Roman law?’ However, I want to Praetors (Ius Praetorium) came into existence in the fields of law confine my argument on this occasion of property and of obligations. Since to the forms and characters of how the these rules were actually established doctrines of Alfenus were conveyed Keywords: Praetor Peregrinus, Praetor by the praetor peregrinus, they are also and to the addressees of his responses. Urbanus, Ius Gentium, Ius Honorarium, ius gentium. The novelties and rules The emphasis may shift to the internal Iurisdictio established by the praetor peregrinus transmission of his doctrine within were adopted by the praetor urbanus. the community of jurists. In order to This is why some ius gentium rules were gain a further prospect, I may make a As trade gained more importance in implemented by bringing them into the comparison with the works of earlier Rome, the ius civile which applied to scope of the ius civile. Therefore ius jurists, e.g. Servius Sulpicius Rufus, and Roman citizens began to fail to provide civile, ius gentium, and ius honorarium with the works of later age entitled ‘Libri the required legal flexibility. As the were implemented together. There is responsorum’. centuries passed, Romans had to carry no doubt that this situation took place out legal transactions required by the due to the effect of the position of the new economic life and to enter into legal praetor. DIRK HEIRBAUT relations with outsiders more often. This also called for new rules to regulate Ghent University |Belgium these legal relations, independent from the nation with which the parties were associated. It was impossible for the ius H The Earliest Roman Law civile to meet this requirement since it TOMOYOSHI HAYASHI Renunciations in Flanders could only be applied to legal relations between Romans. The magistrate was Osaka University |Japan responsible for and authorized judicial Keywords: Medieval Roman law, activities (iurisdictio) that met these new Renunciations of learned law, Senatus requirements. The magistrate bestowed The Addressees of the Responses consultum Velleianum, Flanders, Low new rights of action that were not of P. Alfenus Varus and the Countries included in the ius civile on the plaintiff Accessibility of ‘Ordinary’ People or gave new opportunities of defence to to his Legal supports in late the defendant, thus securing justice. In Republican Rome Renunciations of Roman law are a well-known phenomenon in medieval 21 Europe. For the Southern Low Countries need of the practitioners of customary found in sources outside canon law, an (today’s Belgium), two articles by law. example of which may be the famous Gilissen and Vercauteren studied the Tripartitum of Stephen Werböczy from In short, if Flanders came into contact first renunciations. Surprisingly, their 1514, a legal codification relevant for a with learned law earlier than has hitherto research came to the conclusion that number of central European countries. been assumed, this only means that its the county of Flanders, generally With the analysis of all those sources, rejection also started earlier. ahead of the other principalities of the we hope to help to illuminate a matter Low Countries, in this lagged behind not only in its original Roman legal by about twenty years. However, they HENRIK-RIKO HELD setting, but also in the perspective of its had not used all the material at their legal development in various contexts disposal, as for Flanders they had University of Zagreb |Croatia and jurisdictions, thus contributing mainly used the charters collected by a both to better understanding of a colleague who had died prematurely. legal reasoning in Roman law and Representation in Procedure in its transformations and vicissitudes My lecture, based on my own survey Roman Law and Ius Commune throughout centuries. of thirteenth century charters on feudal law in Flanders and the Diplomata Belgica database, will show that several Keywords: advocatus, procurator ad ANDREAS HERRMANN renunciations appeared a generation litem, revocatio procuratoris, error earlier in Flanders than Gilissen Universität Tübingen |Germany advocatorum, Roman law and Vercauteren had assumed. For example, Isabella of Wallers, already renounced her rights according to the Die pervenit-Haftung im Taking into account general theme Senatus Consultum Velleiani in 1239, Zusammenhang mit den Klagen de of this year’s session of SIHDA, the whereas the first appearance of this peculio und de in rem verso aim of this paper is to analyse one renunciation according to Gilissen specific matter therein, namely the and Vercauteern only took place in problem of representation in procedure, 1273. Even though the chronology for Keywords: pervenit-Haftung, in Roman law as well as in the ius the other principalities also has to be prätorische Bereicherungsklagen, actio commune. The issue is related to the revised (examples will be given), this de peculio, actio de in rem verso origins and functions of advocates conforms more to the general pattern of and procedural procurators (advocati, legal evolution in the Low Countries. procuratores ad litem). Having their Hielten einige Autoren zu Beginn des However, this does not necessarily origins in older periods of Roman law, 20. Jahrhunderts die Haftung in id mean that Flanders was a pioneer the function of both of them changed quod pervenit, ganz gleich in welcher of Roman law, as the renunciations in the postclassical and Justinianic law. ihrer Erscheinungsformen, noch für indicate a resistance to, rather than an In their developed stage, advocates justinianisch, so wird inzwischen acceptance of Roman law. In general, were generally educated legal experts, die Klassizität der sogenannten until the late fifteenth century the professionals with their associations, prätorischen Bereicherungsklagen reception of Roman law in Flanders and who provided legal help for their clients. kaum mehr bezweifelt. Weit weniger other principalities of the Southern Low Procurators, on the other hand, were gesichert ist hingegen, wie diese sich Countries was very selective. Roman procedural representatives whose main zur Verantwortlichkeit für Geschäfte law was welcome only in so far as it function was to act in the stead of one oder Delikte Gewaltunterworfener could strengthen, not undermine the party in procedure. One specific matter verhalten. great principles of local customary law. with repercussions for the relationship In fact, already by the mid-thirteenth between both of them and their clients In einigen Quellen tritt die pervenit- century the redaction of renunciations or principals stands out, and that is a Haftung neben adjektizische Klagen betrayed that the population had possibility of an error by an advocate (so in D. 42,8,6,12: restituat quod ad become exasperated by learned (error advocatorum), and a possibility to se pervenit aut dumtaxat de peculio law and just renounced any learned revoke a procurator. Regulation of those damnetur vel si quid in rem eius versum exception that had been invented or matters reflects the general attitude est), an anderen Stellen wird sie mit could be invented in the future. Another of Roman law in regard to the issue of diesen kombiniert (etwa in D. 15,1,3,12: element is the lack of knowledge of representation. in id quod ad patrem pervenit competit learned law amongst others than actio de peculio). Beide Konstellationen The aim of this paper is to analyse clergymen. Although one family of haben mannigfache Deutungsansätze sources of Roman law that deal with nobles (the Beveren family) may have und Interpolationsvermutungen this matter, and which form basis for its been more familiar with Roman law, gezeitigt. An ersterer wird gezweifelt, further treatment in the ius commune. other renunciations betray a certain da id quod pervenit neben dem Representation being a very important ignorance, as in a charter which has a durch versio Erlangten praktisch matter in the medieval Catholic Church man renouncing any benefits he might keine eigenständige Bedeutung due to its complex organisation, there have thanks to the Senatus Consultum zukommen könne. Gegen zweitere are numerous sources dealing with it in Velleianum. Nevertheless, the exceptio wird vorgebracht, dass die Kopplung canon law, most importantly different non numeratae pecuniae seems to have der beiden Haftungsbegrenzungen ordines iudiciarii. In addition, similar been well-known, because it filled a übermäßig, außerdem im regulation and legal reasoning may be

22 Formularprozess wenig wahrscheinlich before discussing a possible reason These exceptions to the priority rule are sei. Stellt man diese Annahmen in for the shift—the increasing role referred to as privileges for the benefit Frage, rücken Ursprung und Funktion of jurists within Severan imperial of the property (in rem versio).[3] The der Klagen in id quod pervenit erneut in administration. I suggest that these Romans did not make exceptions to den Blick. changes in employment practice, the priority rule if there was no specific by boosting the careers of jurists justification for an exception. who could advise figures concerned Given the preferential treatment of the ZACHARY HERZ with matters other than doctrinal or purchase-money financier one would interpretive fidelity, changed the sorts Georgetown University |United expect that the parties specified the of language that could appear in legal States of America purpose of the extended credit in the scholarship. I conclude by discussing contract. This would ease the burden the ramifications of this shift in the post- of proof for the creditor. During my Severan period—not only were these Severan Jurists, Policy Analysis, presentation, I will answer if and how arguments idiosyncratically meaningful and the Rule of Law the ‘superpriority’ of the purchase in the post-juristic politics of the Late money financier influenced contracting Antique, but they also formulated a by discussing the parties’ specification vision of legal argumentation that Keywords: Jurists, jurisprudence, of the purpose of asset-based financing could appeal to actors with different or Severan politics, rule of law, sources of in their contracts in Justinian’s codified contingent relationships to Roman legal law laws and epigraphic sources. doctrine tout court. As a result, juristic writing reached audiences who looked [1] D. 20,4,7,pr (Ulpianus 3 to Roman law not as an intellectual disputationum); C. 8,17(18),7 One dominant feature of Roman law achievement, but as the foundation of a (Diocletianus and Maximianus in 293) of the Classical period is its extreme, political one. and Nov 97,3. [2] D. 20,4,5 (Ulpianus 3 and superficially chaotic, polycentrism; disputationum). [3] See: Dernburg Das in his Institutes, Gaius lists no fewer Pfandrecht nach den Grundsätzen des than six sources of legal authority (Inst. VINCENT VAN HOOF heutigen römischen Rechts (186 4) 427. 1.2). Of course, not all law is created equal. My talk considers specifically Radboud University | Netherlands Gaius’ last category—juristic writings or responsa prudentium—and argues that the nature of juristic legal work Asset-based financing and in rem I changed drastically over the course versio MARIKO IGIMI of the Severan period. While juristic practice under the Severans has been Kyushu University |Japan approached in recent scholarship Keywords: pledge, priority, object as part of Roman intellectual (Zetzel finance, contracts, hypotheca 2018, Wibier forthcoming) or political Libertis libertabusque relicta (Schiavone 2012, Peachin 2016) alimenta culture, this talk argues for a profound A creditor who provided financing for shift in that community’s perception the acquisition of goods or equipment of its functioning in the early third and got a nonpossessory pledge over Keywords: alimentum, libertus, oratio century. Specifically, I demonstrate the these assets obtained preference over Marci, legacy, patronus increasing frequency of what might creditors with prior pledges.[1] This be called ‘policy argument’ in Severan was a deviation from the basic rule juristic work; explicit claims that a that preference was determined by the Alimentum is the maintenance that law ought to be interpreted in a way chronological order of creation of non- consists of habitation, food, clothing, that will lead to desirable outcomes possessory pledges, as expressed in etc. D.34,1 deals with the legacy of under circumstances of universal the famous legal maxim prior tempore, alimentum of which most of the legatees promulgation. This distinctly new potior in iure, earlier in time, stronger in are freedmen and freedwomen. This tendency, which may have its roots right (the priority rule). explains why the oratio of Marcus in the novel role jurists played in the Aurelius required authorization of the The justification for the deviation Severan imperial bureaucracy, had praetor to compromise in respect of from the priority rule in favour of the enormous implications for the later alimenta left by will (D.2,15,8). The purchase-money financier seems reception and survival of Severan juristic reason for this intervention is that the to have been that the prior creditor writing, and perhaps for that writing’s persons to whom maintenance was would have had no security without centrality to later legal regimes. left tend to be satisfied by immediate the posterior creditor enabling the payment of small sum of money. I begin by defining my terms, acquisition. Creditors who incurred specifically what sorts of arguments costs in preserving someone else’s The oratio was applied, however, only might be understood as resting on property had preference over creditors to the compromise between the heir policy claims. I next explain how with prior security rights too. For and the legatees. What was the living this tendency can be isolated to example, Ulpian discussed a creditor condition of freedmen and freedwomen specifically Severan juristic writing, who paid for the repairs to a ship.[2] while the testator, i.e. the former owner

23 was still alive? How did they maintain The Ontology of Roman Forensic operandi, and limitations. Furthermore, their living? Science by identifying the disciplines which were able to ascertain hegemony over certain The presentation analyzes the texts matters (e.g. disputed parenthood), but which deal with alimenta given to Keywords: Roman law, forensic experts, not others (e.g. the status of madness) freedmen and freedwomen and tries to legal science I hope to be better able to explain the highlight the mechanism that served as formation of jurisdiction altogether. ‘social welfare’ for the majority of people By examining the dialectic relations who were not well-off in Roman society. The Roman courts increasingly relied of the court with other disciplines and on certain disciplines other than professionals I expect to learn more LISA ISOLA jurisprudence, and certain professionals about the formation of the court’s other than jurists for settling disputes. authority, both as a social institution Universität Wien|Austria From the late Republic onwards, and as an agent of a discipline. More physicians and land surveyors, wine generally, I hope to learn more about merchants and midwives were either the formation of legal science, and its Überlegungen zur Litiskreszenz appointed by the court to resolve emergence in tandem with other bodies bei der actio ex testamento procedures apud iudicem or were given of knowledge. quasi judicial authority. This tendency of the court is not self-evident. Roman Keywords: actio ex testamento, certum, judicatory proclaimed itself professional nuncupatio, Ableugnen, Litiskreszenz, and able. Professional in a sense of Formelgestaltung J being law-abiding and unbiased. Able EVA JAKAB in a sense of being prima facie unlimited in its ability and authority to interpret the NK University Budapest |Hungary Die actio ex testamento ist ein law and exercise its implementation. An besonders geeignetes Beispiel, um die appeal to an exterior source of Hintergründe der Verdoppelung des Law in Space: A Wooden Tablet Streitwerts bei Ableugnen bestimmter authority is an acknowledgement of the from Britannia Verpflichtungen zu ergründen. court’s imperfection, and an invitation to Einerseits geht die nuncupatio – further question its prowess. Keywords: Britannia, wooden tablets, welche für die im Zusammenhang sale, interpretation, in context It is therefore important to question mit einem Libralakt stehenden when, how, and why the court Litiskreszenzklagen Anknüpfungspunkt acknowledged disciplines other than gewesen sein dürfte – nicht auf die Recent excavations report of the jurisprudence, and professionals other Person zurück, welche später im legal life in Britannia, a far province than jurists as better suited to settle Prozess etwas ableugnet: Nicht der on the north-west edge of the Roman disputes revolving factual matters. Erbe, sondern der Erblasser hat diese Empire. Besides the rich material Disputed maternity or paternity were förmliche Erklärung vorgenommen; from Vindolanda, interesting legal resolved not by a jurist, but through nicht der Erblasser, sondern der Erbe sources have also been found in the the skills of a court-appointed midwife. bestreitet später die bestehende city of London and in the countryside, Boundary disputes fell under the Verpflichtung. Möglicherweise hängt die especially in Somerset, Wales, and jurisdiction of land-surveyors. They Verdoppelungsfolge hier zudem davon Kent. Various editors (Alan K. Bowman, were equally expected to retrace old ab, dass durch dieses Vermächtnis Roger Tomlin, Eric Turner, etc.) have deeds. Controversies over the quality ein ‘certum’ zugewendet wurde: Es furnished the international community of wine sold commercially ‘by tasting’ könnte nur beim schuldrechtlich of researchers with important texts and were decided by wine experts, not an wirkenden Legat eines certum zu documents of everyday legal practice. arbiter or a iudex. Suspicious deaths einer Verdoppelung des Streitwerts Unfortunately, Roman law experts or acts of violence were examined infolge des Ableugnens gekommen almost entirely missed paying attention by public physicians. In fact, these sein, nicht aber, wenn ein ‘incertum’ to this material. In my contribution, I physicians were often dispatched by vermacht wurde. Wie ließe sich das focus on the wooden tablet TLond 55 the court and ordered to file an official begründen? Der Unwertgehalt des (Roger Tomlin, Roman London’s First report. In all these instances the court Ableugnens eines Vermächtnisses Voices (2016), 178-81), considering the itself recognized the relevance of müsste schließlich im einen wie im criticisms of Giuseppe Camodeca and disciplines other than jurisprudence, anderen Fall derselbe sein? Die Lösung Fara Nasti (Index 45, 2017, 138-48). and professionals other than jurists and ist in Ursprung und Entwicklung most qualified to preside over these der Litiskreszenz zu suchen. Dem proceedings. soll ebenso nachgegangen werden ERDŐDY JÁNOS wie der Formelgestaltung bei den My paper aims to examine the ontology Katholische Universität Péter Vermächtnisklagen. of forensic science: law, knowledge, and Pázmány |Hungary authority. By mapping the occurrences of relying on forensic experts, I hope IDO ISRAELOWICH to learn more about the authority of SC Claudianum – Modern Tel Aviv University |Israel the Roman court, its origins, modus Questions, Ancient Answers?

24 Keywords: SC Claudianum, slavery, murdered. Nevertheless, in such Principles of Roman law support the women, Paulus, denuntiatio complex circumstances she did better Court’s reasoning and contribute to than many of her male contemporaries. the coherence of this relatively new Her laudator underlines: ‘So strenuously legal order. They make fragmented, The SC Claudianum decreed that any did you perform your filial duty by your particularistic legal systems consistent free woman, Roman or Latin, pursuing insistent demands and your pursuit of and universal. Roman law, with its relationship with the slave of another, justice that we could not have done special approach to the individual, its and failing to abandon the relationship more if we had been present’. unique way of thinking, and its universal after the denouncement of the slave’s language can be equally well applied master, will become the slave of the today as it has in the past. denouncing master. It appears to be an interesting endeavour to examine the approach of contemporary manuals K AGNIESZKA KACPRZAK on this topic. How the authors of such DANUTA KABAT-RUDNICKA Kazimierz Pułaski University of works go about this question implies Cracow University of Economics Technology and Humanities in strong interpretations. It is interesting |Poland Radom | Poland to compare these interpretations with the primary sources of the senatusconsultum when trying to Principles of Roman law in the Ius quod natura omnia animalia discover the actual content and European Union Legal System docuit: In the margin of D.1.1.3-4 objectives of this decree, such as promoting social morals, defending sexual morality, or protecting certain Keywords: principles, institutions, Keywords: ius naturale, ius gentium, interests. From a wider perspetive, Roman law, European Union law, Court law, right, oikeiosis the scrutiny of this senatusconsultum of Justice renders it possible to take a closer look at how Roman jurists approached In the famous fragment opening the first slavery as an institution. Roman law and neo-Roman law (ius title of the Justinian Digest (D.1.1.3-4), commune), underlay the legal systems Ulpianus defines ius naturale as the of the western world in both continental law common to both human beings MACIEJ JOŃCA (civil law) and Anglo-American and animals (3) and contrasts it to ius John Paul II Catholic University of (common law). In European legal culture gentium, specific for human beings only Lublin |Poland shaped by Roman law, personalism, (4). The extension of legal order to the which places an individual in the centre realm of animals struck the scholars and makes him/her the subject, the commenting on the fragment. Some Ultio Turiae – juridical vengeance end, and the intellectual reference of them even suggested the possible in the hands of a woman point legally and intellectually, remains impact of Pythagorean philosophy, central. Today, when we observe the which would recognize the rights of tendency towards unification, whether animals. It will be argued that the term Keywords: Roman law, women on a regional or a global scale, Roman ius in the fragment in question is used law with its unifying function can play in its objective sense as the set of rules an important role, for it offers a model (patterns of behaviour) and not as Among many virtues of one anonymous which makes possible the coexistence the subjective right. The observation Roman matron listed in the fascinating of nations in one polity. that certain patterns of behaviour are funeral inscription called Laudatio common both to human beings and The idea of European unification is not Turiae, there are some quite ‘non animals does not imply the recognition new. It refers to the legal and cultural feminine’ features such as bravery and of either subjective rights of animals unity that has its roots in the Roman perseverance. or any duties towards them. The idea tradition. Hence, it can be taken as of the natural order which rules the One can read that ‘it was mainly due to evidence that Roman legal culture behaviour of animals, as well as that of her efforts that the death of her parents is still alive. Principles of Roman law human beings, was well known to the was not left unavenged’. In the period have become an integral part of the Stoics and provided the basis for their of the late Republic, vengeance in the European Union’s legal order imposed idea of oikeiosis. literal sense was replaced by pursuing upon the Member States. They have personal enemies in the courts. The been employed by the Court of Justice Roman aristocracy considered this e.g. in Johannes Gerhardus Klomp v course of action a substantial part of Inspektie der Belastingen. The Court its ethos. It was male kin who were has also referred to legal institutions obliged to avenge the sufferings such as qui facit per alium facit per experienced within the family and se as in The Queen v Commissioners punish wrongdoers by winning juridical of Customs and Excise and in dubio condemnation against them. This pro reo as in R v Commission of the anonymous Roman matron happened European Communities. to live during the difficult times of the second triumvirate. Her parents were 25 GEORGY KANTOR applied by glossators of treating the such as Apuleius’ Metamorphoses, the latter as the custom of the city of Rome apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla University of Oxford |United is also unlikely for the age of Hadrian. and Flavius Philostratus’ Lives of the Kingdom Sophists, dating from the early 60s It will be argued in this paper that to 212-213 CE and involving both (possibly in the context of excuses the emperor’s court and the judicial from civic office, as suggested by Roman and Local Law in Salvius conventus of the Roman governor. Iulianus (D. 1.3.32 pr-1) Lenel) it would be more natural to see the ‘written laws’ at the beginning of the Salvius Iulianus passage as local TOMISLAV KARLOVIĆ Keywords: Salvius Iulianus, local law, laws of individual communities, thus conflict of laws, custom, precedent acknowledging their place in provincial University of Zagreb |Croatia jurisdiction. If this is so, this passage needs to be put in the context of other In my paper, I would like to address the evidence for the use of local laws in Presumptions between Civil and classic passage of Salvius Iulianus in Roman provinces and should perhaps Canon Law Book 84 of his Digesta (D. 1.3.32 pr-1 be seen as having less of a general = Lenel, Palingenesia, Iul. 819, partly import than it is often assumed. followed), the only explicit statement Keywords: presumptions, civil law, of the rules for resolving the conflict of canon law laws preserved in Justinian’s Digest, DIMITRIS KARAMBELAS and as such, of crucial importance to University of Athens |Greece the discussions about the role of local Rules of procedure and the regulations law in Roman provincial jurisdiction prior concerning forms of proof are to the Constitutio Antoniniana of AD 212. Roman Courts as Transitional often indicative of the place of law Iulianus sets up a hierarchy of ‘written Spaces: Tales from the Imperial in a certain society. In this paper, laws’ (scriptae leges), custom (mores et Age the development of the theory of consuetudo), and ‘law used in the city presumptions during the 12th and 13th of Rome’ (ius quo urbs Roma utitur), centuries, in the interaction between to be followed in that sequence, each the jurists of civil and canon law, is Keywords: Roman courts, cognitio extra new element coming into play in the elaborated. On the basis of Roman ordinem, Roman emperor, synegoroi, absence of the previous one. legal texts, presumptions were very emotions early recognized as shifting the burden The reinterpretation of this passage in of proof; however, in the preserved the Codex of Justinian (C. 1.17.1.10) puts sources the early authors of the 12th every part of this sequence in a Roman In a turn of phrase in one of his century could not find a coherent set context: the laws are assumed to be declamations, the fourth-century CE of general rules on the matter. Only the Roman ones, and consuetudo is rhetor Libanius argues that, in analogy during the second half of the 12th also glossed as ‘longstanding custom with the ‘perfect condition of the century did jurists intensify their efforts of that mother city’. In later period, body’, which ‘does not need a doctor’, to classify and define different types this passage permitted the glossators the ‘perfect condition’ of the soul is of presumptions. In this process, the to accommodate local custom and the one that ‘does not need a judge’ glossators stressed the division into the use of the Libri Feudorum. The (σώματος μὲν οὖν ἕξις ἀρίστη ἡ μὴ praesumptiones legis and iudicis, while prevailing modern consensus until χρῄζουσα ἰατροῦ, ψυχῆς δὲ ἡ δικαστοῦ the decretists put the emphasis on the recently continued to treat the leges μὴ ἐφιεμένη), since the ‘courts are the distinction between praesumptiones as the Roman ones, often interpreted infirmaries for the diseases of the soul’ temerariae, probabiles et violentae. as meaning imperial constitutions by (ἰατρεῖα γὰρ τῶν κατὰ ψυχὴν νοσημάτων The aim of this paper is to examine that date (see, for instance, E. Jakab, in τὰ δικαστήρια). Τhis notion of the courts the convergence of two systems in Symposion 2015 (Vienna 2016), 256-7, as ‘infirmaries of the soul’ indicates an the literature of Romano-canonical for a recent restatement). intermediate space where emotions and procedure, and especially the roles passions of the litigants are transformed This intepretation creates two significant of Pillius Medicinensis and later Azo and ‘cured’ by the intervention of the problems. First, the discussion in establishing the categories of judge/healer. In addition, Roman courts of the decisions of the populus presumptions as they are used today. also function as transitional spaces expressed rebus ipsis et factis rather which intermediate both the needs and than suffragio is hardly apposite for demands of the litigants and the will of imperial constitutions as the base YASUNORI KASAI power – and, on another level, different case. Secondly, if we assume that social and legal orders (humiliores vs University of Tokyo |Japan scriptae leges are those of Rome, they honestiores; Greek rhetoric vs Roman effectively become the same as ius, quo law). urbs Roma utitur, putting the litigants Hubris, Iniuria and Harassment in an impossible circular situation of In the present paper, we will discuss the resorting to Roman law in the absence function of Roman courts as transitional of written Roman law. The solution spaces through the study of judicial Keywords: iniuria, harassment anecdotes preserved in diverse sources

26 We are now surrounded by the words light on the Greek and Roman law and économique empirant, on a commencé related to ‘harassment’ such as ‘sexual the practice in their attitudes towards les hommes libres comme les esclaves harassment’, ‘power harassment’, women and slaves and provide us with à être employé pour achever les travails ‘academic harassment’, etc. In 1989 a comparative aspect on which we exigeant la force physique. Le louage the first civil case of sexual harassment look at any kind of harassment in our des hommes libres à été intégré dans was brought to the court. On 29 May contemporary society. la locatio conductio en étant assimilé 2019, new legislation on harassment au louage des esclaves. En outre, le was passed in Japan. In this legislation conducteur promettait l’ovrage qui est the three elements which constitute SEVGI KAYAK le produit de son taravail et à ce point, power harassment are as follows: Istanbul Üniversitesi |Turkey ils s’assimilaient aux hommes libres firstly the (ab)use of superior status; promettant leur travail. Mais, celui qui secondly excess beyond necessary promet de fabriquer un ouvrage est and reasonable conduct and words; Le Developpement Juridique De La une personne qui ne dépende pas de and thirdly the deterioration of the Locatio Conductio Dans L’Ancien l’employeur contrairement aux esclaves working environment. However, the Droit Romain et aux travailleurs libres. Parce qu’il judicial definition of the notion of the achève le taravail en utilisant son harassment seems far from clear and expérience professionelle. Dans la awaits further developments from locatio conductio operarum, tandis Keywords: locatio conductio, le droit harassment cases. que les hommes libres travaillent d’une des obligations, le contrat de service, le manière dépendant de l’employeur et In the article, ‘Harassment and hubris: contrat d’entreprise c’est pour ça que qu’on les nomment the right to an equality of respect’ (Irish “locator”; dans la locatio conductio Jurist 32 (1997), 1-45), Peter Birks operis, les artisants auraient été nommé argues that: Le contrat de locatio conductio est “conductor”, puisqu’ils n’avait pas controversé dans la doctrine romaniste. 'the word ‘harassment’ seems travaillé d’une manière dépendant de La cause de cette controverse est to be the best generic description of l’employeur. l’intégration trois types différents de the act involved in any example of contrat qui se trouve d’une manière Roman iniuria, and the Greek word indépendante dans les droits modernes ‘hubris’ combines the attitudes of mind WILLIAM KERR dans la ‘locatio conductio’. La locatio of one who harasses another and the conductio du droit romain contient le University of New Brunswick acts which derive from that mental contrat de bail, le contrat de service |Canada attitude. The Romans used contumelia et le contrat d’entreprise des droits to express the same ideas, both the modernes. Tandis que le contrat attitude of mind and the conduct de service et le contrat d’entreprise Judged by their Judgements: emanating from it.' présente un caractère d’un contrat Roman Trials as anti-Roman After comparing Roman iniuria and de travail, le contrat de bail présente Propaganda Tools Greek hubris with a distinctive type un caractère d’un contrat de louage. of torts in common law, he concludes Dans cette situation, il faudrait chercher that these three institutions share the la valeur juridique que les Romains Keywords: Roman law, cognitio, common feature which is to protect the ont accordé à la locatio conductio propaganda, martyrs, ancient novel, right to an equality of respect. et constater la nature juridique et le Christianity developpement de la locatio conductio. According to the suggestion of Peter Birks, I shall attempt to compare Greek La locatio conductio n’est pas définie Courtroom drama is anything but a hubris with Roman iniuria in terms dans les sources du droit Romain. Bien modern topos. In classical literature it of women and slaves. In hubris and plus, la division en trois de la locatio can be traced at least back to classical iniuria, did the Greeks and Romans treat conductio n’est nulle part expressément Athens. More relevant to our legal women and slaves as equally as free énoncé. Pour la doctrine, la locatio and media culture is its ubiquity in the men or not, and how were the interests conductio est une opération juridique Roman Empire, where trial scenes of women and slave protected as par laquelle une personne promet à pervade not only the martyr literature equally as those of free men? Starting une autre de procurer la jouissance of Christians and pagans, but Greek with the definition of hubris in Aristotle’s temporaire d’une chose ou d’exécuter la and Roman novels. ‘Martyr’ narratives rhetoric, I shall examine hubris cases prestation d’un service ou d’accomplir imply the innocence of the victim and in some forensic speeches of the Attic l’exécution d’un ouvrage moyennant une the wickedness of the Roman court, orators, then move to the definition somme d’argent. and this has led some scholars to look of Roman iniuria in the Institutes of D’après notre idée, la locatio conductio for hostility to Roman justice even in Gaius and Justinian and look at Roman est une institution juridique particulier au nonmartyr contexts; but, as the Gospel lawyers’ discussions about iniuria in droit Romain. Il faut expliquer la locatio narratives of the trial of Jesus indicate, the Digest. Here a question cannot conductio qui est trés discuté dans le interpretation is not always so simple. be avoided whether or not interests of droit Romain par sa developpement The overlay of Roman procedure on women and slaves were protected for historique. Au début, il existait la indigenous judicial traditions could their own sake. cession de l’usage des esclaves et produce ambiguities. The popularity of It is hoped that my paper will shed a des animaux. Mais afin de la situation these judicial acta, however accurate

27 they might be, give them the requisite Einigung einen Vorteil zieht, mag auf Keywords: preventive action, civil propaganda edge; but it also suggests die Einhaltung der Zusage der anderen rights protection, Roman law, European their forensic plausibility, which in Partei beharren. Die übervorteilte legislation turn suggests a working knowledge Partei wird versuchen, die Bindung of Roman court procedures among a der vertraglichen Einigung wieder zu public far greater than the administrative beseitigen. Der Vortrag geht auf dieses The occurrence of damage is not élite which operated the cognitiones. Spannungsverhältnis anhand einiger always caused by one sudden event. The evidence from the ancient novels Kaiserkonstitutionen näher ein. Sometimes the reason is a situation that is different. The authors (with the lasts for a long time and creates the risk significant exception of Apuleius) abjure of damage. This means that the damage Roman settings, but their depiction of EGBERT KOOPS is preceded by the appearance of a trials in their sometimes fantastical plots Leiden University |Netherlands threat. In Roman law there was a non- cannot escape the influence of the intentional delictual obligation ‘actio de legal world in which the authors lived, positis et suspensis’ and the lawyers and this reflects on that world in ways Manumission and a Change said: ‘Adversus periculum naturalis ratio which are by no means always positive, of Mind: How to Resolve a permittit se defendere’ (D. 9, 2, 4). The although without any overt propaganda Contradiction actio de positis et suspensis could be intent. filed by any citizen, having noticed a thing that was dangerously placed on the wall or ledge of the building, the fall Keywords: slavery, manumission, PHILIPP KLAUSBERGER of which could cause damage to the antinomy, contradiction, reception Universität Wien |Austria passers-by. The claim subject was the fine recovery from the building’s owner in the amount of 10 soldis (D. 9. 3. 5). A father permits his son to set free a Whether there was strict liability in the Quamvis eum qui pactus est statim slave. The son complies with this wish case of positum aut suspensum, is paeniteat, transactio rescindi and manumits the slave, not knowing questionable. Generally, it depends on et lis instaurari non potest … that his father has died in the meantime. the interpretation of Ulpian’s fragment Über die Bindungswirkung von Is the slave free? Yes, says Julianus in D. 9, 3, 5, 10. Perhaps this case was Vergleichen im Lichte kaiserlicher Dig. 40,2,4 pr. No, says Paulus in Dig. classified as a quasi-delict because Konstitutionen 40,9,15,1 citing Julianus. What is word- it was so closely related to the actio for-word almost the exact same case de deiectis vel effusis and because meets with two different replies from the there did not have to be an injury Keywords: Vergleich, pactum, jurists as reported in the Digest. And the for liability to arise. Roman lawyers Privatautonomie, Vertragstreue later jurist explicitly refers to the earlier paid special attention to the task of jurist as authority for his statement. What damage prevention in neighborhood to make of this contradiction? relations. For this reason, the concept of Mit einem Vergleich bereinigen die This paper attempts to trace responsibility for damnum infectum and Parteien ein strittiges Rechtsverhältnis the debates surrounding these the associated dissentrative power of privatautonom, ohne die Hilfe der contradictory texts, in the history of the the praetor in the form of cautio damni Gerichte in Anspruch zu nehmen. Jede study of Roman law. Solutions proposed infecti were created. Seite gibt dabei ein Stück weit nach. Im by the glossators and commentators, römischen Recht funktioniert dies über Modern European legislation has humanists, critical editors and more ein pactum: Der Vergleich – transactio shaped damage prevention in various modern Romanists are discussed. – geschieht dadurch, dass eine Seite ways. From the point of view of the By turning attention to one specific formlos auf ihr Klagerecht verzichtet adopted legal regulation technique, case and the apparently contradictory und dafür eine Gegenleistung erhält. two basic types of solutions can be answers of the Roman jurists, this paper Will eine Seite später vom Vergleich distinguished: a general preventive hopes to provide a glimpse of the nichts mehr wissen und klagt aus dem claim as a construction developed by changing methodologies surrounding vormals strittigen Rechtsverhältnis, case law in the absence of expressive textual transmission and the nature of so steht der actio eine exceptio pacti regulation and clear regulation of the Roman law in the Digest. entgegen. Was aber, wenn eine Seite preventive claim in the text of the Act. bemerkt, dass sie mehr nachgegeben Neither type of solution is uniform. hat, als sie womöglich nachgeben hätte BEATA J. KOWALCZYK Within the first, three subtypes can müssen? Hier kommt die Vertragstreue be distinguished: 1) recognition of ins Spiel. Dass zwischen den Parteien University of Gdansk |Poland preventive protection as quasi-negatoria gilt, worauf man sich geeinigt hat, ist protection; 2) inclusion of a preventive gewissermaßen Grundvoraussetzung claim as a sui generis compensation für das Funktionieren privatrechtlicher The Concept of Preventive claim; and 3) inclusion of a preventive Beziehungen. Dennoch mag die Protection in Roman Law and its claim as a special protection measure Vertragstreue, auf die Spitze getrieben, Adaptation in European Legal based on equity principles. zu einem Dilemma führen: Was gilt, Systems The second type of solution was wenn der Inhalt der Einigung an adopted mainly in young legislation, Grenzen stößt? Eine Partei, die aus der

28 including Poland. This solution, although For example, there are no deviations fino allo studio del più ampio contesto based on the positive law, is more from ius commune with regard to the storico -, si possono ottenere nuovi diverse than the first. An analysis persons who are entitled to demand interessanti risultati in merito alla of legal systems whose concept of the compulsory portion. Even siblings dibattuta questione della tradizione preventive protection was created can only demand their compulsory manoscritta del Digesto di Giustiniano. through the progressive evolution portion if an "inferior person (unerbere Lungo questo sentiero si muove un of case law will allow showing the person)" has been appointed as their progetto avviato presso l’Università substance of a preventive claim. In heir instead of them. This is congruent di Padova, intitolato FOR.MA (The my presentation, I explore the legal with the "persona turpis" in common Forgotten Manuscripts), che studia conception of preventive protection in law and even shows in this detail that it 2 manoscritti risalenti al XII secolo Roman law and its adoptation in modern has already come comprehensively to conservati presso la Biblioteca systems in Europe. Placing the Roman a reception within the inheritance law of Universitaria di Padova, i quali doctrine of preventive protection in the Salzburg. contengono il testo del Digestum vetus perspective of contemporary solutions The analysis proves that the draft of (codice 941) e dei primi nove libri del allows us to capture its timeless aspects the land constitution of Salzburg of the Codex (codice 688). Nell’ambito di and show the genius of ancient jurists. year 1526 provides a comprehensive questo progetto si è già effettuata testimony to the fact that an extensive la loro digitalizzazione e messa a NIKOLAUS KRAUSLER reception of Roman law took place in disposizione degli studiosi nel sito the archdiocese of Salzburg regarding PHAIDRA ed è in corso di stampa la Universität Salzburg |Austria inheritance law and that Salzburg's riproduzione anastatica del codice customary law was already heavily 941. Si sta procedendo a un’analitica permeated by the ius commune in the disamina degli stessi, iniziando dal The draft of the land constitution early 16th century. Digestum vetus, secondo le varie of Salzburg of the year 1526: An prospettive di interesse: esame analysis of the reception of Roman paleografico delle scritture principali law regarding the right to a e delle (poche) miniature presenti, compulsory portion allo scopo di precisare meglio luogo L ed epoca di composizione del testo; PAOLA LAMBRINI studio approfondito delle glosse (in gran Keywords: Roman inheritance law, Università di Padova |Italy parte inedite), dalle quali si possono old German inheritance law, history desumere molte interessanti notizie of reception, land constitution, relativamente al contesto storico in cui archdiocese of Salzburg Per un Rinnovato Studio della i codici furono utilizzati, in particolare Tradizione Manoscritta del Digesto per la storia delle prime università; di Giustiniano indagine in merito alle lezioni divergenti Based on the advisory protocols to the rispetto a quelle riportate nell’edizione Landtag of 15th October of 1526, in di Mommsen; infine, ipotesi per una which the proximity of the inheritance storia della tradizione manoscritta Keywords: Giustiniano, Digesto, law of Salzburg to the ius commune del Digestum vetus diversa da quelle Mommsen, manoscritti, Padova is emphasized, the lecture deals with finora proposte. I risultati di questi studi the analysis of the draft regulations saranno presentati in un convegno che regarding the right to the compulsory si terrà a Padova a fine gennaio 2020. La trasmissione del testo del Digesto portion. The analysis shows clear di Giustiniano rimane uno dei grandi Verranno qui esposte alcune delle parallels to the ius commune, but also problemi insoluti della storia giuridica, prime parziali conclusioni; in particolare major differences resulting from the malgrado i molti studi che sono stati il caso del termine aer nell’ambito del draft character of the land constitution. a esso dedicati, soprattutto nel corso famoso passo di Marciano in tema di First of all, the analysis shows that the dell’Ottocento e nella prima metà del res communes omnium (D. 1.8.2.2.1), Salzburg inheritance law is infiltrated Novecento. In particolare, come ha che nella Florentina si legge senza by terminological terms as well as detto Stollte, dopo il passaggio di alcuna difficoltà, mentre è assente nei substantive ideas of Roman law, which Mommsen l’erba ha impiegato molto codici Vaticano, Parigino e Lipsiense; cannot be overlooked. tempo a ricrescere e sembrava non ci nel nostro Patavino è aggiunto in un For example, the draft first lists the will fosse più molto da dire sul tema; oggi, momento di poco successivo alla and then the legal succession, so that però, il terreno merita di nuovo di essere scrittura primitiva, con inchiostro più in contrast to the old German law of curato e vi è margine per interventi leggero, il che starebbe a indicare un succession with its primacy of family che apportino nuove prospettive, precoce confronto con la Florentina. succession, the legal succession is no anche perché i mezzi tecnologici a Altro esempio riguarda il testo longer the most important method of disposizione permettono confronti greco di D. 16.3.26 che manca nel inheritance. testuali immediati tra i vari manoscritti Patavino, ma nel margine superiore digitalizzati e, intrecciando con quelle si legge la traduzione in latino fatta In addition to the law of succession in giuridiche molteplici altre competenze da Burgundione Pisano; anche nel general, the provisions of the law of - dalla paleografia all’analisi delle Vaticano e nel Lipsiense manca e compulsory portions in particular have miniature, dall’esame delle glosse c’è la traduzione a margine, senza been strongly influenced by Roman law.

29 l’indicazione dell’autore; nel Parigino è Especialmente relevante es, a estos The catalogue includes international invece presente il testo greco, anche se efectos, la afirmación de Wieacker, customs or international agreements. non completo. según la cual, ‘el “verdadero” sistema These are legal actions which introduce de los juristas romanos es el conjunto certain principles of behaviour into the de las operaciones mentales con el legal system. What is important is that PATRICIO LAZO que constataban la autarquía de estas the practices of specific states, that is Pontificia Universidad Católica de estructuras y aseguraban la coherencia in their internal legislative acts, do not Valparaíso |Chile de los elementos de su campo del amount to a commitment on the side of saber, y lo construían de tal manera, other global players on the international que se consolidaba progresivamente stage but are often a confirmation of the Estrategias interpretativas y como una conexión consistente de application of customary law. saberes’4. desarrollo de la exceptio doli An agreement is a source of law which generalis El hecho de que estas estrategias is characteristic only of international pueden ser muy diversas se pone regulations. On the ground of private de manifiesto por medio de dos law, agreements shape legal relations Keywords: exceptio doli generalis específicas estrategias interpretativas, which are attached to a different que serán objeto de examen en este legal source. However, international trabajo; así por ejemplo cuando agreements are not based on laws, but La exceptio doli generalis es expuesta los juristas optan por valerse de la on the fundamental principles, which en el edicto del pretor en términos muy analogía, o bien cuando, su interpretatio provide the ground for the international amplios. Ella se vale de un término perfilar los límites de aplicación de order. jurídico de contornos no siempre la exceptio doli respecto de otras, en The aim of the current article is to precisos, como es el de dolo y, por aquellos casos en que se produce una indicate which of the international otra, ubica la acción dolosa en un cierta convergencia, como suele darse agreements contracted by the Romans arco temporal puede abarcar desde a propósito de la exceptio rei venditae in the times of the Republic could be el pasado hasta el presente. Ello da et traditae o la exceptio pacti. capable of instigating law-making la posibilidad a la jurisprudencia para processes, as well as to present the diferenciar los actos circunscritos en instances of legislative provisions and tiempo pasado de aquellos de tiempo 1 BRETONE, Mario, Tecniche e their significance on the international presente, como primera categoría y, a ideologie dei giuristi romani (2ª ed. arena. continuación, para decidir la medida Napoli, 1982). en que tales actos expresan la idea 2 GUZMÁN BRITO, Alejandro, La de dolo. En la práctica, el concepto de interpretación de las normas jurídicas JOSÉ LINARES dolo pretérito y presente se construye en el derecho romano (Santiago: agregativamente mediante el propio Universitat de Girona |Spain Instituto Juan de Solórzano y Pereyra, proceso interpretativo, y es el que nos 2000). interesa. Para efectos de este trabajo, bajo la denominación ‘estrategias 3 WIEACKER, Franz (1998), Furtum e possession: rileggendo interpretativas’ hago referencia al Fundamentos de la formación del Contardo Ferrini abanico de recursos utilizados por sistema en la jurisprudencia romana la jurisprudencia romana para hacer (Granada: Comares). posible la aplicación de la exceptio Keywords: furtum, possessio, definizioni 4 WIEACKER, Franz (1998), p. 51. doli generalis. La identificación y sistematización de tales estrategias serían una vía relevante —desde IZABELA LERACZYK L’estraordinaria espansione el punto de vista heurístico— para giurisprudenziale delle fattispecie di proveer de conocimiento nuevo acerca John Paul II Catholic University of furtum fino a diventare qualsiasi ‘azione de la exceptio doli. Lo anteriormente Lublin |Poland dolosa sopra una cosa a fine di lucro’ dicho tiene por base la hipótesis (FERRINI), oppure “…jedes ‘unehrliche de que la aplicación a diferentes Antasten’ einer fremden (beweglichen) materias de la exceptio doli constituyó Sources of International Law in Sache in gewinnsüchtiger Absicht…” un proceso gradual que los juristas Antiquity: The Case of Republican (HONSELL/KUNKEL), meritava la llevaron a cabo de manera cuidadosa, Rome nota critica di SCHULZ: ‘The classical de forma de garantizar coherencia conception of furtum was an artificial en sus decisiones. Esta hipótesis, and unhappy creation of republican and a su turno, recaba parte sustantiva Keywords: fons iuris, international classical jurisprudence... It was not a de su fundamento en los resultados agreements, Roman law happy idea on the part of the republican a los cuales arribaron Bretone1, jurists to extend the conception of Guzmán Brito2 y Wieacker3, en furtum so far beyond the natural sense torno a los hábitos y las herramientas One of the features differentiating of the term’. Sotto il profile moderno intelectuales que caracterizan a los international law from the other della ‘Better Regulation’, costa trovare juristas romanos, así como al valor branches of law is the specific anche senso a questo ‘catch-all crime’. de éstos en la formación del sistema. catalogue of its sources (fontes iuris). Se i motivi di politica del diritto di una

30 tale espansione non sono evidenti, forse ALEXANDR LOGINOV 3. It is possible that in Mycenaean la via proposta da Contardo Ferrini nel times a person paid compensation Kutafin Moscow State Law suo Diritto penale romano (1902, che to the injured party for having killed, rifletteva parecchi contributi anteriori), University |Russia what we can observe in the Homeric di cercare nella transizione dalla amotio epics (See PY Ea 805 the reason for alla contrectatio (Gai. 3,195) l’influenza land possesion e-neka a-no-qa-si-ja dello “svolgersi della teorica del Mycenaean, Homeric and Archaic ‘because of murder (?)’). One type of possesso” ci fornirà di un argomento Greek Legal Concepts punishment could be forced labor (KN tecnico capace di spiegare, almeno As 1517; PY An 129). parzialmente questi sviluppi. Keywords: Mycenaean Greece, justice, 4. We can find the concepts of the king early Greek law, court as the judge in Mycenaean as well as in PIOTR ŁOCHOWSKI Homeric times. 4.1 In the Homeric epics the words Uniwersytet Jagiellonski |Poland We suppose there was a continuity in ἀνάσσειν, ἄναξ and σκῆπτρον are Greek legal history from Mycenaean to closely related (see Il.2.99-108). Homeric times. Deathbed Gifts as a Hybrid: The gold and ivory sceptres were Comparative Legal Perspective 1. Despite the collapse of the found in the royal tholos tombs of the Mycenaean civilization, some Mycenaean times. Mycenaean legal terms have survived 4.2 The Mycenaean Greeks may have in the Homeric and archaic times. For Keywords: deathbed gifts, inheritance had the idea of the court, during which example: 1.1. e-u-ke-to in PY Ep 704. law special scales weighs people’s souls. 5-6 / PY Eb 297 and εὔχετο in Il. 18. Some scenes of the Iliad contain 499 — in the sense ‘swear in a court’. reminescences of such beliefs. The Some European legal orders allow 1.2. Сf. myc. te-ke ‘appointed’ in jo- proof of the existence of such ideas can contracts as means of transferring po-ro-te-ke (MY Ue 661), in o-wi-de be that in Mycenaean tholos tombs the property in the event of death , pu2-ke-qi-ri , o-te, wa-na-ka, te-ke , ritual scales of gold foil decorated with while others exclude and prohibit au-ke-wa , da-mo-ko-ro (PY Ta 711) images of butterflies were found. any attempts of this practice. As a ‘Thus P. (fem.?) made inspection, on 4.3 The concept that the god gives consequence, the latter model does the occasion when the king appointed the θέμιστες to the king may be very not allow deathbed gifts, which are Sigewas’ (Chadwick), hom. ἔθηκαν in old. This scene was probably depicted contracts, but to achieve the same τὴν γὰρ Τρῶες ἔθηκαν Ἀθηναίης ἱέρειαν on Minoan artefacts (e.g. seals). legal effects as a will. Deathbed gifts ‘for her had the Trojans made priestess We can suppose this conception are indirect legal acts and could be of Athene’ (Il. 6. 300) and θε ͂[ναι] in was elaborated under near eastern placed in legal systematics of private μ ̣όνφον θε ͂[ναι] ‘condemn as criminal’ influence. law between a donation inter vivos and in the inscription from Arcadia V century a will. BC (IG V,2 262). The presence of deathbed gifts in a 1.3. a-no-qa-si-ja (PY Ea 805) as FRANCISZEK LONGCHAMPS legal order may potentially disrupt ἀνδρο-φασία ‘murder’. DE BÉRIER the coherence of the legal system. 1.4 Сf. za-mi-jo (KN As 1517) and ζαμία Uniwersytet Jagielloński |Poland Wills transfer property in the event ‘punishment’. of death as contracts between the living. Deathbed gifts distort the clear 1.5 Сf. qo-i-ṇạ (KN X 7735) and ποινή. In conventionibus contrahentium distinction. Therefore, the prohibition 1.6. Сf. part. praes. act. o-pe-ro ‘debtor’ voluntatem potius quam verba of deathbed gifts usually seems to be in the phrases o-pe-ro du-wo-u-pi (PY spectari placuit an expression of striving to achieve an Ep 613), o-pe-ro-sa duwo-u-pi (PY ideal dogmatic state of the legal order. Ep 704) ‘owing to two (or twice?)’ and It seems, however, that this state is ὁπῆλεν διπλεῖ in the inscription from Keywords: theories of contract, unachievable because the prohibition Dreros about 650 BC (Nomima I.81), interpretation of contracts, interpretation of deathbed gifts does not extend διπλάσιον ὀφείλειν (And. 1.73), διπλῆν of statutes, contractual freedom, to donations inter vivos, which after τὴν βλάβην ὀφείλειν (Lys. 1.32; Dein. planning adding to them the condition in the 1.60), διπλοῦν ὀφείλειν (Dem. 23.28) et form of donor survival by the recipient cet. The double fine was characteristic leads to the same effects as deathbed of punishment in the Classical Greece. The traditional way of interpreting gifts. Therefore, on the example of the The double fine designated de facto contracts was based on the content of deathbed gift, we can observe that ἀτιμίαν and the exile. We can find the an actual agreement that was stipulated striving to create an ideal coherence in same sense in the texts in Linear B. between the contracting parties. In a legal system is more than difficult. Yet, recent decades, contracts tended to be an essential feature of the legal order 2. It is very likely that the oath played an interpreted according to expectations is flexibility which ensures multiplicity, important role in the Mycenaean times of the parties, particularly creditors. diversity, and pluralism in legal means. and in the Homeric period (See: e-u-ke- Therefore, the main values are not to-qe in PY Ep 704. 5–6; PY Eb 297). reaching an agreement or planned

31 results but securing the integrity of Ho sempre trovato singolare una esse, però, ancora una volta, senza relations and mitigation of conflicts. It simile interpretazione, essedo, invece, che si estingua l’intera famiglia. is no longer desired that pacta sunt affascinato dalla teoria di David Daube, Tanto in un caso, quanto nell’altro, servanda – agreements must be kept. ma, esercitando come Avvocato, mi proprio perché nessuna ape in sé Now, rather planning est servandum: sono vieppiù persuaso dell’impossibilità singolarmente considerata può avere planning must be kept and carried d’una simile regola. Con questo scopo, un’utilità, è evidente che non il corpus out. The paper is about contracts and dunque, ho vagliato le fonti, cercando dei singoli insetti può essere il fulcro planning. di verificare se le stesse supportino dell’aestimatio. Questi brevi passi, l’interpretazione maggioritaria, oppure nella loro stringatezza, confermano The brocard pacta sunt servanda is offrano argomenti in favore della che la parola res del capo terzo, understood as an expression of the lettura anglosassone. Tra le varie lungi dal descrivere il bene, indichi la principle of freedom of contract in the testimonianze che ritengo supportino faccenda “danno” nella sua accezione Latin language. Yet, it seems misleading l’ipotesi ermeneutica del Daube, ritengo economicocontabile. to keep the brocard literally as a legal si collochino i due passi che, in sedes rule and interpret contracts strictly materiae, si occupano delle api. Il according to what parties expressed riferimento è a D.9,2,49 pr. (Ulpiano, ELŻBIETA LOSKA when entering the agreement. Papinian, 9 disputationum) ed a D.9,2,27,12, a Roman jurist from the second Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski (Ulpiano, 18 ad edictum). Narra mihi century CE, wrote: ‘It was decided that University |Poland facta, tibi dabo jus: quali accadimenti in agreements between contracting sta narrando il giurista? parties’ intention rather than the actual words must be considered.’ È nozione della comune esperienza che De iure et tempore legum The contractual will or intention of the il fumo determini sulle api un effetti per rogandarum parties might be considered open così dire sedativo: ciò è determinato dal to their plans. Therefore surprisingly, fatto che gli insetti, quando avvertono the ancient legal tradition allows us to la presenza di fumo, ritengono che vi Keywords: Roman law, legislation, interpret contracts with greater freedom sia un incendio, pertanto, rispondendo enmity and in a creative way by the latent ad un istinto incondizionato, corrono and implied authorization from the all’arnia, dove fanno incetta di miele, parties. We apply what is known from per poter affrontare la vita fuori dal The aim of this paper is to show how interpreting statutes, as we read in the nido, in attesa di costruirne uno nuovo. personal and political enmity influenced ancient Roman law: ‘Knowing laws is L’ingurgitamento di tanto miele ha Roman law at the end of the Republic. not a matter of sticking to their words, come conseguenza un rallentamento The famous example is the grudge but a matter of grasping their force dell’animale, il che lo fa diventare, between Marcus Tullius Cicero and and tendency.’ The paper is about the dunque, poco pericoloso, perché Publius Clodius, but there are also other civil law tradition on expectations of gli rende difficile l’estrazione del examples. Various means were used contracting parties. pungiglione. In caso di molto fumo, to prevent the unwanted legislation of la Regina, avvertito il pericolo, lancia an adversary, from the legal ones such l’allarme e cerca di fuggire, chiamando as the obnuntiatio procedure to the ALBERTO LORUSSO la colonia con sé. Ma tra i facta da illegal methods such as the plain use of Universidad de Alcalá |Spain tenere in conto ci sono le caratteristiche violence. The content of the leges often peculiari del bene “ape”, che è una also reflected the state of relationships species di insetti detta “polimorfica”, nel between Roman political figures. Aestimatio damni nel terzo capo senso che le stesse si riuniscono in una della lex Aquilia: Le api a supporto società matriarcale formata da individui appartenenti a tre caste tra di loro ZDRAVKO LUČIĆ della teoria del David Daube diverse, la Regina, una femmina fertile, University of Sarajevo|Bosnia and le operaie, femmine sterili, ed i fuchi, i Herzegovina maschi, impiegati per la riproduzione Keywords: lex Aquilia, aestimatio, e presenti solo in determinati periodi Daube dell’anno. Römisches Recht als ratio scripta All’interno dell’arnia, le api sono non des Europäischen Rechts Tradizionalmente, si ritiene che il terzo solo divise nelle predette caste, ma capo della lex Aquilia prevedesse pure ognuna destinata ad una specifica una condanna per il danneggiante a funzione, con la conseguenza che Keywords: Römisches Recht, ius pagare al suo dominus il più alto valore il singolo insetto non può vivere che naturale, ratio scripta, Eurpäischen che la res su cui s’era appuntata la nella colonia, poiché abbisogna dei Rechts condotta illecita aveva nei trenta giorni suoi simili per poter vivere. I due antecedenti. La dottrina maggioritaria passi descrivono quattro possibili ritiene che il corpus rappresentasse accadimenti: la fuga dell’intera colonia, Im Fokus der Untersuchung liegt l’elemento base per il calcolo della oppure di alcuni elementi, senza das Zeitalter, in welchem das somma dovuta, la quale era costituita che quella venga meno, oppure la Bild des Menschen der Antike im almeno dal più alto prezzo avuto dal morte di tutte le api o di molte di Zentrum der Weltbetrachtung steht. bene nel predetto arco temporale. 32 Besondere Beachtung wird dabei As is universally accepted, social like iusta causa? Why not before and der naturrechtlichen Idee über protection was not a feature of Roman through direct solutions? die Autonomie des menschlichen law, much less a feature of Roman The protection of the tenant’s right Verstandes als dem Grundstein des private law. to remain in leased premises during gesamten Rechtssystems und der A prime example was the set of rules an agreed time was a ius commune Gerechtigkeitsidee gegeben. Im which governed the Roman lease creation. Only after this was an eviction Rahmen dessen diskutiert der Autor das contract (locatio conductio), with its control conceivable – and anachronistic Verhältnis zwischen den Begriffen ius evident absence of social protection. readings of historical sources should be gentium und ius inter gentes im Sinne Freedom of contract reigned supreme. rejected. eines Systems rechtlicher Normen bei der Regulierung der Verhältnisse unter Despite this, a few Roman legal texts den Völkern (Inst. 1,2,1). (C.4,65,3; D.19,2,13,11; D.43,16,12) have EMILIA MATAIX FERRANDIZ been construed as granting some kind Des Weiteren wird die Verbindung of eviction control similar to modern one Helsinki Collegium for Advanced der aristotelischen Methoden und (i.e., landlords must have a just cause Studies |Finland des römischen Rechts in Betracht for pursuing eviction). Thus, three main genommen. Die Frage welche Normen questions arise: der Gruppe ius naturae et gentium Of Cargoes and Men: Law and zugeordnet werden sowie die Relevanz • C.4,65,3 (214) granted possessory Communication in Roman Sea der allgemeinen Rechtsprinzipien protection to tenants, as Ihering Trade aus D.50,17,206 ; 50,17,54 ; 50,17,55 ; defended, allowing the recovery of 50,17,128 ; 50,17,203 stellen wichtige the leased premises if there was an Bestandteile der Untersuchung dar. unlawful eviction? Keywords: maritime trade, Angesichts der Tatsache, dass • could a segment of D.19,2,13,11 communication, transmission of Holland die führende Rolle auf der (‘ut, prout quisque habitaverit, ita et information, material culture europäischen Rechtsszene im 17. obligetur’), written about relocatio Jahrhundert einnahm, werden die tacita, transform urban tenancies Betrachtungen des Hugos Grotius auf in indeterminate-time contracts As part of a customary and das Rechtssystem Hollands in Werk to which landlords could put an transnational tradition, sea trade ‘Inleidinge tot de Hollandsche Rechts end only on the grounds set out in practices constitute a rich source of – Geleerdheid’, sowie sein Betrag für C.4,65,3? experience, which is as valuable for the die Auslegung des Prinzips pacta sunt development of modern maritime law as • the ‘iusta et probabilis causa’ of servanda im Prozess der Aufwertung for its reforms. This talk aims to bridge D.43,16,12 meant that the tenant des römischen Vertragsrechts auf der the gap between theory and practice could resist to anticipated evictions Ebene internationaler Verträge erörtert. and intends to understand what kind promoted by the buyer or even if of communication was established Zusätzlich wird der Stellenwert des the lessor himself was the eviction’s between lawyers and merchants. Naturrechts als Norm für die kritische promotor? Reading the texts of the Digest, it is Bewertung des römischen Rechts As can be easily observed, only possible appreciate that Roman law diskutiert, sowie seine Bedeutung als C.4,65,3 dealt directly with evictions. provided very sophisticated solutions for motivierende Kraft bei den Fortschritten D.19,2,13,11 appears in the context of daily commercial issues. However, trade der Reformen im Bereich des relocatio and D.43,16,12 was written during the Roman Empire developed rechtlichen Lebens und schließlich als about the sale of the leased object under conditions of imperfect Grundlage für die komparativrechtlichen when the conductor prevented its government enforcement in private Analysen. Abschließend wird der traditio. contracting. The Roman government did Beitrag des Naturrechts für die not use their policing power to coerce Initiierung der kodifizierten Prozesse in In our view, the concept of eviction private contracts made under the rules Europa erörtert. control was alien to Roman jurists and of its legal system. Thus a big part of even to imperial legislation. On the jurisdiction will rely on non-imperial whole, the available sources do not institutions, which appear as essential allow it as locatio conductio was not for the resolution of controversies and an isolated spot: its dogmatic (not to issues. In addition, when connecting M mention social) context was plainly material remains and legal texts, it is DAVID MAGALHÃES inconsistent with eviction control. It is possible to appreciate that the works hard to conciliate the purported eviction of Roman jurists sometimes reveal that University of Coimbra |Portugal control of C.4,65,3 with several texts they were not quite aware of what was condoning unlawful expulsions, even if going on in daily commercial practices at the same time damages for breach of performed by the people involved in Was there Some Kind of Eviction contract were awarded to the conductor. trade. Control in Roman Law? Moreover, it would be puzzling to grant eviction control only during relocatio. There are two inter-connected queries And why grant it when traditio was that indicate the background of this Keywords: locatio conductio, eviction hindered by the tenant and through study: What is the relationship between control, possession, just cause, a vague and case-by-case concept Roman law and the society that relocatio 33 produced it? How far can we see of per il modo in cui superò le difficoltà risultati di una ricerca più ampia, che that relation in the material evidence? poste dalla tradizione manoscritta si inquadra nel progetto For. Ma. - There are two divergent academic di quell’opera. Tuttavia, voci sempre The Forgotten Manuscripts, avviato views on the issue: on the one hand, the più insistenti hanno evidenziato i limiti presso l’Università di Padova (PI Paola scholars who think that Roman jurists e le contraddizioni del suo impianto Lambrini) e teso a studiare la tradizione just created law for the elite, and that editoriale. Si tratta di critiche che gli manoscritta del Digesto e del Codice consequently it does not reflect many rimproverano in particolare di aver di Giustiniano, partendo da due codici elements of society, and on the other dato scarso rilievo a quei manoscritti del XII secolo conservati presso la hand, these who think that there was dell’XI-XII secolo, che conservano una Biblioteca Universitaria di Padova e a close relationship between law and versione testuale del Digesto differente contenenti il Digestum vetus (n. 941, society. However, both views have just da quella tramandata dal codex utilizzato da Mommsen per la sua benefitted of a study on the written Florentinus (F), risalente al VI/VII secolo, editio maior e indicato con la sigla ‘U’) sources, ignoring what concerns the ma in più punti superiore ad essa. e i primi nove libri del Codex repetitae material evidence, what can cast a Una versione detta Vulgata o littera praelectionis (n. 688). light in this issue. To that aim, I will Bononiensis. merge ancient legal sources and Dopo aver ripercorso le ragioni per the archaeological record in order to IVAN MILOTIĆ cui Mommsen operò in tal modo, si understand if there was a relation within discuterà delle critiche mossegli dalla University of Zagreb|Croatia the rulings established by law and the dottrina successiva. Ciò, per definire materials and structures used in the alcune linee di ricerca meritevoli practice. An interdisciplinary study of di essere sviluppate e concernenti Relegatio in insulam of sources is necessary, and that in fact, in particolare il problema della Hadrian’s Era: The Case of King the study of Roman law by itself reveals ricostruzione del testo autentico o Rasparaganus that Roman lawyer’ s approach to law ‘originale’ (a livello giustinianeo) del was mostly pragmatic, resulting in the Digesto, alterato dalle vicende della creation of an instrument to be used trasmissione, nonché l’altrettanto Keywords: relegatio, epigraphy, in very different settings. In this talk, I spinosa questione della formazione Hadrian, Rasparaganus, Roman law will focus upon some concrete cases della Vulgata. in order to illustrate the different issues of studying the communication and Quanto alla restituzione del testo In a small island in the Pola bay (west transmission of knowledge established autentico delle Pandette, si valuterà se of modern Croatia) two sarcophagi between merchants and jurists. la Vulgata conservi lezioni superiori a F, with inscriptions were recovered, ulteriori rispetto a quelle individuate da one belonging to the Sarmatian king Mommsen, Kantorowicz e Kaiser, non Rasparaganus and second to his son MATTIA MILANI riconducibili a fortunati errori dei copisti Peregrinus. They record presence o a felici restituzioni dei medievali. Università degli Studi di Padova and death of the royal family of the Per farlo, si procederà valutando |Italy Sarmatian tribe of Roxolani which caso per caso, non meccanicamente, occurred far from their homeland in ma sulla scorta del contenuto di altri the eastern parts of modern Romania. frammenti dello stesso giurista (per L’‘editio maior’ del Digesto di The sarcophagi denote both persons ricostruirne il pensiero e lo stile) o di Theodor Mommsen e i manoscritti with Roman nomen and praenomen altri prudentes (alla luce quindi della della ‘Vulgata’: nuove prospettive – Publius Aelius, which is identical disciplina del singolo istituto ‘toccato’ di ricerca to the emperor Hadrian’s name with dalla variante discussa). Ci si servirà whom, according to Historia Augusta inoltre della tradizione greca (Basilici and Tacitus, Rasparaganus reached e relativi scholia), dei pochi testimoni Keywords: Digesto, Giustiniano, a peace agreement in 117/118 CE. prebolognesi del Digesto e di quelli Mommsen, Vulgata, manoscritti Together with historiographic sources, che ne tramandano una littera diversa these inscriptions confirm that after dalla Florentina e dalla Bononiensis. the defeat the Roxolan royal family Anche rispetto alla formazione della L’edizione del Digesto di Mommsen was exiled from the Romanian plain Vulgata sono diverse le questioni fu completata nel 1870 e rappresentò to a small island in the northern part aperte meritevoli di essere nuovamente un punto di svolta per gli studi of the Adriatic Sea and that both indagate, tra cui: quale fu il testo storico-giuridici. Da allora, la scienza Rasparaganus and his son died there medievale del Digesto, come mutò giuridica europea poté contare su un as captives. They suggest that after nel tempo e lungo quali direttrici, testo finalmente affidabile per avviare Rasparaganus had made a peace come riuscirono i giuristi medievali a un processo di riflessione intorno al agreement with the emperor Hadrian, conciliare la varietà delle sue forme pensiero dei giuristi romani, che la in return he was granted Roman con le esigenze di certezza imposte condurrà ad elaborare quelle grandi citizenship and simultaneously he took dalla pratica e con la loro concezione costruzioni dogmatiche in grado di a Roman name, while all servants he teocratica del diritto, che rifuggiva dale segnare profondamente il pensiero had in Sarmatia were manumitted and contraddizioni o cercava di ricomporle giuridico occidentale. Quella di awarded with the status of libertini. After attraverso meccanismi logico-razionali. Mommsen fu un’impresa straordinaria, that they were sentenced to exile and per la rapidità in cui la completò e Sarà l’occasione per esporre i primi brought to an island in which they were

34 confined for the rest of their lives. Durante el año 2018, en Chile, varios municipios comenzaron a establecer, N Historians often put forth that they were vía ordenanzas municipales, sanciones PIOTR NICZYPORUK relegated (relegatio) there, though, económicas contra el acoso de such views have never received an University of Bialystok |Poland connotación sexual en espacios adequate explanation. The case públicos o de acceso público. Tales dates back to the era of the emperor normativas, inspiradas sin duda en Hadrian and is closely connected with Misure protettive contro un los últimos influjos feministas, no han him personally and with the policies concepito Nell’antica Roma estado exentas de críticas, sobre todo and military campaigns he took in después de que en la comuna de Las the East against Sarmatian tribes. Condes un verdulero fuera multado From the legal standpoint the case Keywords: Diritto romano, nascituro, por decirle a una transeúnte menor is interesting because the status of misure prottetive, SC Plancianum de de edad que ‘coma más ensaladas relegatus in the Hadrian’s period was liberis agnoscendis, cura ventris para conserver su linda figura’. Dichas reserved only to the specific groups of críticas gravitan en torno al rol que the Roman citizens. Moreover, by its debe jugar el derecho en la sanción de nature, prerequisites and legal effects Il nascituro era tutelato sin dal conductas como éstas. relegatio of Hadrian’s era considerably concepimento. Le fonti ricordano departed from the Republican exilium Se dice que la historia es cíclica y lo l’inspectio ventris per accettare la and the imperial deportatio. Further, cierto es que en la experiencia jurídica gravidanza, la custodia ventris per it was in the last decades of the 1st romana estos casos de acoso callejero sineerarsi del suo svolgimento, la century and first decades of the 2nd se dieron, recibiendo una regulación custodia partus. In ordine cronologico, century that relegatio went through pretoria en el Edicto de iniuriis. En él, la prima delie norme varate a tutela considerable changes and received its se estableció la adtemptata pudicitia di gravidanza e nascituro ebbe a final shape in the time of Hadrian. These (Inst. 4, 4, 1) como una forma especial trovarsi nel SC Plancianum de liberis can be reliably identified in the two de iniuria (Gai. 3, 220) mediante agnoscendis, integrata poi da quelle aforementioned inscriptions. convicium (Ulp. 58 ad Ed. D. 47, 10, 9, dell’editto de inspiciendo ventre 15.-) que sujetaba el acoso callejero a custodiendoąue partu e del rescritto By using the two epigraphic records mujeres y jóvenes a la actio iniuriarum divi Fratres. L’inspectio ventris veniva and the legal sources the author will aestimatoria, y por ende, estableciendo effettuata per accertare lo stato di explain tight connections between the penas pecuniarias para esta forma gravidanza. II custodire ventrem grant of Roman citizenship, the taking particular de comisión del delito. autorizzava a yigilare sull’incinta per of Roman names by the Sarmatians, evitare la sostituzione di neonati. La and manumission of their slaves on one En este trabajo se propone analizar la costituzione dei custodes ventris era side and the relegation of the Sarmatian adtemptata pudicitia como una forma regolamentata dal SC Plancianum royal family on the other. By using both se sanción del acoso callejero. Para varato sotto Adriano. Nell’ambito legal and historical arguments, he will ello comenzaremos con una revisión delia custodia ventris la donna veniva try to show that the act of relegation of de la situación pre-edictal en la cual sottoposta ad esami durante 1’ultimo the king Rasparaganus and his family se encontraban los acosos callejeros mese di gravidanza (ante dies triginta fully reflects the novelties that the (T. 8,1b.-), para luego analizar su ąuam parituram se putat). I custodes emperor Hadrian introduced in Roman regulación en el edicto, de forma tal ventris controllavano le abitazioni law within the relegatio. Based on the de determinar el contenido de los dell’incinta in prossimità del parto; epigraphic argument this paper will atentados impúdicos (Ulp. 58 ad Ed. i custodes partum sincaricavano di explain the changes in Roman law of D. 47, 10, 9, 4.-), así como los sujetos osservare il momento della nascita. Tutti relegatio in the relatively short period activos y pasivos de este delito, su gli istituti in parola erano informati alla from Traian’s to the Hadrian’s rule and forma de comisión y sus sanciones tutela del nascituro. how it received its final shape. (Ulp. 58 ad Ed. D. 47, 10, 9, 15, 15-24.-). Finalmente buscaremos la ratio tras L’editto pretorio regolava la successione esta regulación edictal, de forma tal de del nascituro concepito in vita del de BENJAMÍN MUSSO contribuir con una revisión histórico- cuius assicurando alla donna incinta il Pontificia Universidad Católica de dogmática a la discusión en torno a si possesso provvisorio ventris nomine, Chile |Chile es el derecho el llamado a sancionar el considerando che dopo la nascita il acoso callejero desde la perspectiva de bambino sarebbe entrato nel novero dei un sistema jurídico que efectivamente sui heredes del defunto. las reguló y sancionó. Creemos que Adtemptata Pudicitia: Sanción al La cura ventris veniva istituita anzitutto las actuales regulaciones en torno al Acoso Callejero en la Experienca per tutelare i diritti che il bambino acoso callejero tienen un correlato muy Jurídica Romana avrebbe acquisito in quanto erede del próximo en el Edicto de iniuriis, aun padre ovvero del nonno. Errando, alcuni cuando es dable pensar que éstas no romanisti collegavano tal cura con lo hayan tomado como fuente. Keywords: Acoso callejero, adtemptata altri diritti connessi con la gravidanza pudicitia, iniuria, convicium, edicto de e il parto: inspectio ventris, custodia iniuriis veniris, custodia partus. Il curator ventris rimpiazzava i custodes nel prevenire qualsiasi tentativo di parto sottoposto

35 o simulato. L’istituto era a rischio di According to our belief, Rome was the Nell’epoca repubblicana del diritto marginalizzazione che poteva evitarsi only ancient nation that acknowledged romano la legis actio è una procedura contemplandolo quale strumento this factual state in law, on solely rituale legata al caso concreto e posto a esercitare i diritti di colui qui practical reasons, and even provided orientata verso l’accertamento dello in utero est. Prendendo inizio dopo it with special possessory protection ius in mancanza di norme giuridiche la costituzione del curatore, e il suo executed by the praetor using interdicts, astratte. Le legis actiones possono consenso, la curatela aveva efficacia later the protection became judicial. essere utilizzate per la formalizzazione per tutta la durata della gravidanza, Characteristically, possession was di negozi orali, nonché come strumento potendo cessare allorché il curator considered real factual power over a processuale per agire in giudizio. ventrisne venisse sollevato in virtù del corporeal thing, that is perhaps the Le legis actiones svolgono un ruolo privilegio ius trium liberorum. reason why the etymology of the word centrale nella cultura giuridica is derived from phrases positio, sedere, orale della giurisprudenza romana Responsabile dei suoi atti al pari di potis or προτί, which means to ‘sit with repubblicana e rappresentano oggetto altri curatori, il curatore del nascituro power’ or to ‘sit nearby’, both definitions di riflessione per giuristi romani veniva designato in base a criteri - emphasize a material nature. According repubblicani. I giuristi raccolgono ed data la delicatezza del suo incarico - to the primary sources it seems that organizzano i rituali giuridici all’interno particolarmente severi. II curator ventris possession of a right was conceivable, dei libri actionum, che divengono a loro registrava quanto rientrasse nella inassa for instance usucaption of a servitude, volta un genere centrale della letteratura ereditaria che, per parte sua, garantiva quasi possessio or possessio iuris are giuridica nel periodo repubblicano. I libri (satisdatio). Responsabile per disonestà mentioned in the texts, however, it is actionum, come il ius civile Flavianum, (crimen suspecti) nei confronti del questionable if these examples are il ius Aelianum e i Tripertita, ma anche pupillo, il curatore lo era in particolare identical with possession of a corporeal i Manili actiones, i libri actionum di qualora, amministrandone o aliendone thing. Ofilius etc. contengono una selezione il patrimonio, si fosse dimostrato di rituali giuridici il cui scopo è quello di negligente o avesse preso decisioni The paper demonstrates the extent costituire negozi e la tutela in giudizio. esorbitanti dal suo mandato ovvero si of reception of Roman law in Czech fosse impossessato di beni del pupillo civil law and emphasises influence Le actiones perdono con il tempo il loro o li avesse usati a proprio vantaggio. of Roman law regulation on modern ampio senso creativo e si riducono a D’altronde gli spettava l’actio contraria. legislation. Five years ago, the new civil mere formule per la tutela giudiziaria. Tutte le spese, nonché le pretese a code no. 89/2012 Sb. came into effect Con la riduzione e la tecnicizzazione titolo di curatela, erano rimborsabili se in the Czech Republic. The authors of dell’actio, i libri actionum non hanno sostenute in buona fede e nell’interesse the code refer repeatedly to Roman law dunque più rilevanza centrale nella del nascituro. and oppose the development in the tradizione letteraria giuridica. Tale second half of the 20th century under posizione viene ora ricoperta dal the influence of the communist ideology. Commentario all’Editto (ad edictum). MAREK NOVÁK Contrary to former regulations, the civil La relazione è dedicata all’analisi code pays more attention to possession Charles University |Czech Republic dei libri actionum come genere della and its characteristics, explicitly grants letteratura giuridica repubblicana. specialized actions against disturbance The Influence of Roman Law on of possession and against deprivation the Concept of Possession in Czech of possession. However, the new civil MARIA NOWAK Civil Law code does not consider a corporeal thing to be an object of possession. In University of Warsaw |Poland order to unify terminology, possession of a right is the only possibility, and Keywords: possession, usucaption, thus the concept of possession of ΑΠΑΤΟΡΕΣ once again Czech Republic, civil code, reception a corporeal thing is replaced by possession of a proprietary right. The paper focuses on reasons of this Keywords: succession, Roman Egypt, Is it possible to possess a right? approach, discusses its suitability, and papyrology, Oxyrhynchos Whereas Roman jurists hesitated to explores possible Roman law parallels. recognize the idea, the new Czech Civil Code does not allow any option. The The term απατωρ appeared in Egypt influence of Roman law on the concept ANNA NOVITSKAYA in Roman times and its actual spread of possession according to the effective can be dated between the first and Czech legal regulation, especially with University of Vienna |Austria third centuries. It took a new meaning respect to the object of possession, is in comparison with classical Greek analysed in the paper. Libri actionum nella literature. In the scholarship it is Possession is a unique phenomenon giurisprudenza romana del periodo commonly accepted that the term which was introduced for the first time repubblicano applied to: 1.) children born to soldiers by Roman law. It belongs to specifics of who could not contract a proper Roman law that it distinguishes between marriage before their missio honesta; property right and actual control 2.) children born of so-called ‘mixed Keywords: actio, rituale, legis actio, intentionally exercised toward a thing. unions’, e.g. a child born to an aste and letteratura giuridica, libri actionum 36 an Egyptian or an aste and a Roman; or Muslim courts in this system. Ausdrücke vorkommen, näher 3.) children born of people who did not beleuchtet, wobei insbesondere auf During the time of Orhan Bey, who want to contract a proper marriage, but den ursprünglichen Kontext der Graeca transformed the principality of Osman wanted to live together, e.g. a free-born vox eingegangen wird. Beispielhaft in the Ottoman state, the Ottomans man and freedwoman. In my opinion, sei Marcian. 2 iud. publ. D. 48.3.6.1 set foot in Rumeli in 1350s. The first none of these categories of individuals genannt, das von einem Verfahren base that they seized was the Gallipoli was labelled with the term απατωρ. In extra ordinem gegen latrones handelt Peninsula. The Turkish invasion followed my paper I will examine the contexts in und in dem der Jurist das griechische the publication of the Hexabiblos. This which the term was used and will try to Wort ἀνάκρισις verwendet: Der Irenarch compilation was new and more easily re-define it. sollte in diesem Verfahrensabschnitt attainable than the other sources anwesend sein und seine that had been applied to subjects Aufzeichnungen über die Befragung concerning the law of persons and the der Räuber darlegen. Warum der Jurist tolerance of the Ottoman State towards hier auf die griechische Bezeichnung its non-Muslim subjects. O zurückgreift, wird unter anderem ELENA QUINTANA ORIVE We hope to show that while the Gegenstand des Vortrages sein. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Ottoman Empire evolved, Ottoman legal |Spain education and court systems used and preserved some of the legal heritage JULIO PELAEZ of the Roman and Byzantine empires Universidad Francisco Marroquín Observationes sobre la prohibición when in need. |Guatemala de adquirir bienes y recibir donaciones por los funcionarios provinciales en época postclásica y The Distinction between Justinianea P prescripción (prescription) and MARLENE PEINHOPF caducidad (limitation of action, caducité) from the perspective of Keywords: bribery, governors, officials, University of Graz |Austria the actio xenia, donation

Itaque tanto est sermo Graecus Keywords: actio, caducidad, The legal sources of the postclassical Latino iucundior: Überlegungen prescripción, limitation of action, lapse and Justinianic eras reaffirmed that zur Verwendung griechischer all profit-based activity that produced Termini in den Digesten personal enrichments for officials in the The distinction between ‘prescripción’ provinces was forbidden. According and ‘caducidad’ is usually confused to sources from the Republican era, Keywords: Graeca vox, Strafrecht, in Spanish-speaking countries. governors and other provincial officials Verfahrensrecht, Irenarch, Anakrisis There are many ways the distinction could not acquire goods or receive between these two terms has been donations in the province in which they explained. Many authors have made carried out their functions. In den Justinianischen Digesten differentiations but the legal theories finden sich zahlreiche griechische behind them have always caused Termini. Die Gründe, die dafür in der confusion so that the explanations are AYŞE ÖNCÜL Literatur angeführt werden, reichen von full of contradictions. lexikalischen Lücken in der lateinischen Istanbul University | Turkey Many of these explanations are Sprache über rein prahlerische Motive accurate, but they do not explain their der iurisperiti, rhetorische Zwecke, reasoning. In the end one can come eine bessere Verständlichkeit für das The Continuous Existence of to the conclusion that they are two Zielpublikum bis hin zum Evozieren des Roman Law under Ottoman Court institutions of a kind. Systems griechischen Kontextes. Trojes (Graeca leguntur, 1971) Kategorisierung des Therefore, the explanation on how to Griechischen in den Digesten in vier differentiate these two institutions has to Gruppen ist unvollständig und bedarf be outside the institutions themselves. Keywords: Roman Law, Byzantine noch weiterer Konkretisierung. Am This means there has to be some link law, Ottoman court systems, häufigsten ist die Verwendung einzelner or bond that made this differentiation Harmenopoulos, Hexabiblos griechischer Ausdrücke; bekannte und possible. jüngst viel diskutierte Beispiele sind One way to explain this distinction can Ulp. 11 ed. D. 50.16.19, Paul. 2 ed. D. The Turkish invasion of Byzantium be done from the perspective of the 50.16.5.1, Labeo 2 post. a Iav. epit. D. resulted in the use of Roman law in the actio. Spanish speaking countries think 28.7.20 pr. und Iul. 54 dig. D. 50.17.65. Ottoman Empire. In this study, we will very often from the perspective of the explain Ottoman Court Systems briefly Im Vortrag werden einige weitere legal process when they talk about and hope to point out the need for non- Passagen, in denen griechische law. The phrase: pas de question,

37 pas de action, seems to be the rule aber die Entscheidungen mangels the Roman Statutes of Crawford et al. when it comes to law. However, the expliziter Hinweise im überlieferten (1996), and Callie Williamson’s Laws of distinction made in Windschied’s Klage Text und angesichts ihres konkreten the Roman People (2005), no more than und Anspruch has been present in Regelungsinhalts ebensowenig vor ten are identifiably referred to in poetic the legal codes for decades. The civil dem Hintergrund einer Verhinderung texts. I argue that the poets saw statutes procedure codes seem to have made von Landflucht, eines Schutzes der as early in date and, presumably this distinction, but not explicitly. Still ländlichen Bevölkerung vor Ausbeutung approved by some large portion of the that distinction is already a reality oder einer Bekämpfung der Inflation populus, as authentic expressions of that many jurists want to deny. By verstehen. the spirit of earlier Romans. Therefore making a comparison between Klage these laws are proxies for the virtues Bei Doris Forster (Ona´ah und with ‘caducidad’ and Anspruch with of the maiores often described by later laesio enormis, 2018) führen solche ‘prescripción’ there is a new possibly republican and imperial writers. Überlegungen dann zum Ergebnis, satisfactory explanation. dass bei den Normierungen weder The Twelve Tables are mentioned in eine Rezeption aus dem jüdischen many places. Other statutes appear MARTIN PENNITZ Recht noch – vice versa – eine in verse by Plautus, Varro (in the Beeinflussung des rabbinischen Rechts Menippean Satires), Horace, Juvenal, University of Innsbruck |Austria durch das römische anzunehmen and Martial. I discuss creating this sei. Bei Paola Lambrini (Quaderni corpus of poetic texts: I have not Lupiensi 8/2018) werden die beiden included references to concepts of ius Laesio enormis ‘revisited’ Regelungen darüber hinaus dem or right, which are far more common allgemeinen Themenbereich de than references to specific statutes. I rescindenda venditione zugeordnet also do not include social situations that Keywords: emptio venditio, laesio und zu diesem Zweck insofern may have legal consequences. I focus enormis, Diokletian, rescindere, iustum inhaltlich ergänzt, als es sich hier um on texts referring to leges, plebiscite, pretium eine ausnahmsweise Ausweitung des and rogationes. Participant comments Minderjährigenschutzes auf personae on this operation are especially alieni iuris (Haussöhne) gehandelt welcome. The corpus is intended for Die Diskussion um die Rechtsfigur haben könnte. studying how Romans’ awareness of the einer sog. laesio enormis im römischen creation and validity of Roman statute Aufbauend auf diese neuesten Ansätze Recht, die sich bekanntlich vor allem law affects the poetry they wrote. und insbesondere auf die innovativen auf zwei Konstitutionen der Kaiser Überlegungen von Lambrini wird The rules in the statutes in the corpus Diokletian und Maximian stützt (C. mein Beitrag – unter Einschluss tend toward the social and moral: they 44.44.2 und 8), wird auch in den letzten weiterer Belege (z.B. die bislang do not cover administration or foreign Jahren mit hoher Intensität geführt: Das etwas vernachlässigte Konstitution C. relations but, rather, dice-playing, zeigt sich nicht nur in einer Vielzahl 4.44.11) – eine Interpretation der beiden relations in public, and relations neuerer Publikationen zum Thema (auch Reskripte vorlegen, die ohne inhaltliche between the young and aged. This is in der RIDA erschienen etwa 2007, 2014 Ergänzungen auskommen möchte no accident: the poets make the close und zuletzt 2017 einschlägige Beiträge), und somit allein auf dem überlieferten connection of mos and lex seen in sondern macht zugleich deutlich, dass Wortlaut basiert. Horace (e.g., in Odes 4.5.21-24) and die Suche nach einer überzeugenden elsewhere. But Horace’s complex, Interpretation dieser Quellen noch nicht ironical interactions with the statutes abgeschlossen erscheint. DAVID PERRY among the reforms of Augustus are Allerdings gelangen im Jahr 2018 University of Chicago |USA exceptional among the texts. zwei eingehende und äußerst Other writers seem not to question the gehaltvolle Arbeiten zum Thema zu virtues they find in old statutes, but übereinstimmenden Folgerungen: Zum Roman Statute Law in Latin present them as normative and with little einen habe man davon auszugehen, Poetry comment. Similar uses of laws for their dass die beiden Reskripte in ihrem moral dimension can be shown in prose wesentlichen Inhalt auf die Zeit writers like Livy and Macrobius, but Diokletians zurückreichen, wobei Keywords: statutes, poetry, law and poets’ uses contain more riches for the kleinere sachliche und sprachliche literature interpreter. Änderungen von Seiten der justinianischen Kompilatoren nicht auszuschließen seien. Zweitens handle This paper addresses the theme ‘Le Additional Bibliography es sich um Einzelfallentscheidungen droit et sa place dans le monde antique’ zu einem für diese Zeit typischen Henriot, Eugene (1865). Moeurs through the lens of law and literature. Sachverhalt, denen keine generellen juridiques et judiciares de l’ancienne I explore how poets productively used legislatorischen Ziele zu unterstellen Rome d’après les poëtes latines. 3 vols. one aspect of the legal knowledge seien: Dementsprechend gehe es available to them: statute law. Statutes Lowrie, Michèle (2005). ‘Slander and bei den Reskripten auch nicht in appear rarely in Roman verse: out of Horse Law in Horace, Sermones 2.1.’ erster Linie um Preisgerechtigkeit the 500 or so attested laws in Rotondi’s Law and Literature 17: 405-31. beim Kauf. Drittens könne man Leges publicae populi Romani (1912),

38 --- (2016). ‘Roman Law and Latin questioned. Keywords: ignorantia iuris, municipal Literature,’ in Plessis, P., Ando, C., statute, Q. Cervidius Scaevola The interpretations and explanations Tuori, K. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of regarding mental disorders are quite Roman Law. Oxford, pp. 70-81. colourful in the available sources. Some The principle ignorantia iuris non Mcginn, Thomas A. J. (2001). ‘Satire followers of Hippocrates presumed that excusat, according to which nobody and the Law: The Case of Horace.’ Proc. mental illness occurred in the brain, can be excused from suffering the of the Camb.Philosophical Soc. 47: while various other sources describe consequences of legal norm by simply 81-102. a great variety of deviant behaviour asserting the lack of knowledge of patterns ranging from character flaws to Posner, Richard A. (2009). Law and it was known to Roman law and is conditions recognised as mental illness Literature. 3rd ed. commonly recognized in various by our contemporary Diagnostic and modern legal systems. Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In contrast to that general principle Q. ORSOLYA MÁRTA PÉTER Non-medical authors often proposed Cervidius Scaevola in the first book of views of mental disorders that were Semmelweis University for Medical his Digesta (D.50.9.6) holds the contrary quite different from those of the doctors. Sciences|Hungary opinion in respect to a municipal One of the most important authors, statute. The jurist contemplating a case, Plato, in his work ‘Timaeus’, introduced in which a member of curia issued the idea that madness was a condition Insani, stulti, furiosi: Featuring a sentence in contrast with norms of of the soul. On the other hand, Plato Mental Disorders in Graeco-Roman municipal law, claims that he can be also classified moral aberrations as Literary and Legal Sources excused from suffering the penalty on ‘madness’. the ground of ignorance of the norm in We then investigate into certain question. The present paper aims at Keywords: Roman law, mental disorder, fragments of the Digest (e.g. D.28.7.27 understanding the relationship between legal capacity, history of medicine, pr. Modestinus; D.21.1.4.3 Ulpian; the general principle and the opinion of history of psychiatry D.1.5.20 Ulpian), in order to draw a Scaevola. picture about responsibility; i.e. how the ancient lawyers answered the question Based on various literary, medical, and also asked by their modern successors: MILENA POLOJAC legal sources, the paper attempts to Are people suffering from mental University of Belgrade |Serbia outline the Graeco-Roman approach to illnesses responsible for their actions? what we currently call ‘mental disorders’. Apparently, philosophers, physicians, ‘Madness’ received a significant amount and also lawyers struggled with the Paulus D.9.2.30.3: some remarks of attention in ancient Greek and Roman answer to a certain extent, because – on the farmer case in the western texts, and as a first step we try to offer as we could previously see – they could and eastern European legal insight into the various opinions of not always distinguish between mental tradition physicians and other authors regarding and physical illness and between the origins and very nature of the mental illness and ‘bad character’. condition. However, Roman lawyers apparently Keywords: Paul’s farmer case, ius tended to think that a mental illness This goal is somewhat difficult to commune, Byzantine compilations, with grave bouts of aggression (furor, achieve, due – among others – to the Slavonic compilations, Serbian i.e. a state of insanity ‘where the person fact that, in the Graeco- Roman world, compilations in question lacks all understanding the dividing line between a ‘doctor’ and through the continuous alienation of a layman was not clearly defined, and his mental faculties’ - D.1.18.14 Macer) the prerogative of physicians to decide The farmer case is one of the famous should and did relieve the affected what mental disorders were, and who cases by Paul. It deals with the individual from the responsibility for their was suffering from any such disorder, culpa requirement in the context of actions. An insane parricide was to be was not recognised at all. interpretation of the third chapter of the imprisoned not put to death, and insane lex Aquilia. The damnum can be caused Although ancient doctors could not murderers were not held liable under by burning (urere). In this specific case, and did not distinguish between the homicide laws (D.1.18.13.1 Ulpian; somebody burns stubble on a farmer’s physical and mental disorders, many D.1.18.14 Macer; D.48.9.9.1 Modestinus; fields and the fire escapes further and of them quite probably felt entitled D.48.8.12 Modestinus). spreads and burns another’s crops to judge grave mental issues and or vineyard. The wrongdoer was only moral character flaws equally; no liable when he was at fault, culpa. If he legal sources, however, are known to ANNA PLISECKA did so on a windy day, he is guilty of regulate the issue to this effect, i.e. Kalaidos Law School |Switzerland mischief, for he who even provides the that physicians were recognised and opportunity is deemed to have done the required by any law to act as court harm. experts in cases when the ‘sanity’ Ignorantia iuris in Scaevola 1 dig., (regardless of whatever the meaning of D.50.9.6. In the medieval ius commune the text this expression might have been) of a served, together with other texts dealing respondent or an accused person was with the culpa requirement, as a basis

39 for the construction of a general theory (as suggested by Savigny), parallel Keywords: Roman law sources, of culpa. The canonists used the case columns, other tables left to the end reception of Roman law, legal as the most relevant text in Roman law so as not to break the thread of the education, legal translation for the question of causation starting presentation. from the sentence qui occasione Bluhme simplified: praestat, damnum fecisse videtur (the Estonia belongs to the Nordic countries person who created the opportunity that S E linguistically and culturally but differs in could lead to damage is also deemed to terms of legal development. There was Sab 102 68 Ed(1) have caused the damage). almost no reception of Roman law in the Ed(2) 65 79 Ed(3) Nordic countries, however, the territory In the Byzantine compilations, for 7 Ed(2b) 5 Ed(2a) of Estonia was part to the Holy Roman example the so-called Isaurian Ecloga, Ulp 32 36 Paul Empire until the end of the Middle Ages, the text was abridged by dropping the Julianus Celsus/M and thus through the ruling German first sentence from Paul’s fragment: NB, my simplification, not Bluhme’s, but nobility, the influence of Roman law In hac quoque actione, quae ex hoc the details can be checked in Bluhme’s has clearly had an impact over the capitulo oritur, dolus et culpa punitur. First Table. centuries. The 19th century codification This avoided theoretical issues, since of the private law in Baltic Provinces only pure causitry was preserved. At the Note the parallelism, which cannot be with many references to Roman law same time, the context of the Aquilian accidental. Nothing similar in P. has been even called a ‘Triumph of statute was neglected (Ecloga, XVII.41, Where does Deo Auctore fit in? (Make Roman Law’. The same codification Prochiron, 39.75). In the Farmer’s Law me a work which follows the order of the was taken as a basis for the draft of a (Nomos georgikos), paragraph 56, edict and is called Digest.) new private law code in 1920s. In the the text was even more abridged, but Soviet period, the Roman tradition was the reminiscence on the Paul’s text is Not at the beginning: Sab and Ed do abandoned but as previously, Roman clear. The farmer case was associated not fit. law was part of the law curricula even with criminal law and merged with After Ulp 32 36 Paul: Julian, Celsus, then. The re-established independence the fragments from the Digest book Marcellus fit perfectly. of Estonia brought back the legal 47.9, and the cases of incendium. culture that was based on Roman law. This reception shows the decay and Time-scale: at one stage it was thought In our presentation we will observe vulgarisation of the Justinianic tradition. that the Digest could not be finished in these developments further. Although The farmer case is found in the earliest 10 years the Estonian language became the Slavonic legal code: The law on the (Tanta/Dedoken,12). How and when was language of law studies more than 100 trial of people, 10. Century (Zakon that calculated? At the end of the trial years ago, the texts of Roman legal sudnyi i lydem), based mainly on the run. sources have not been translated into Ecloga. The text became part of the Estonian, except for a translation of compilations used in medieval Serbia What did Justinian and Tribonian the XII Tables. This lacuna has now written in the Serboslavonic language: do about it? They recruited more changed with a recent publication of the Nomocanon of Saint Sava, ca. 1219, compilers. 17 compilers finished in 3 new collection of Roman law sources the Syntagm of Matthew Blastares, years; 1 compiler would have taken which we will also deal with in our the abridged version of the Syntagm 51 years; and 4 compilers would have presentation. of Matthew Blastares, the Constantine taken 12 years and 9 months, they Justinians Law, 14th century, and the would not have finished in 10 years. We Farmer’s Law, 15th century. are not told the names or numbers of MARIAGRAZIA RIZZI the compilers at the beginning. There were 4, probably 1 antecessor and 1 vir Università degli Studi di Milano- DAVID PUGSLEY togatus for S, and 1 antecessor and 1 Bicocca | Italy Faculté internationale de droit vir togatus for E. compare, Strasbourg |France Diritto, riforme metrologiche e loro impatto sui costi di transazione nel Bluhme Simplified R Mediterraneo antico MERIKE RISTIKIVI and HESI SIIMETS-GROSS Keywords: costi di transazione, Keywords: Bluhme, First Table, Deo mina commerciale, pentamina, Auctore, Time-scale, Compilers University of Tartu |Estonia armonizzazione metrological, diritto commerciale antico Paul Krueger, Ordo librorum, five Fontes iuris Romani: The Long pages at the back of the Digest, SEPA, Journey of Roman Law in Estonia Tra i fattori che contribuirono alla combining Bluhme’s first and second and for Estonians riduzione dei costi di transazione tables. nell’area del Mediterraneo antico, Bluhme, First Table, two fold-out riveste un ruolo centrale la diffusione pages, at the beginning of the article di una ‘tecnologia della misurazione’

40 e di sistemi metrologici comuni. La that students would alternatively study L’obiettivo della presente inchiesta è collocazione di sekomata e mensae titles from both de rebus and de iudiciis riconoscere che le unioni di fatto o ponderariae nei mercati, i diversi during the second and third years. It le unioni non matrimoniali possono interventi per combattere le frodi nel is also most likely that the sequence essere incastonate all’interno del peso e nella misura, l’individuazione in which the various titles were taught sistema di fonti dell´ obbligazioni, che di autorità aventi la funzione di was very similar to that of the old originariamente funzionava nel diritto supervisionare la fabbricazione e l’uso legal curriculum. All of this poses the romano. Per questo è necessario di pesi e misure possono sicuramente problem of determining the pedagogical ricordare che le cause o la divisione essere letti in questa direzione. sequence of de rebus and de iudiciis, dell´obbligazioni erano contratti e delitti, Particolare rilievo assumono, inoltre, and whether this can shed further e che in seguito viene incorporata la alcune riforme metrologiche stabilite light concerning legal education and nozione di ex variis causaum figuris, attraverso interventi normativi, tra cui systematization in late antiquity. che dopo fu compresa e sezionata un significato peculiare, nell’ottica in due; quasi ex contractu e quasi ex dell’analisi qui condotta, riveste la delicto. riforma della mina commerciale MAR DEL ROSARIO GURIDI Entrambi i concetti, senza godere introdotta da un decreto ateniese di età RIVANO della natura delle fonti di obbligazioni, tardo ellenistica (IG II2 1013, ll. 29-37). Universidad Andres Bello |Chile hanno ricevuto tale trattamento, poiché Si offrirà una nuova interpretazione le conseguenze legali delle loro azioni dell’aumento apparentemente assomigliavano ai contratti e/o ai delitti sproporzionato della pentamina fissato Le Unioni de Fatto come ex variis a cui erano assimilati. nello psephisma e, confrontando le causarum figuris unità di peso greche e romane, si È per questo motivo che le unioni di dimostrerà come esso non solo abbia fatto (l´antico concubinato) meritano comportato una più facile convertibilità una menzione speciale, poiché le loro Keywords: unioni di fatto, matrimonio, tra Atene e Roma, ma abbia altresì somiglianze con il matrimonio sono fonte di obblighi, quasi-contratti, facilitato i commerci nel Mediterraneo notevoli. E la verità è che il matrimonio a comunità di beni tra tutti i territori facenti uso di uno dei Roma era un fatto sociale che generava due sistemi. diritti e obblighi, formava certamente una comunità di vita tra gli sposi, non fu La famiglia è un’istituzione in crisi. mai considerato o catalogato come un Queste difficoltà devono essere viste JAVIER RODRÍGUEZ DIEZ contratto. D’altra parte, il concubinato, come un’opportunità per seminare oggi unioni di fatto, era semplicemente Pontificia Universidad Católica de e permettere ai nuovi dogmi legali inteso come una comunità di vita Chile |Chile di germogliare e prosperare in un sessuale che era tollerata entro certi ambiente che gode di abbondanza e limiti, specialmente in quei casi in equanimità legale. The Pedagogical Sequence of de cui il matrimonio non era legalmente rebus and de iudiciis È per questa ragione che si propone possibile. che le unioni di fatto siano considerate La verità è che le unioni di fatto hanno come generatori di obblighi, all’interno occupato uno spazio importante che si di ciò che Gayo conosceva come Keywords: de rebus, de iudiciis, partes è concluso con il suo riconoscimento ex variis causaum figuris. Questa digestorum, legal education nella legge. La legislazione cilena si propposta esige un percorso storico è verificata con l’approvazione della critico che cerchi soluzioni dal passato legge N° 20.830, che crea l’accordo di per affrontare i problemi attuali che il Omnem, the introductory constitution unione civile. Questo crea un sistema Cile sta affrontando in termini di unioni which is chiefly devoted to the reform per gli effetti della convivenza simile di fatto. L’avversità che si presenta in of the legal curriculum at the time al matrimonio, quindi entrambe le questo viaggio è trovare una serie di of Justinian, offers a rather puzzling istituzioni sono viste in linea di principio, istituzioni che permettano al loro turno piece of information when describing equiparate alla legge. Tuttavia, è di inquadrare all’interno delle loro line the new programme: either de rebus escluso da questa le convivenze non guida le unioni di fatto, senza rispettare or de iudiciis –two of the partes registrata. la loro essenza come un generatore di digestorum– are to be taught during obblighi. the second and third years of the legal studies, ‘as the allocation of time Per quanto sopra, il panorama legale allows’ (secundum quod temporis latino-americano relativo alle unioni di vicissitudo indulserit [Omnem § 3]). fatto deve essere considerato, questo Such enigmatic statement has raised sottosistema legale ha permesso il suo questions as to the exact way in which trattamento. Tuttavia, il Cile è l’unico studies were organized. A detailed paese che non riconosce nella sua analysis of Omnem suggests that the natura il fatto di essere un generatore di alternative teaching of both partes does obbligazioni. Sebbene il matrimonio e not imply that one of them was taught as la convivenza siano istituzioni simili, con a whole after the other –as it has been trattamenti simili, ma confrontati. thought by some scholars– but rather

41 ANNETTE RUELLE at the ancient port of Miletus (L’Année whether the contrarian approach to Epigraphique 2013, 1578) the Roman causa in these two modes of acquisition Université Saint-Louis – Bruxelles emperor Hadrian grants to the civic developed in isolation, or whether are |Belgium authorities of the port city permission to influence in either direction can be establish a hitherto unattested ‘house of identified. naucleroi’ (ναυκλήρων οἶκος). This text La place de la propriété dans le sheds new light on the technicalities système des ‘choses’ (res) en droit of the process of obtaining permission MARÍA VICTORIA SANSÓN romain: actualités doctrinales for a professional association. In this RODRÍGUEZ provincial context, this represents Universidad de La Laguan |Spain a moment of interaction between Keywords: civil law, droit absolu Roman imperial authority and local legal regulation. This example also La responsabilidad por vicios draws attention to the potential legal La propriété romaine n’est pas conçue ocultos de la cosa vendida, su implications of the specific location of comme un droit (ius) sur les choses, origen histórico, evolución y incorporation for the running of such a mais sous la forme procédurale d’une encuadramiento dogmático actual? corporation. This may offer an insight relation d’exclusivité juridiquement into the pattern of naming of the various qualifiée. Comme telle, elle tient lieu de corpora nauiculariorum attested around pierre d’angle dans le système romain Keywords: warrantees for latent defects, the Mediterranean. des ‘choses’ (les ‘res’, livres II et III des redhibitory actions, current dogmatic Institutes de Gaius). Cette configuration framework, resolutory action, essential présente une actualité remarquable à JOE SAMPSON breach la lumière des évolutions doctrinales récentes sur la propriété, telles que, à Magdalen College, University of rebours de la tradition moderne du ‘droit Oxford | United Kingdom El derecho romano disponía de tres absolu’, celle-ci apparait non comme acciones contractuales por vicios un droit, mais comme un ‘mécanisme materiales de la cosa comprada, fondamental du droit’, suivant Causa and the Acquisition of la ‘actio empti’ para reclamar por l’expression du civiliste français Frédéric Property daños, que exigía dolo del vendedor, Zénati- Castaing. On se propose de y dos ‘acciones edilicias’ (redhibitoria mettre à profit la qualification romaine y quanti minoris), basadas en una de la propriété pour évaluer certaines Keywords: property, causa, traditio, responsabilidad objetiva, en las impasses de la doctrine moderne en usucapio venta de esclavos y animales en pays de Civil Law. los mercados, para rescindir la venta o pedir reducción del precio, Causa has a fundamental role to play respectivamente. Los códigos civiles in two of the methods by which an europeos, siguiendo la tradición individual could become dominus romanística, recogieron las acciones S of res: the derivative traditio, and edilicias. En la actualidad se debate BENET SALWAY the prescriptive usucapio. In both of el problema de la pluralidad de these contexts there is a debate as to acciones existentes para la reclamación University College London |United whether the needed to truly exist de responsabilidad por vicios Kingdom causa (constitute a iusta causa) or whether ocultos. Así, por ejemplo, el Tribunal a belief in the adequacy of the causa Supremo español distingue casos de was sufficient (as aputative causa). incumplimiento esencial (doctrina del Navicularii, naucleroi, and the In both cases there the weight of the aluid pro alio) que dan lugar a la ‘acción Roman state in the second century evidence is in support of the need for a resolutoria’ del artículo 1.124 Cc español AD iusta causa, but the texts do not speak y casos de responsabilidad por vicios with one voice. In relation to traditio, a ocultos que dan lugar a la ‘acción lone text of Julian questions the need redhibitoria’ del artículo 1.848 Cc, con Keywords: navicularii, naucleroi, for anything more than an intention to plazos de caducidad más cortos. Se professional associations, Hadrian, part with dominium. For usucapio, the critica hoy también la ambigüedad Miletus contents of D.41.10 on usucapio pro de esta distinción. La tendencia suo present a contradictory message europea ha llevado al encuadramiento to the preceding six titles on usucapio dogmático de los vicios ocultos en The relatively restricted dossier of pursuant to various causae. This paper el ‘incumplimiento esencial’ de las contemporary information relating to the focuses primarily on Julian’s reasoning bligaciones del vendedor a diferencia development of associations of shippers in relation to traditio, in order to explain de las acciones edilicias recogidas (corpora nauiculariorum) in the early why it is he questioned the need for a en los códigos europeos. Tendencia Roman imperial period has recently iusta causa in that context. It then turns que se ha reforzado por los cambios received a significant addition. In a to the contents of D.41.10 and explores económicos, pero la solución escogida copy of a letter inscribed on a marble possible links between usucapio pro puede no ser la ideal desde todos los plaque unearthed in 2011 in excavations suo and traditio. It seeks to determine puntos de vista.

42 TAKESHI SASAKI riforma degli studi di diritto realizzata Zum Klagsziel der actio da Giustiniano, avvalorano invece Kyoto University |Japan pigneraticia in personam contraria l’ipotesi, recentemente avanzata in D. 13.7.9 pr. da Lokin, di un provvedimento Keywords: Pfandrealvertrag, temporaneo e consentono qualche Konträrklage, res aliena pignori data D.14.3.20 nuova spiegazione riguardo alle specifiche esigenze per cui esso sarebbe stato emanato ‘in risposta’ ai Keywords: letter of credit, bank, In D. 13.7.9 pr. (Ulp. 28 ad ed.) wird dem professori. Si sarebbe trattato, infatti, commercial law, security in Roman law Pfandgläubiger die actio pigneraticia di una disposizione introdotta all’inizio in personam contraria zugesprochen, dell’anno accademico, o comunque um gegen den Pfandbesteller, der ihm nelle settimane che precedettero In this paper, the text of D.14.3.20 eine fremde Sache übergeben hatte, la promulgazione ufficiale di Tanta, (Scaevola 5 dig.) will be analyzed. The vorzugehen. In der Lehrbuchliteratur Dedoken e Omnem, non però, come text tells us of a dispute concerning wird teilweise vertreten, dass der ritiene l’autorevole bizantinista, efficace the meaning of letter, issued by a Pfandgläubiger den Pfandbesteller mit solo fino all’entrata in vigore della const. bank manager, ex-slave; in that letter der Konträrklage darauf klagen könne, Omnem e limitata a prescrivere agli the manager promises to pay a sum dass ihm dieser an einer anderen studenti le Istituzioni e il nuovo piano di of money to the receiver of letter at Sache ein Pfand bestelle. Diese studi, bensì anche e soprattutto con lo the bank in the future. This promise Deutung soll vor dem Hintergrund scopo di dettare un regime transitorio could be interpreted as a kind of der Konzeption der Realverträge des di raccordo tra il vecchio e il nuovo guarantee, because Scaevola used klassischen römischen Rechts und der piano di studi, da utilizzare per gli the verb ‘cavit’. However, this paper iudicia contraria diskutiert werden. studenti che al momento dell’entrata pays attention to the letter as a way in vigore della riforma dell’intero of settlement or remittance: that letter percorso didattico frequentavano resembles a cheque, bond or draft on gli anni successivi al primo. Ulteriori SILVIA SCHIAVO a bank, because it was drawn by the conferme del carattere contingente del University of Ferrara |Italy bank manager in his office. So it looks provvedimento sembrano venire da like Letter of Credit for international alcuni puntuali riscontri terminologici e trade. Therefore, the manager does dal ricorso a soluzioni transitorie anche Seneca, il beneficio della not get security for the payment but in altri momenti particolari dell’opera di manomissione e l’accusatio ingrati is warranted that the letter would be compilazione giustinianea. La stessa liberti converted into the cash at the teller’s particolare terminologia, che, nel § 22 window of the bank branch. della const. Dedoken, ne specifica il carattere di risposta ad una esigenza Keywords: beneficio, manomissione, manifestata dai professori, è infatti ingratitudine, liberti AGATINA STEFANIA riscontrabile nella traduzione greca SCARCELLA della const. Imperatoriam – la cui Università degli Studi di Messina versione latina è stata considerata Il De beneficiis di Seneca spesso viene |Italy una ‘misura d’urgenza’ in vista della richiamato nelle ricerche dedicate alla formale introduzione nell’insegnamento, accusatio ingrate liberti, il procedimento tramite le constt. Tanta e Dedoken, attraverso il quale i liberti che violavano Interventi normativi giustinianei in delle Istituzioni insieme ai Digesta – il dovere di riconoscenza nei confronti particolari situazioni transitorie, per alludere ad un ‘testo in risposta’ del patrono venivano puniti. Nelle caratterizzati da una specifica alla cupida legum iuventus. Inoltre in fonti si parla di dovere di obsequium, terminologia PT. 1.5.3 – il cui passo corrispondente fortemente collegato al beneficio della nelle Istituzioni ha indotto parte della manomissione. Nell’opera del filosofo, dottrina a pensare al concepimento incentrata sull’idea di beneficium, Keywords: misteriosa costituzione delle Quinquaginta decisiones come sulle sue caratteristiche, sui concetti greca, disposizioni transitory, const. soluzione transitoria, in attesa della di gratitudine e di ingratitudine, Dedoken, traduzione greca della const. realizzazione dell’opera di compilazione non si discute però apertamente Imperatoriam, PT. 1.5.3 dei Digesta – viene precisato con dell’ingratitudine del liberto e delle sue uguale nomenclatura che la decisio è conseguenze. stata una risposta scritta sollecitata da Seneca parla piuttosto di una lex Nel § 22 delle costituzioni Tanta e Triboniano. qua ingrati datur actio come mero Dedoken viene richiamato un testo argomento di esercitazioni retoriche, greco, che la dottrina ha generalmente e affronta il problema se sia o meno identificato con una versione greca PHILIPP SCHEIBELREITER opportuno che l’ingratitudine venga della const. Omnem. Universität Wien |Austria perseguita con mezzi giuridici, Rilievi cronologici e formali sui arrivando ad una risposta negativa. riferimenti al testo greco e riflessioni A partire da tutto ciò gli studiosi sono circa i tempi e i destinatari della giunti a conclusioni molto diverse.

43 Secondo alcuni il silenzio di Seneca due passaggi ulpiani che compongono nel passaggio 15 quaestionum, D. in materia di accusatio ingrati liberti il titolo del Digesto 47,3: De tigno 46,3,98,8 e la sua relazione con le implicherebbe che all’epoca tale iuncto, che sono completati con le impensae. rimedio non era ancora stato introdotto testimonianze di Gaio e Paolo. (e questo in contrapposizione con l’idea Secondo Gaio, 2 rerum cottidianarum tradizionale di una sua previsione già SAMULI SIMELIUS sive Aeorum, D. 41,1,7,10 quando si nella lex Aelia Sentia del 4 d.C.). Per costruisce in suolo proprio con materiali University of Helsinki | Finland altri, invece, il De beneficiis non avrebbe altrui, per il principio superficies solo nulla a che fare con il problema dei cedit, ciò che è costruito accede al liberti ingrati; la trattazione rimarrebbe suolo, per cui il proprietario dei materiali From public to private: infatti su un piano speculativo e (omnes materiae) non potrà rivendicarli transformation of legal space after riguarderebbe un concetto filosofico né richiedere la sua esibizione finché the introduction of the Principate? di ingratitudine: Seneca non avrebbe duri la unione (sed tantisper neque quindi alcun interesse ad affrontare vindicare eam potest neque ad il profilo giuridico dell’accusatio exhibendum). Pertanto, gli è consentito Keywords: public, private, palace, ingrati liberti. Per altri ancora, dietro solo chiedere il duplum (sed duplum house, Republic un discorso apparentemente (solo) pro eo praestet). filosofico vi sarebbe comunque il tentativo di influenzare Nerone proprio Dal canto suo, Paolo, in 15 Scholars of Roman law have interpreted sul tema della ingratitudine dei liberti e quaestionum, D. 46,3,98,8, a questo that juridical activities moved from della revoca della libertà. riguardo afferma: Denique lex public to private space – or at least duodecim tabularum tignum aedibus La comunicazione intende riprendere semi-private – after the transformation iunctum vindicari posse scit, sed interim questo dibattito, attraverso la lettura from the Roman Republic to the Empire. id solvi prohibuit pretiumque eius dari di alcune fonti significative in materia It has been understood that in the voluit. (in particolare, Tac. Ann. 13,26-27 Republican era legal work occurred e D. 38,2,1, di Ulpiano), testi che Segnala il giurista che il divieto in open spaces, such as fora, and permettono di ricostruire la connessione di solvere il tignum stabilito dalla after the introduction of the autocratic fra il beneficio della manomissione e legislazione decemvirale autorizzava regime, these activities took place in l’obsequium e che offrono diversi spunti ad ottenere il suo pretium. Diversi autori more controlled environments, mainly in per prendere posizione sul rapporto hanno sostenuto che uno dei significati the Imperial residences. This paper will fra il discorso di Seneca e l’accusatio attribuibili alla parola pretium è quello take a critical view on this hypothesis, ingrati liberti. di impensae, per cui è lecito sostenere because it is mostly created on the che Paolo si riferisse al rimborso delle basis of literary evidence, and therefore spese per la trave. is biased by the view of the senatorial CAROLINA SCHIELE MANZOR class – the Roman writers are mainly A questo riguardo, occorre members of this group – and because Universidad Andrés Bello |Chile considerare con particolare attenzione the archaeological evidence of Imperial l’interpretazione proposta da Musumeci. residences is largely neglected when Egli afferma che con l’espressione this matter has been studied. Pretium, action de tigno iuncto e pretium del passaggio paolino si impensae: Un’interpretazione del sarebbe concesso al proprietario del This paper investigates the possible passaggio Paolino 15 Quaestionum, tignum, già delle Legge delle XII Tavole, change from public to private in D. 46,3,98,8 la possibilità di esercitare un’altra the juridical venues and tackles it azione per ottenere un risarcimento, with two different source materials: equivalente al valore del tignum –per literary and archaeological data. The Keywords: Inaedificatio, tigno iuncto, la perdita della sua disponibilità–, che literary material is studied to reveal pretium, impensae definisce pretium decenvirale. the timeframe of the change: When did the juridical activities move from Se si accoglie questa interpretazione, public to private venues? Is it truly a l’azione reipersecutoria innominata L’edificazione con materiali altrui phenomenon which begin with the first potrebbe essere considerata un in suolo proprio era nota alla emperor, Augustus, or perhaps earlier antecedente arcaico idoneo al fine di giurisprudenza classica come una or later? The archaeological evidence ottenere una restituzione per impensae. forma di inaedificatio. In questo caso, instead reveals what type of image In ciò che segue considereremo il rimedio offerto dal Diritto romano è the emperors wanted to transmit with quindi: (I) in primo luogo, che la parola l’actio de tigno iuncto, che consente their palaces. In the Imperial era, these pretium appare davvero in alcune fonti al propietario del tignum di ottenere buildings became symbolic and actual giuriche come sinonimo di impensae il duplum del suo valore, quando sia venues of power and governance – (II); in secondo luogo, gli aspetti stato usato nella costruzione di un including also a large number of legal dell’actio de tigno iuncto arcaica aedes o vinae altrui, dal momento che functions. Did the Imperial architecture maggiormente sviluppati dalla dottrina era esclusa la possibilità di solvere il imitate the public spaces, such as fora romanista; infine, a proposito dei due tignum. and basilicae, which are often seen punti precedenti, (III) le interpretazioni as symbols of the Republic? Or did it La sua disciplina tardo-classica è che sono state offerte del significato replicate the Roman house and other conosciuta principalmente grazie a di pretium nell’uso che ne fa Paolo

44 dwellings, which are often interpreted different courts, the places where they a citation of a Cato the Elder’s speech, as a symbol of private and therefore took place, their different formality and mores maiorum gave some possibility locations which did not correspond with their peculiarity in Mesopotamia and in (at least in Cato’s time) to adjudge in the Republican tradition? Israel. favour of the party which enjoyed the opinion of melior. Therefore, not only The literary sources are heavily social, but also moral status was taken influenced by the point of view of the KAMIL SORKA in consideration. Roman senatorial elite, which had somewhat negative attitudes towards Jagiellonian University |Poland the emperors, who had after all MARÍA ÁNGELES SOZA RIED diminished the power of this Republican ruling class. Consequently, the narrative The Moral and Social Reputation Universidad de los Andes, Santiago told by the Roman authors is likely of a Witness as Formative for the de Chile |Chile biased. This highlights the importance Estimation of His Assessments of the archaeological material, which – at least if we examine the Imperial Alienatio: Its Juridical Meanings residences – should reflect an image Keywords: proof, evidence, witness, that the new Imperial governance moral value, civil trial wanted transmit. Comparing these two Keywords: Alienatio, Transfer of materials will provide narratives of both property, Alienation’s prohibitions, sides of the late Republican and early The meaning and the credibility of a Potesta alienandi Imperial power struggle. They help us witness among other evidence were to better understand, how the legal undoubtedly of special importance venues changed during this period, and during Roman civil processes in the This work intends to determine the real what type of message was transmitted classical period. It was the free decision significance of the word alienatio, and through the change to the citizens of the of a judge to what extent he would the contexts in which the jurists use it. Roman Empire. consider any testimony of a witness In relation to what the word as a valid source of true information encompasses, one doctrine says that it about parties personally and other has acquired a wide range of meaning CRISTINA SIMONETTI circumstances. The Roman jurists across time; almost every form of were not really interested in a sphere of Università di Roma Tor Vergata diminution of an owner’s power can be mere facts (vide the famous response |Italy described as an alienatio. Contrarily, of Gaius Aquillius Gallus!) and juristic another school of thought proposes and FRANCESCO LUCREZI writings about tasks of a judge are rare. that it was impossible to conceive of In fact, there is no indication that any Università di Salerno |Italy the concept of alienatio in regard to the type of juristic writing was on proofs alienation of a right; the classical Roman in a trial. Most of the related texts are jurists did not accept a translation of collected in Justinian’s Digest—D. 22,5 The Places of the Court in dominium. The transference could only De testibus. Some of them cite the Mesopotamia and Israel be conceived in terms of a material imperial constitutions of Hadrian on the thing. We will not go in depth in this issue.The texts suggest that statements dispute, but we have to mention that the of witnesses had to be evaluated not Keywords: urban courts, oath, ordeal, romanistic doctrine tends to analyze this only on the basis of their content, but elders’ council term in the aforementioned context. also regarding the social position of a witness. The sources use mostly terms In relation to the concept of alienatio, such as gravitas, dignitas, auctoritas or we cannot say that it is a synonym of The gathering of court in the Ancient existimatio (e.g. D. 22,5,2; D. 22,5,3,2). modus transferendi dominii. At the Near East took place in different places. Testimony was given in favour of one same time, we cannot affirm that there There were urban courts, run by public of the parties and consisted not only is no relation between alienatio and the officials, affiliated to the temple or to of claiming specific facts, but also (or latter. Indeed, a modus transferendi the (king’s) palace. Such courts resided primarily) in giving general opinion dominii implies alienation; however other within the city walls, at the city gates or about the private and public conduct of kinds of alienation do not consist of the at the forecourt of the temples. During the party concerned. Another example transfer of property. the trial it was possible that the people of this phenomenon is given by Aulus need to move to another place to take The term alienatio or abalienatio (it Gellius in his Noctes Atticae (14,2). an oath or to carry out an ordeal test seems that in Justinian’s sources Aulus Gellius himself was nominated (i.e. jump into the river). the terms are interchangeable) was a judge in a civil case. The plaintiff especially relevant in connection Moreover, there were also county was an honest man who demanded with prohibitions that affected certain courts, ran by the elders council. The the repayment of a loan. Yet, he persons or things in particular positions. trial took place at the village gate or presented no proof. The defendant was For example, a husband cannot alienate outside, i.e. in the shade of a big tree, a person of notoriously bad reputation. a farm which formed part of a dowry near the village. Aulus Gellius asked for an advice a (fundus dotalis); a thing involved in a philosopher—Favorinus. As we may In this work we would like to study these trial (res litigiosa) was not alienable; an conclude from his answer that included

45 heir could not alienate the tomb from EMILIJA STANKOVIĆ Justinian’s novels (Novellae), added whom he inherited; an insolvent debtor to this compilation, the so-called Law was prohibited from alienating his University of Kragujevac |Serbia of Moises (Chapter 48) and the entire goods to the detriment of the creditors Prochiron (Chapter 55 of Krmčije). (in fraudem creditorum). In this sense Prochiron was known in medieval Serbia it could be said that the word alienatio Reception of Byzantine Legal as Zakon gradski (the City law). Some was associated with prohibited acts. Collections into Serbian Medieval of its parts, together with Eclogue and Law Agricultural law (Nomos Georgikos) In addition, the word alienatio was also formed the contents of Serbian legal important in regard to faculty to dispose compilation under the title: Iustinian’s (potestas alienandi). Aside from the Keywords: Roman-Byzantine code. However, the largest influence owners, who can obviously alienate, a compilations, Zakonopravilo, Justinian’s of the traditional Roman and Byzantine third person who has power over Code, Matija Vlastar’s Syntagm, Tsar law can be seen in Tsar Dušan’s Code. Dušan’s Code the goods of someone else is In old manuscripts, Tsar Dušan’s Code authorized to dispose. But in this from 1349 was never mentioned alone, context, it seems that the alienation but always on the third place, following Serbian people, who settled on the required special authorization. The the Serbian-Byzantine compilation, the Balkan Peninsula, were exposed to sources also show that the alienation shortened version of Matija Vlastar’s Byzantine influences under which done by a third person, non-authorized, Syntagm, and Justinian’s Code. they remained until the Ottoman produced some juridical effects. occupation. From its foundation, the The paper analyzes also a group of young Serbian state came in contact KAMILA STLOUKALOVÁ texts that uses the word alienatio in with Roman and Byzantine law which a wide sense, including involuntary became the major source for building Charles University | Czech Republic kinds of losses of property. And finally, Serbian legal institutes. There was no we will study a set of fragments that need for a formal reception of Roman put in relation the words alienare and law since Roman and Byzantine rules Familiapecuniaque and the pater manumittere. had existed on these territories through familias’ disposal of property in the customs and traditions. The Serbian early times of the Roman Empire In conclusion, the main and central settlers came across them and used matter of the paper is to throw lights them as a model for establishing their on the extent of the term alienatio, own legal rules. The existing common Keywords: familia, pecunia, pater especially in regard to alienation’s law was modified along with the further familias, inheritance law, Twelve Tables prohibitions and the alienations carried development of Byzantine law, shaping out by a third person. itself into a new system, but still under a huge influence of Byzantine law. The The paper shall contribute to the JAKOB STAGL acceptance of Christianity and literacy discussion regarding the relation contributed to further influx of Byzantine between the familia and the pecunia. Universidad de Chile |Chile law into Serbian legal rules. Church laws As regards the property viewpoint, had unchallenged authority, not only these concepts define two groups of in regulating church issues, but also in the estates of Roman citizens from Digesta: Prudentiae Romanae governing family and marital relations. the most ancient times. The familia sive templum sive sepulcrum? Das Byzantine secular laws were received and the pecunia appear in the Roman Proömium Mommsens zur ‘editio in Serbia through Zakonopravilo legal sources separately as well as maior’ (Krmčija), which was the translation together. The romanistic literature often of Nomocanon. This translation was distinguishes these concepts on the performed by Saint Sava in 1219. basis of: 1) necessity of performance Keywords: Mommsen, Praefatio, editio Following its adoption in the 13th of the mancipatio for the transfer of maior, Goethe’s Farbenlehre century in Serbia, Zakonopravilo was their ownership: the familia is therefore also accepted in Russia and Bulgaria, a synonym for the res mancipi (in the and later in Romania. Zakonopravilo earliest times before the inclusion of This paper aims at identifying Goethe’s remained for centuries the only legal the land), the pecunia for the res nec Theory of Colours (Farbenlehre) as source in Serbia and all subsequent mancipi (see eg SABBATINI, G. Appunti the inspiration for Mommsen’s remark legal compillations were based on it di preistoria del diritto romano. Torino: at the beginning of his preface to the (Charter of Žiča, Dušan’s Code, Knez G. Giapichelli Editore, 2014); 2) the editio maior that the Digest might be Lazar’s Charter, first written Law of possibility to alienate such property by considered as the temple or the grave revolutionary Serbia, Serbian Civil Code, the pater familias: the familia cannot be of Roman jurisprudence, which to the etc.). Saint Sava brought to Serbia the freely alienated as it contains the most eyes comes to the same thing, since, latest version of the Nomocanon of 833. important pieces of family’s estate, on as ‘the poet’ said, sunrise or sunset are It is believed that this piece was more the other hand the pecunia is free from to be considered the same (quod ait than a pure translation of the Greek text, such a limitation (see e. g. JOLOWICZ, poeta noster solem vel occidentem esse but rather had Saint Sava’s personal H. F. – NICHOLAS, B. Historical eundem). touch who, besides excerpts from Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University

46 Press, 1972). non dubium est non laedi ius unsere Stelle ursprünglich in einem ceterorum’) betrachtet. Sie wurde so anderen Zusammenhang gestanden We will focus mainly on the provisions verstanden, dass der Vergleich, der hat, und bei der Redaktion der Bücher of the Twelve Tables regarding the vom Scheinerben mit dem Schuldner der Digesten Scaevolas oder bei inheritance law where both concepts geschlossen wurde, keine Wirkung den Kompilatoren der justinianischen are used in different hereditary gegenüber einem Dritten hat, d. h. Digesten versehentlich mit D. 2,15,3pr. situations: Uti legassit super pecunia gegenüber dem wahren Erben (Antje zusammengestellt wurde. tutelave suae rei, ita ius esto. Si intestato Krüger, Die Drittwirkung des Vergleichs moritur, cui suus heres nec escit, im klassischen römischen Recht, adgnatus proximus familiam habeto. Frankfurt am Main 1993, S. 52ff.). (Tab. V, 3-4; text from: RICCOBONO, S. (ed.). Fontes iuris Romani anteiustiniani. Prof. Finkenauer erwähnt allerdings T Florentiae: Barbera, 1941). The in seinem neuen Aufsatz, der sich MINORU TANAKA presumption to be confirmed or umfassend mit der Drittwirkung declined is that the pater familias might beschäftigt, unsere Stelle nicht (Thomas Nanzan University |Japan deal only with the part of the property Finkenauer, Drittwirkende pacta im called pecunia in the mortis causa klassischen Recht, SZ 135(2018), S. cases, while the familia had to remain 178ff.). Some Contributions of Four within the family. The following question Humanist Scholars to our Basilika (BS. 11,2,3,2, ad eine neue to be answered is when the situation Knowledge of Roman Legal Scholia 16) und Glossa ordinaria had changed and the familia began Institutions (ad ‘non posse’) deuteten schon auf to be at the pater familias’ free mortis die Möglichkeit der nachträglichen causa disposal. Genehmigung. Die Wortwahl von Keywords: legal humanism Scaevola genauer beachtend, hätte AKIRA SUGAO man vielleicht dem Wort ‘minimo’ mehr Aufmerksamkeit widmen sollen. Kyushu International University This paper aims to contribute to the |Japan Der wahre Erbe hätte die exceptio study of legal humanism, by focusing transactionis geltend machen können, on four protagonists who had interests wenn er den schwebenen unwirksamen in antiquarian research rather than for Scaev. D. 2,15,3,2Ein Beispiel Vergleich des Scheinerben genehmigt legal dogmatics: Italian Carlo Sigonio einer Genehmigungsverweigerung hätte. Scaevola verneint jedoch (1520-1584), Dutch (Friesian) Sibrandus des vom Scheinerbe geschlossenen die Erhebung der Einrede, weil der Tetardus Siccama (1571-1622), Scottish Vergleichs wahre Erbe einmal die Genehmigung Alexander Adam (1741-1809) and finally verweigert hat, weshalb der Vergleich German Wilhelm Rein (1809-1865). endgültig unwirksam wurde. Was They are not often dealt with by any bedeutet in diesem Zusammenhang textbook on European Legal History. Keywords: Scheinerbe, schwebende das Wort ‘minimo’? Da der Scheinerbe But their contributions to our knowledge Unwirksamkeit, Genehmigung, sich nur mit einer geringenen Summe, of Roman law should neither be ignored Verweigerung, Drittwirkung also ‘minimo’ verglichent hatte, hielt nor underestimated. Their writings or der wahre Erbe irrtümlich diesen teachings have stimulated for example Vergleich für ihn ungünstig. Daher hat the preoccupations with understanding BGB §1959 regelt über die er die Restschulden vom Schuldner court practice in Roman Republic and erbschaftliche Geschäfte, die eingefordert. Diese Forderung der early Empire. It seems to me that the vom provisorischen Erben vor Restschulden muss gerade als discovery of the basic ideas of Roman der Ausschlagung vorgenommen Verweigerung der Genehmigung Republic is one of the most tremendous wurden. Das Rechtsgeschäft eines verstanden werden. Notgedrungen achievements of humanists. Nichtberechtigten ist schwebend hat der Schuldner mit der Pfandklage unwirksam gegenüber dem gegen den wahren Erben geklagt. Berechtigten. Es wird erst dann KONSTANTIN TANEV wirksam, wenn der Berechtigte In dieser Stelle scheint, eine nachträglich das Rechtsgeschäft Genehmigungsverweigerung University of National and World genehmigt. Wird die Genehmigung stillschweigend vorausgesetzt zu sein. Economy | Bulgaria dagegen verweigert, so ist das Ausgezeichnete Schüler wie Papinian Rechtsgeschäft endgültig unwirksam, vor den Augen, sparte sich Scaevola weil die Verweigerung nicht widerrufen manchmal überflüssige Erklärungen. The Role of Place in the Context of werden kann, wenn sie einmal erfolgt Für ihnen war es selbstverständlich, the Roman Law of Surety ist. dass es dem wahren Erbe möglich war, den Vergleich zu genehmigen. Auch im römischen Recht wird das Keywords: Les Apuleia, Lex Furia, Rechtsgeschäft eines Nichtberechtigten Versteht man D. 2,15,3,2 wie oben, quaedam societas viel diskutiert. Unsere Stelle Scaev. D. muss man zugeben, dass die Stelle 2,15,3,2 wurde bislang als Aussage nicht im Einklang mit der in D. über die Drittwirkung des Vergleichs 2,15,3pr. dargestellten Regel steht. The question of the place of the (Scaev. D. 2,15,3pr.: ‘privatis pactionibus Die Vermutung liegt dann nahe, dass application of the regime of joint liability 47 among co-sureties was discussed Keywords: Katholikoi kritai ton Romaion, Keywords: censores, regimen morum, by Gaius (Gai. 3. 121-22). Gaius Late Antiquity, Late Byzantium, Peri repudium, actio iniusti repudii recalled the history of the Leges Staseon, education Apuleia and Furia de sponsu, where the first regulated the joint liability The office of the censor had among co-sureties, and the second In 1329 Emperor Andronikos III considerable political significance in enactment replaced the earlier ruling instituted the court of the ‘General the Roman Republic. This resulted by introducing the principle of several Judges of the Romans’ (katholikoi kritai from its special competences related liability for the region of Italy, while ton Romaion). The court was made up to the census. The censors controlled the first was preserved in the other of two churchmen and two lay judges, the social structure, because they provinces. Gaius doubted whether the who had authority to hear any case. could assign citizens to specific units benefit of theLex Apuleia, allowing Very soon though, specifically in 1337, (centuriae and tribus), and also elected the surety who was paying more than three of its members were brought the Senate and elite centuries of the his own quota of the debt could sue before the imperial tribunal and were knights. The activity related to the the others for the exceeding value found guilty of corruption. The trial was compilation of citizens’ lists had an of his own debt was preserved after ordered by the Emperor himself and he additional aspect, namely the exercise enforcing the Furian law. The benefit presided over it. of custody over good morals (regimen of Lex Apuleia, as described by morum). The censor could punish In 1963, Theocharides edited a text Gaius, consists of a procedural tool citizens with a note for violating moral from a 16th-century miscellaneous comparable to the claim granted among norms. The reasons for its use are a codex. Theocharides contended that the partners in a general contract of separate issue. There is a catalog of this text is the official plea of one partnership. them in the literature on the subject, member of the court of katholikoi which, according to the researchers, The case of Lex Apuleia eventually kritai. In 1979, van Dieten questioned proves that the activity of the censors in tackled relations based on the contract Theocharides’ contention that the this area had a very casuistic character. of adpromissio among the sureties published text was indeed an official It can however be argued that the and the main creditor, while they statement by one of the four katholikoi area of application of the censorial among themselves had never made kritai ton Romaion. Van Dieten argued note constituted a significant element any contract. The probable remedy against Theoharides’ view based of private law, in many situations introduced was the action based on internal elements of the text such preceding the praetorian edicts’ on Apulian law. It was comparable, as the way the defendant seems to regulations. The purpose of the paper is according to Gaius, to the later contract address the Emperor. In 1993 Kresten to trace the censorial activities in cases of partnership. also argued against the authenticity of of divorce, most of all in the famous Theocharides’ text and concluded that The Furian law implied a different case of Carvilius Ruga. A hypothesis it is instead a satirical text written shortly attitude since it stipulated at once the will also be presented as to the possible after the conviction of the katholikoi several liabilities among the sureties censorial nature of the ‘action iniusti kritai. who could pay the main debt. repudii’ mentioned in rhetorical sources. Based on the views expressed above The whole regulation was not but also on testimonies that have applicable to cases of fideiussio which escaped the notice of scholars so far, FRANCESCA TERRANOVA implemented a different mechanism the aim of the present study is to show of liability among the co-sureties Università degli Studi di Palermo that the text published by Theocharides (considering the options of fides), a |Italy in 1963 is actually a rhetorical exercise regime which later was corrected by a aiming to introduce students to Letter issued by the Divine Hadrian. fundamental rhetorical concepts and Un esempio di confronto testuale The curious problem still remaining strategies. It is an example of the Peri in tema di testamenti factio (cum challenges reasons to limit the Staseon literature, composed shortly testibus): D. 28.1.20.2 (Ulp. 1 ad implementation of the Furian enactment after 1337. It is perhaps a product of the Sab.) e I. 2.10.9 only to the regions of Italy while keeping ‘didaskaleion’ school established by the the implementation of the Apuleian kind eminent historian Nikephoros Gregoras of partnership for the other provinces. and located at the Chora Monastery in Keywords: Testamenti factio (cum Constantinople. testibus), domesticum testimonium, MARIOS TANTALOS peculium castrense, confronti testuali, antinomie Independent Scholar |Greece ANNA TARWACKA Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University |Poland L’indagine prende le mosse dal From Late Byzantium to Late confronto tra due brani della Antiquity and Backwards: The compilazione giustinianea – D. 28.1.20.2 Court of the katholikoi kritai ton Censors as Guardians of the Mores (Ulp. 1 ad Sab.) e I. 2.10.9 – che, Romaion and Rhetorical Exercises Maiorum: The Case of Divorce descrivendo prima facie la medesima in Byzantium fattispecie, sembrerebbero offrire divergenti soluzioni al problema se

48 siano testes idonei, nel testamento di un how to construct a definition as well as principe successeur du droit civil de la filius familias in potestate de castrensi several of his definitions are discussed. Catalogne. C’est une exception (avec peculio, il padre e il fratello di costui. In conclusion his position in the le droit civil baléare) très remarquable, Ci proponiamo fondamentalmente di development of Roman law is redefined. car ne trouve pas d’acceptation dans interrogarci sulle ragioni di tale supposto le code civil français, ni dans le code dissenso sotto due differenti angolazioni allemand, ni dans le code espagnol. che possiamo riassumere nelle seguenti GERHARD THÜR Cela n’est pas non plus accepté dans domande. Quali sono le motivazioni University of Vienna |Austria les codes latino-américains, parmi che giustificherebbero la sussistenza lesquels le Code civil chilien d’Andres di un’ipotizzabile controversia tra i Bello en 1855 énonce le principe prudentes sul punto? Come mai lo The dediticii in the Constitutio opposé. Son application en droit sud- ius controversum sulla questione Antoniniana africain est également expressément de qua è sfuggito ai compilatori, i refusée. quali parrebbero, per questa via, En Catalogne, cependant, le principe prospettare nelle Institutiones imperiali In my paper I will suggest that these nemo pro parte est maintenu dans una determinazione opposta a quella persons were not the peregrini dediticii toutes les compilations modernes du riferita nei Digesta Iustiniani, dando mentioned in Gaius, Institutiones 1.14, droit de succession jusqu’à ce qu’il luogo a un’evidente antinomia? E, but rather the libertini dediticiorum atteigne l’actuel livre IV du Code Civil ancora, se si ammette la presenza di numero dealt with at length in 1.12–17. catalan de 2008. una contraddizione tra D. 28.1.20.2 At any rate, because of their turpitudo (Ulp. 1 ad Sab.) e I. 2.10.9, si sarà Cette fidélité explicite au droit romain these freedmen were excluded from trattato di involontaria disattenzione a provoqué des discussions et des becoming cives Romani (1.26). This o di intenzionale puntualizzazione? tensions; le droit moderne, comme explanation, based on Roman ius Numerosi sono i temi sottesi a tali il ne pouvait en être autrement, ne civile (the lex Aelia Sentia), seems quesiti, alcuni dei quali attengono suit pas exactement le schéma de la to be corroborated by an ἀπόφασις ai problemi che ruotano intorno alla succession romaine, car il présente, (edictum) of Marcus Ulpius Tertullianus storia della regolamentazione della sur ce sujet, une nouveauté importante: Aquila, governor of the province of testamenti factio (cum testibus) e la possibilité d’instituer un héritier Macedonia in the year 212/13, quoted in di alcuni principi che la riguardano universel par contrat s’ajoute avec ce 18 manumission inscriptions published (pensiamo, a tacer d’altro, al noto que les fondements successifs vont de by Ph. M. Petsas, M. B. Hatzopoulos, adagio ‘reprobatum est ... domesticum deux (testament et loi) à trois (contrat, Lucrèce Gounaropoulou, P. Paschidis, testimonium’); altri hanno a che fare testament et loi, dans cet ordre) Même Inscriptions du sanctuaire de la Mère con le questioni, ad oggi parecchio dans ce cas, le Code civil catalan des Dieux Autochtone de Leukopétra dibattute tra gli studiosi, concernenti maintient l’incompatibilité des titres de (Macédoine), 2000. Therefore, in the i metodi impiegati dai commissari succession et utilise l’expression de titre edict of Caracalla the generally held giustinianei nella composizione dei testi volontaire pour englober la succession meaning ‘foreign barbarians’ must be della compilazione, la quale va intesa, testée et la succession contractuelle. questioned. di necessità, come un’operazione Afin d’évaluer comment cette regula ecdotica e, al tempo stesso, editoriale, iuris a été reçue en tant que principe du fluida e aperta. CARMEN TORT-MARTORELL droit catalan en matière de succession, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona sa validité et son champ d’application PHILIP THOMAS |Spain en droit romain sont expliqués de manière très succincte pour la comparer University of Pretoria |South Africa à la loi catalane, héritière des juristes du La validité du principe nemo ius commune et des auteurs classiques pro parte en droit civil catalan: catalans, qui ont en général accepté Some Observations on Definitions considérations de droit romain le nemo pro parte sans le remettre in Cicero’s Topica en question. À titre d’exemple, nous analysons l’application de l’accrétion ou droit d’accroissement, élément clé Keywords: regulae iuris, nemo pro Keywords: definition, Topica, ius civile, du système d’incompatibilité entre parte, principes successeurs, droit civil etymology, argumentation les titres d’héritage. Il est né en droit catalan, accroissement romain, les juristes du ius commune l’y acceptent ; les auteurs catalans des This paper addresses Cicero as XVIe au XIXe siècles ne la remittent pas La regula iuris ‘nemo pro parte jurist during the pre-classical period en cause non plus et concentrent la testatus pro parte intestatus decedere of Roman law. In his Topica Cicero discussion sur la validité de certaines potest’ est l’une des plus étudiées. made important contributions to legal clauses testamentaires utilisées dans Son application et sa portée ont reasoning. This paper poses that la pratique, telles que la clause dite suscité, depuis des siècles, de definition is an essential prerequisite de contentement ou l’interdiction de l vives discussions doctrinales. Dans for debate and analyses Cicero’s accrétion qui constituait un torpillage a cette communication on compte explanation of the role of definition in la ligne de flottaison du nemo pro parte. uniquement expliquer comment legal argumentation. His instruction on Dans le contexte de la discussion est cette règle est maintenue en tant que 49 fondamental le respect à la volonté du haftungsrechtliche Quellen zur locatio In a fragment of the libri ad edictum testateur et les juristes proposent des conductio. Ulpian (D. 2.2.1 pr.-1) outlines the ratio solutions combinant ce respect avec of the edict quod quisque iuris: the l’application du principe. aequitas in mutual relations. The actual GUIDO TSUNO ius novum that a magistrate establishes Actuellement, la regula iuris romaine est against anyone, he himself ought maintenue en tant que principe général Chuo University |Japan to employ whenever his adversary dans le droit catalan en matière de demands it. Accursius explicitly relates succession, ce que le législateur affirme this edict with the principle ‘patere non sans une certaine solennité même Formal Ontology of the actio legem quam ipse tuleris’. In fact, the dans le préambule des trois dernières Publiciana in rem glossator identified the foundation of the lois de succession, y compris le Code edict quod quisque iuris in the ‘divine civil en vigueur. law’, according to which ‘quod tibi fieri Keywords: actio Publiciana, NLP, non vis alteri ne feceris’ and in the Ontology, monitory owner, dominus, decision of great wisdom ‘in decre. dist. DAVID TRITREMMEL usucapio j. c. j. & Cato, Patere legem quam ipse University of Vienna |Austria tuleris’. As it is common for the CJEU to apply maxims referring to ancient The purpose of this talk is to confirm Roman law, this regula is often referred the major functions of the lPublician Neque enim debet nocere factum to as a general principle of European action and to clarify the relationship alterius ei qui nihil fecit – Eine Law and it was applied particularly by between the concept of Publiciana ‘Haftungsregel’ der römischen the judges of the Courts in the decision and the concept of the bonitary (in Klassik? C - 493/17. bonis) owner. Formal ontology is a conceptualization of the world on a computer. An ontology of legal Keywords: Haftungsprinzip, regula, KAIUS TUORI concepts in the Roman law tradition Noxalhaftung, locatio conductio uses mathematical logic to describe University of Helsinki |Finland how Roman jurists recognized the real world (Wirklichkeitszusammenhang). […] neque enim debet nocere factum This helps to avoid the pseudo Spaces of Citizenship: Defining alterius ei qui nihil fecit. Diesen problems caused by natural languages. Legal Status and Capacity in dem Ulpian-Fragment D. 39.1.5.5 It has been previously that suggested Roman Law and Topography entnommenen Leitsatz bestätigen a shift (drift) of ontologies between zahlreiche römische Quellen in the beginning (in the origins) of the unterschiedlichen Formulierungen und legal tradition and the later expansion Keywords: citizenship, census, legal Zusammenhängen. Fraglich erscheint, occurred during the classic and status, magistrate, Republicanism ob sich aus dem Quellenbefund ein qualitative conversion by Justinian. The abstraktes haftungsrechtliches Prinzip primary motivation is to find support für die römische Klassik ableiten lässt. for this idea through further study Roman Republicanism, the long Wiewohl die römische Klassik von of ontology. NLP (natural language tradition of Republican thought and kasuistischer Fallpraxis geprägt processing) with DL and its application practice, has for much of history defined ist, finden sich in den juristischen to the problem of interpolatio will also be the European notions of citizenship and Quellen auch verallgemeinernde mentioned. legal status. However, within the Roman Rechtsansichten der römischen tradition, the concept of citizenship Juristen. Diese fassen das durch die contained not only a well-defined notion einzelnen Fallentscheidungen der FABIANA TUCCILLO of attaining legal status and capacity römischen Juristen etablierte Recht University of Naples Federico II but also a strong performative aspect. zusammen und nehmen somit eine |Italy Both notions were reinforced through Mittelposition zwischen Rechtssetzung public legal acts which announced the und Beschreibung des Rechts ein. inclusion and belonging of an individual in the citizen body. These legal acts had Der Vortrag geht der Frage nach, ‘Patere legem quam ipse tuleris’: symbolic and communicative functions, inwieweit sich in den klassischen from the Praetorian Edict to the by their very scale they were prominent Quellen ein solcherart verdichteter European Court of Justice features in the public space within the haftungsrechtlicher Grundsatz – eine city. For example, the Roman citizenship regula – rekonstruieren lässt, wonach was reinforced with the act of the das Verhalten einer anderen Person Keywords: Aequitas, Edictum quod professio, the ceremonial census in jemandem, der nichts Vorwerfbares quisque iuris, Disticha Catonis, Patere which the citizen body was surveyed by gemacht hat, nicht zugerechnet legem quam ipse tuleris, European the censors, determining their eligibility werden dürfe. Dabei ist auch zu prüfen, Court of Justice decision C-493/17 for military service as well as their welche Ausnahmen es gibt und wie rank, both regarding public office and diese das besagte Prinzip profilieren. inclusion in the higher orders. Als Anschauungsmaterial dienen

50 The purpose of this paper is to The obligations are believed to create Keywords: Juristic papyrology, Legal explore the spatial dimension of the a strong iuris vinculum between the Experts, Provincial Law, Volksrecht, regimen morum and the census and parties. The necessary legal elasticity, Reichsrecht their place in the imaginary of Roman on the other hand, was provided by Republicanism. Beginning from the revolutionary ‘ex fide bona’ clauses Varro’s depiction of the Villa Publica, added to iudicia bonae fidei in the A number of papyri from Roman times the location of the census, it analyses formula system and the institution show how Roman officials, while how the symbolic and functional uses of exceptio doli generalis. This gave adjudicating a case between local of space were intertwined. It seeks the judge the possibility to oblige the parties, turned to consultations with to demonstrate how the census, from parties to the requirements of good faith legal experts, nomikoi. The judge did the locations where it was executed and equity. so in order to confirm or clarify the legal to the magistrates, the censors, rules invoked by the parties, sometimes Similarly, the place of Roman law in the performing it and the citizen records with a specific reference to the law of development of the international law themselves, were a manifestation the Egyptians, nomos ton Aigyption, as theories is based on natural law, ius of the role of citizenship and the their source. The local counsels appear gentium and the concept of bona fides performative aspects that celebrated its in proceedings before praefects and as a product of these sets of legal rules. exclusiveness and its role in the social epistrategoi. Their participation is often The paper demonstrates that Roman and political cohesion. only laconically remarked; sometimes, ius gentium, as a quasi-cosmopolitan however, the main points of their advice legal system based on natural law, is are reported. In a number of instances an indication that Roman law is not these are cited and re-cited, not traditionalist and conservative, but always in the most accurate manner. open to any changes since it sets out U My aim in the is paper is to conduct universal legal principles derived from TALYA UCARYILMAZ a thorough re-assessment of the natural reason, custom and aequitas. available material in order to reconstruct Oxford Institute of European The natural law principle of bona fides the figure of thesenomikoi and their and Comparative Law & Bilkent always had two requirements such as function in the legal proceedings. As University|United Kingdom & the absence of dolus and the obligation the phenomenon probably reflects the Turkey to behave according to the aequitas regular consultation practice of the naturalis. This regulates the relationship Roman magistrates, usually non-jurists, between rivals in the sphere of contract back in the City, of which we know The Place of Bona Fides in law and between sovereign states and almost nothing, it also allows to draw International Law between the states and the private conclusions on the role of legal experts actors in the sphere of international law. in judicial proceedings on a much larger Accordingly the paper examines the scale. Keywords: aequitas, bona fides, application of the classical Roman contract law, international law, ius principle of bona fides in international gentium law and the recognition of the standards of the principle in comparison to the law of contracts derived from V Cicero defined bona fides, or good classical Roman law. To this end the GEMA VALLEJO PÉREZ faith, as fundamentum iustitiae. As such fundamental elements of bona fides, bona fidesis a private law principle University of León |Spain honesty, loyalty and reasonableness, which is not solely the root of contract are examined alongside sub-criteria law, but also has an immense historical such as the avoidance of contradictory effects on international law. This paper Soluciones alternativas al proceso behavior, consistency to the reasonable concerns itself with the importance en el Derecho Romano: El pacto expectations of the other party and of bona fides from the perspective of securing balance between party Alternative solutions to the process international treaty law since as good interests. Revisiting the classical Roman in Roman Law: The pact faith is the basis of private law it should, roots of bona fides and its place in by extension, also be seen as the basis the antique world provides a much of international law. needed alternative route from where to Keywords: transaction, pact, Roman law Before gaining its legal character in understand contemporary international classical Roman law, fides had been law and its many challenges. understood as one’s commitment to En nuestro día a día la transacción his/her own words, fidelity and honesty forma parte del repertorio procesal de while symbolizing tacitum in pectore JAKUB URBANIK los operadores jurídicos y está presente numen: the virtue of loyalty existing University of Warsaw |Poland en innumerables procesos, para, in the internal world of the human precisamente, no llegar a utilizar la vía beings. In classical Roman law, the judicial. Debemos remontarnos a la most important medium in which bona Nomikoi in the Roman Courts (and época arcaica romana para encontrar fides finds its place in its objective Out of Them) un antecedente a esta institución. La sense, has been the law of contracts. gensse organizaba en torno a un jefe

51 militar y religioso, el pater gentis el cual, Ne troviamo testimonianza in svariati JACEK WIEWIOROWSKI rodeado del consejo de patresfamilias, escerti dell’opera di Alfeno Varo, in ń podía solucionar conflictos surgidos cui il medesimo – seguendo le orme, University of Gda sk |Poland entre los miembros de la citada gens. o forse riportando il pensiero, del Era este consejo, podía elegir entre suo maestro Servio Sulpicio Rufo - la venganza o entre una composición discute ora dell’esegesi di clausole Late Roman ius postliminii as the voluntaria inmediata. Paralelamente, volte a disciplinare le condizioni per lo Sign of Weakening of Roman ‘Soft también las partes implicadas ‘podían sfruttamento di una silva (cfr. D. 19.2.29 Power’ – Case Study desear hacer la paz’ sin tener que - Alf. 7 dig.), adombrando l’utilizzo renunciar a sus derechos. dell’interpretatio contra stipulatorem; Keywords: ius postliminii, late Roman ora di una possibile efficacia verso terzi Con este primer antecedente, el Empire, imperial constitutions, C. Th. delle prescrizioni poste al redemptor presente estudio analiza algunas 5.7.1 (Brev. 5.5.1) = C. 8.50.19, soft che abbia ricavato pietre coti dalla instituciones del Derecho Romano para power miniera stabilita presso l’isola di Creta la solución de los conflictos alternativas (cfr. D. 39.4.15 - Alf. 7 dig.); ora ancora al proceso judicial, las cuales en su dell’eventuale ripetibilità di canoni già esencia perduran hasta la actualidad. This presentation discusses the late pagati per l’utilizzo di bagni pubblici Roman imperial enactment, which andati distrutti a causa di un incendio confirmed the rules ofius postliminii (cfr. D. 19.2.30.1 - Alf. 3 a Paul. epit.). Today, the transaction is part of a – the law allowing a freeborn Roman Da questi e da altri esempi ancora procedural repertoire of legal operators citizen captured by the enemy to s’intende dunque prendere le mosse and is present in countless processes, recover all previous rights after returning per cercare di ricomporre, in modo especially to avoid using judicial means. from the captivity – while adding to it quanto più possibile organico, la We must go back to the Roman archaic certain legal privileges but excluding casistica giunta all’esame dei prudentes period to find an antecedent to this its application to those who deserted dell’ultimo secolo a.C. e l’inquadramento institution. Gens were organized around to the enemy: C. Th. 5.7.1 (Brev. 5.5.1) giuridico da questi proposto per a military and religious leader, the = C. 8.50.19 (a. 366). The excerpt le locationes di res appartenenti al pater gentis, who, surrounded by the of the enactment is known from the patrimonio collettivo. council of patresfamilias, could resolve Theodosian Code of 438 and approved conflicts arisen between the members by its interpretatio, written in late 5th of the gens. This council could choose century Gaul. Both texts were repeated between revenge or an immediate by the Breviary of Alaric (ca 506 CE) voluntary composition. In parallel, the W and the Lex Romana Burgundionum parties involved ‘could wish to make TAMMO WALLINGA (ca 501 CE) which partially shared peace’ without having to renounce their the spirit of the discussed imperial rights. Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam law, while its abbreviated version was and Universiteit Antwerpen included in the Code of Justinian (534 With this first antecedent, the present |Netherlands CE). The author discusses the reasons study analyzes some institutions of why the law fit in the different historical Roman law for the solutions used as and geographical circumstances: in the alternatives to the judicial process, The Reception of the Quasi- mid-fourth century Gaul, in the empire which in their essence endure until the contracts of Theodosius II (408-450), in late 5th present time. century Gaul, or in Western and Eastern parts of Mediterranean of the first half SILVIA VIARO Keywords: quasi-contracts, reception, of the sixth century. The enactment and Donellus, Code civil its repetition by different sources are Università di Padova | Italy hallmarks of the weakening of Roman ‘soft power’ in late antiquity, underlining Justinian’s Institutes mention five the universal value of the idea of ‘soft ‘Locationes’ di beni pubblici nei or six different legal figures under power’, the term introduced in political frammenti di Alfeno Varo the category of obligations quasi ex studies by Joseph S. Nye jr. in the late contractu. The French Code civil still 1980s. employs the category quasi-contrats, Keywords: Locationes, beni pubblici, but that only contains the figures of Servio Sulpicio Rufo, Alfeno Varo undue payment and management of LAURENS WINKEL another’s affairs. This paper traces the reception of Justinian’s category and University of Rotterdam La giurisprudenza dell’ultima età explains why only two quasi-contracts |Netherlands repubblicana pare essersi soffermata remain in the Code civil and the con particolare attenzione sui problemi Spanish Código civil, while the category interpretativi posti dalle ‘locationes’ has disappeared from other modern La place du droit international stipulate per la concessione a privati di codifications. dans le monde antique beni pubblici.

52 1. Selon la doctrine traditionnelle Worldly affairs of the monastic l’organisation politique dans le bassin communities and monks’ contacts with Y méditerranéen dans l’Antiquité the ‘world outside’ have become in TOMOYO YOSHIMURA Classique était la polis, la cité. Bref the recent years a subject of growing Hiroshima International University exposésur le lien entre l’économie et interest and debate among scholars | Japan l’organisation politique. dealing with late antiquity. The literary sources depicting the Egyptian 2. Problèmes de transmission des monastic milieu evoke images of the traités: la réalité littéraire et la réalité The Restitution and the desert and the renunciation of the épigraphique. Disposition of ‘res extra dotem’ worldly cares and possessions by the 3. L’Empire romain, on l’oublie assez monks. The symbolic significance of souvent, est né dans une série de the total withdrawal from the earthly Keywords: res extra dotem, peculium, traités internationaux. Cela commence matters, ascetic life in the deserted matrimonial property, actio rerum déjà après les Guerres Puniques. cells, anchoritic assemblages or amotarum, actio ad exhibendum cenobitic communities have paved 4. La plupart des traités survivants sont its way into common imagination and des foedera iniqua. Caractérisation de occupies an unshaken position ever ces traités. Dowry was a crucial element in property since. One must, however, remain relations between spouses throughout 5. Le traité d’Alcántara analysé par cautious while attempting to translate Roman legal history. Besides dowry, Dieter Nörr n’est qu’un exemple des the monastic literature into the reality some goods and other properties traités encore à découvrir. of day-to-day life of a monk in Egypt. were often brought into the husband’s Social, economic and legal relations Bibliographie: house (res extra dotem, peculium, between monks and the surrounding parapherna). They were provided by the Gérard Boulvert, Souvrainetés et world were not avoided and sporadical wife or her parents or others for various impérialisme, Napoli 1984. phenomena, but rather an inevitable purposes, and they seem to have element of the monastic existence. Emiliano J. Buis, Taming Ares: War, made up a part of the wife’s ‘peculium’. Interstate Law, and Humanitarian Thanks to the documents of legal But we do not know how women’s Discourse in Classical Greece, Leiden practice it is possible to investigate peculium compared with slaves’ and 2018. the Late Antique monasticism in more son-in-laws. It might be important to diversified colours. The papyri offer us recognize the actual financial power of H. Lauterpacht, Private Law Sources a complex picture comprising issues of women (wives) and administration of and Analogies in International Law, administrative, organisational, and legal property among the family. We do not London 1927. nature, which concern both meeting the have enough sources to clarify the rules D. Nörr, Aspekte des römischen basic needs of the monks, as well as and practices of peculium. There are Völkerrechts – Die Bronzetafel von the accumulation of wealth, including few texts concerning ‘res extra dotem’ Alcántara, München 1989 the acquisition of land and fiscal in Justinian’s Digest. However, we can responsibilities.Thus, our sources allow find an important text in them, Ulpian Ph. Scheibelreiter, Untersuchungen us to ponder on the presence of monks D.23.3.9.3. It provides a classification zur vertragsrechtlichen Struktur des and their communities in the Egyptian of res extra dotem according to the delisch-Attischen Seebundes, Wien landscape not only in the spiritual, but rights and actions. We will observe this 2013. also in the practical domain. text with some other cases derived P. Vinogradoff, Historical Types from J-Digest. It might reveal a certain In my presentation I would like to of International Law, Bibliotheca aspect of women’s peculium. discuss one of the aspects of a this Visseriana, Leiden 1923. broad issue, namely the existence of K.H. Ziegler, Völkerrechtsgeschichte, 2 an independent legal personality of MARIA S. YOUNI München 2007. monastic communities in late antique Egypt. I would like to address the Democritus University of Thrace problem of legal representation of the |Greece MARZENA WOJTCZAK monasteries as outlined in the sources University of Warsaw |Poland of legal practice. For a lawyer, these questions are all the more stimulating George Buchanan and the Rule of since there has been an ongoing Law: Greek and Roman Law in De Law and its Place in Monastic debate about the existence of the legal Iure Regni apud Scotos (1579) Communities: Rediscovering Legal persons as such in Roman law and Personality in Late Antique Egypt? whether we could talk about anything approaching our current understanding Keywords: reception of Classics, rule of legal personality. of law, legitimate kingship, law-making, tyrannicide Keywords: monks, monastic communities, legal personality, representation, Late Antiquity An exceptional figure of Scottish Renaissance, humanist and reformer George Buchanan (1506-1582) 53 published one of his major political To Declare War: The Role of the writings, De Jure Regni apud Scotos, Fetial Priests in 1579 at Edinburgh. In his ground- breaking treatise, dedicated to his pupil king James VI, Buchanan gives Keywords: ius, fetial, gentium, the portrait of an ideal prince and declaration, war elaborates his core idea that the king must govern not arbitrarily, but according to the rule of law. The extent The customary treatments on the to which the idea that the monarch has Roman declaration of war examine to submit to the prevalence of law was solely those cases where the literary revolutionary and shocking for many evidence permits us to allow that a echoes in subsequent reactions to the declaration of war was made. A reliance De iure: the book was condemned by on this approach has formed the basis an act of parliament in 1584, and again for the view that the fetial priesthood in 1664; and in 1683 it was burned by died out only to be revived by Augustus. the University of Oxford. My research has considered every Roman war from the last quarter of the The treatise has the form of a Socratic fourth century to the first quarter of the dialogue between Buchanan himself first century CE focussing on those wars and Thomas Maitland, who is clearly where Rome did not make a declaration shaped on the Platonic model. Drawing of war. The central question became on his deep knowledge of classics, was it always necessary for Rome to Buchanan builds his argumentation declare war. Clearly no declaration on principles of Greek and Roman was required in those few cases where law and political institutions. A striking an enemy declared war on Rome. In feature of Buchanan’s work is that, all other circumstances the absence unlike his contemporary authors, he of a Roman declaration of war can be bases his political theory on secular explained by important international law arguments rather than on precepts principles. Under the well understood drawn on the Scriptures. The dialogue provisions of the ius gentium certain is impregnated with references to and offences committed against Rome quotations from a plethora of Greek and brought into being an automatic trigger Roman philosophers, poets, historians, mechanism as it were for the opening and legal sources such as the Law of a state of hostilities. As a result, we of the Twelve Tables and the Digest, see that war was either prefaced by the in contrast to some rare scriptural prewar preliminaries by the fetial priests examples, while the influence of Plato, or the ius gentium freed Rome from Aristotle, Cicero and the Stoics is the necessity to declare war. The fetial conspicuous throughout the essay. priests acted as iudices and advised The aim of this paper is to examine the Senate on which ius to use either the the direct and indirect ways in which ius fetiale or the ius gentium. Buchanan uses Greek and Roman After the fall of Rome interest was kept philosophy, legal and political alive in the fetial priests due to the institutions, and history to deploy his Christian adoption of the concept of political agenda. The paper focuses the just war. By the late 16th century especially on two key concepts that international law had become a are developed in detail in the De Iure separate discipline and the ius fetiale Regni, namely the role of the people in constituted the primitive forerunner of legislation, and the theory of justified the new concept of the Law of Nations. tyrannicide. Both Grotius and Zouche emphasized the need to declare war to legally justify the use of military force. Weiss considered the Roman ius fetiale a Z model of probity that deserved to be LINDA ZOLLSCHAN imitated by his contemporary leaders in the 19th century. Fusinato lead the way Ben-Gurion University of the in restoring the ius fetiale to its Roman Negev|Israel context as part of Roman sacral law.

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