Abelard, Peter, 97 Absolutism, Age of Colonial Law In, 251-256

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18069-7 — A History of Law in Europe Antonio Padoa-Schioppa , Translated by Caterina Fitzgerald Index More Information

INDEX

Abelard, Peter, 97 Aguesseau, Henri François d,’ 336, absolutism, age of 337, 424 colonial law in, 251–256 Alaric Breviary, 28–29, 184 international order in, 256–257 Albericus de Rosciate, 91, 164–165, king’s powers in, 245–247 178, 201 legislative power in, 326–327 Albertini, Alberto, 504–505 Protestant Reformation and, Albornoz, Gil Alvarez Carrillo de, 203 233–237 Alcalá, Order of, 191 representative assemblies in, Alciato, Andrea, 259–263 247–251 Alexander III, Pope (Alessandro III), sovereign absolutism, 230 100, 131–132, 207 term usage, 230 Alexander VI, Pope, 251–252 Accolti, Franciscus (Aretinus), 165–166 Alfonso V, King of Aragon, 105, 203 Accursius, Franciscus (glossator), 81, Alfonso VI, King of Castile and 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 135, 151, 153, Leon, 187 196, 201–202, 221. See also the Alfonso VIII, King of Castile, 188 post-Accursians Alfonso X, King of Castile and León, Acollas, Emile, 516–517 120, 190–191, 203 Act of Union (United Kingdom), 400 Alfred (Anglo-Saxon king), 36 Acts of the Apostles, 13. See also Allgemeine Landrecht (Prussia), The Gospels 427–428. See also Landrechte Adenauer, Konrad, 691 (territorial law) ADHGB (German Commercial Code), Allgemeine Staatslehre (Kelsen), 639–640 553–554 Amari, Emerico, 509 administrative justice, 466, 570–573 Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, 16, 17, 18, 97 Admiralty Court (England), 390, American independence, 438–439 561–562 Amsterdam, Treaty of, 704–705 Adnotationes (Alciati), 259–263 analogy (city statutes), 205–206 Adnotationes in Pandectas (Budé), Andrea de Barletta, 167–168 259–263 Andrea d’Isernia, 164, 183 advocates/advocacy, 137–139, 303–306, Anglo-Saxons, 35 578–583 Ansaldi, Ansaldo, 281–282 aequitas and law (Glossators), 193–197 Anselm, Saint, Archbishop of aequitas canonica (canonical equity), Canterbury, 68, 214 107, 207–208, 657–658 Anselm II, Saint, Bishop of Lucca, Africa, 255, 720–721, 726, 730 68–70, 96 Agobard, Bishop of Lyon, 52, 57 antiquity, law in late agricultural contracts/policies, 54–55, personal status in, 171–172 59, 432–433, 637, 695 political structures in, 3–4 781

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18069-7 — A History of Law in Europe Antonio Padoa-Schioppa , Translated by Caterina Fitzgerald Index More Information

782 index

antiquity, law in late (cont.) Bacon, Francis, 265, 349, 389 post-classical legislation in, 4–7 balance of power, 242, 312–313, Roman models of, 114 462, 496 Antonius de Butrio, 105 Baldovini, Jacobus (glossator), 89, 178 Apostles, Acts of the, 13. See also Balduinus, Jacobus, 151 The Gospels Baldus de Ubaldis, 161–164, 174–175 appeals (criminal-), 89–90, 363 Balzac, Honoré de, 492–493, Appel comme d’abus (France), 121, 537–539, 564 240–241 Bandinelli, Rolandus, 100 Aquinas, Thomas, 112–113, Barassi, Ludovico, 570, 632 283–284, 285 Barbacovian code (Trent), 433–434 arbitrium, 34, 240–241, 277–278, Barbeyrac, Jean, 365 314, 372 bare pact (nuda pacta), 154, Aretinus (Franciscus Accolti), 165–166 267–268, 394 Arezzo, Pietro di, 73 barristers, 223–225, 304, 578 argumentation, theories of, 677–678 Bartolism/Bartolist theory, 159, aristocracy, 10, 55, 230–231, 300–301, 161, 274 404–405, 407–408, 427, 461–463 Bartolomeus de Capua, 182 Aristotle, 87, 266, 268, 270, 407, 678 Bartolomeus of Brescia, 99 Artes notariae, 134–135 Bartolus of Sassoferrato, 88, 133, 156, Asia, South East/Eastern, 254, 286–287, 157–161, 164, 205–206, 258, 274 717, 726 Basel, Council of, 105, 110–111, 240 De Asse (Budé), 259 Bassianus, Johannes (glossator), 78, 80, assemblies, representative, 247–251 82–83, 91, 197, 201–202, 209, 221 assumpsit (contract law), 393–394 Beatus, Saint, 15 Atto, Bishop of Vercelli, 66 Beaumanoir, Philippe de, 119, 120, 186, attorneys, 223–224, 299, 547, 580–581. 322–323 See also solicitors (attorneys) Beaumont, Gustave de, 517 Aubry, Charles, 514–515 Beauvaisis, Coutumes Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo, 15, (Beaumanoir), 119 17, 22, 35, 50, 52, 96, 106, 107, 207 Beccaria, Cesare, 416–418 Aulisio, Domenico d,’ 359–360 Belgium, 498, 570, 659, 660 Austin, John, 535 Belgium, Constitution of, 1831, 498 Austria. See also Joseph II, Holy Roman Belleperche, Pierre de, 153, 155 Emperor; Leopold II, Holy Roman bellum iustum (just war), 257, 646 Emperor; Maria Theresa, Empress Belviso, Jacobus de, 164 of Austria Benedictine Rule/Order, 19–21, 66 civil code (ABGB), 488 Benedict XIV, Pope, 383 civil procedure code, 560 beneﬁce, 40–44, 169–170, 184, 332, 390, constitution of, 626 492. See also ecclesiastical criminal code, 487–490 beneﬁces autonomy, principle of, 119 Bentham, Jeremy, 420–421 Averani, Giuseppe, 361–362 Bernard of Botone, 103, Aviz, Emanuel d’ (Manuel I, King of 207–208 Portugal), 329 Bernard of Pavia, 101 Azo, Portius (glossator), 80, 81, Bernardus de Clairvaux, 100 85, 89, 90, 91, 103, 135, 144, Beseler, Georg, 529 201–202, 223 Beyer, Georg, 381

index 783

BGB (German Civil Code), 554–557, British East India Company, 255 585–586, 587 brocarda,83–84, 85 Bible, 15, 82. See also Holy Scriptures; Brougham, Henry, 561 New Testament (Bible); Old Brown, P., 10–11 Testament (Bible); Scriptures Budé, Guillaume, 259–263, 264 Bibliotheca legalis (Fontana), 318 Bulgarus (doctor of Bologna), 77–78, Bijnkershoek, Cornelis van, 362 85, 89, 194–195, 196, 199–200, bill of exchange, 174, 529–530 201–202 Bill of Rights, 1689 (England), 392–393 Bulls, Papal, 239, 240–241, 245, Bill of Rights, 1791 (United States), 251–252 442–443 Bülow, Oscar, 604–605 Binding, Karl, 600 Bundesrat (Germany), 553, 555, 558, Bishop of Rome, 13–14, 18–19, 21, 652–653 66, 111 Bundestag (German Parliament), 497, Bishop of Siena, 35 623, 652–653 Blackstone, William, 399 Burchard of Worms, 45 Bluntschli, Johann Caspar, 534–535 Butrigarius, Jacobus, 164 Boattieri, Pietro, 134–135 Byzantine Empire, 49–50 Bobbio, Norberto, 677–678 Byzantine law, 9 Bodin, Jean, 242, 266, 269–270, 277 Boethius, 61, 87 Cabedo, Georgio de, 329 Bohier, Nicolas de, 315–316, 318 Caderini, Giuseppe, 501 Böhm, Franz, 662 Caevallos, Girolamo, 298 Böhmer, Johann Samuel, 331 “Il Caﬀé” (Verri, 1764), 415 Böhmer, Justus Henning, 363 Cahiers de Doléances, 445–447 Bologna. See also University of Bologna Calabresi, Guido, 679 Concordat of, 240–241 Calamandrei, Piero, 629, 643, 649–650 “four doctors” of, 77 Calasso, Francesco, 671 teachers from, 76–81 Callistratus (jurist), 8 Bonaventure, Saint, 112–113 Calvinism, 233, 234, 235, 239, 243–244, Bonﬁlius, 63 286–287, 309, 344–345 Boniface VIII, Pope, 102 Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques Régis de, Bonizo, Bishop, 68–69 473–475, 484, 486 Bonvesin della Riva, 138 Cammeo, Federico, 599 Bossi, Egidio, 279 Canellas, Viodal de, 188 Boswell, James, 400–401 canonical equity (aequitas canonica), Botone, Bernard of, 103, 207–208 107, 207–208, 657–658 Bourjon, François, 324–325 canon law. See also Decretum (Gratian) Boutaric, François, 322–323, 325 boundary with ius commune,210–211 Bracton, Henri, 219, 222–223, 397, Church as basis of, 15–16 610 collections of, 68–70 Brazil, 254, 329 concept of equity in, 208 brevia, 132–133, 178 the decretalists, 102–105 Breviary of Alaric, 28–29, 184 the decretals, 99–102 Briand, Aristide, 645–646, 689 the decretists, 98–99 Brinz, Alois von, 595 innovations in, 656 Brisson, Barnabé, 334 natural law and, 111–113 Britannica (canonical collection), 69 principles of, 106–111

784 index

Capei, Pietro, 503, 508 Chanson de Roland, 148–149 Capetian monarchy/dynasty, 120 Charlemagne, Emperor, 1, 38–40, 44, capitalism, 233, 538–539, 548, 566, 638, 47–49, 63–64, 148–149 644, 664 Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, 502 capital punishment, 28, 76–77, 384, Charles I, King of England, 235, 387, 418, 434, 437, 486–487, 250, 348 500, 504 Charles I, King of Naples (Charles capitano del popolo, 118, 143–145, 148 d’Anjou), 164, 182 capitularies, 39–40 Charles II, King of England, 250 Cappelletti, Mauro, 670 Charles the Great. see Charlemagne, Carbonnier, Jean, 672 Emperor Cardozo, Benjamin N., 644, 674 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 229, Carlo Borromeo, Saint, 239–240 234, 248, 253, 279, 284, 309, 321, Carmignani, Giovanni, 504 327, 330, 369–370, 372 Carnelutti, Francesco, 643 Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor, Carolingian age 240, 323 capitularies in, 38–39 Charles XI, King of Sweden, the Church in, 44–46 338–339 fief/vassal/benefice in, 40–44 Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU), international law relations in, 49–53 707–708 judicial procedure in, 46–49 Chindasvinth (King of the Visigoths), political structures in, 38–39 28–29 Carpzov, Benedikt, 236, 280 Chiovenda, Giuseppe, 605–606, Carrara, Francesco, 508, 550, 600 630 Carta of Freixá, 186 Christian II, King of Denmark, Cartularium Langobardicum, 58, 62 337–338 Casaregi, Lorenzo Maria, 281–282 Christian III, King of Denmark, Casas, Bartolomé de las, 252, 284 337–338 Cassation, Court of, 453–454, 478, 495, Christianity 514, 518–520, 547, 575–576, 605, Benedictine rule, 19–21 628, 632–633 church and state under, 17 Cassin, Réné, 726 early canon law, 15–16 Cassis de Dijon judgement, 696 early church, 12–14 Catalonia, 186–191 Gregory the Great, 21–22 Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 413–414 influence of, 6–7 Catholic Church, 10–11, 70, 460, 622, Penitentials, 23 656–657, 727 separation, beginning of, 18–19 Cattaneo, Carlo, 507, 543, 688 Christian IV, King of Denmark, 338 causidici, 138, 303 Christian V, King of Denmark, Cavour, Camillo, 509–510, 543, 544, 337–338 642–643 Church CECA (European Coal and Steel in Carolingian/Feudal age, 44–46 Community), 691–694 Catholic States and, 237–241 CED (European Defence Community), organization/hierarchy of, 12–14 692, 693 Protestant Reformation, 233–237 Cervantes, Miguel de, 319 revolutions of 1848 and, 542 Chancery/Equity, Court of (England), state/secular institutions and, 17 387–390 Churchill, Winston, 691, 718, 719

index 785

Church reform Code of maritime laws (Consolato del canonical collections in, 68–70 Mare), 175–176 Gregorian reform, 67–68 Code of Nature (Morelly), 414 church/state relationship, 460–461 codiﬁcations (Napoleonic era) Cicero, 87, 111–112, 193–194, 258, Austrian criminal code, 487–490 268–269, 735 French civil code, 473–483 Cicu, Antonio, 642 French civil procedure, 484 Cinus de Pistoia, 155–156, 211 French commercial code, 484–485 Cipolla, Bartolomeo, 275–276 French criminal code, 485–487 citizenship cognitio extra ordinem,4 in Charter of rights, 708 Coif, Order of the, 225 concept of, 702–703 Coing, Helmut, 671–672 denial of, 635 Coke, Edward, 390–392 laws on, 608, 619 Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 246–247, 255, requirement of, 128, 137–138, 334, 335, 336 300–301 Collège de France, 259–263, 508–509, voting rights and, 708 516, 517 city statutes (Liber statutorum), local College of Judges and Advocats, laws in, 177–181 137–139, 143, 144–145 De cive (Hobbes), 348 College of Spain, Bologna, 203 Civil Code of Parma, 500–501 colonial law, 251–256 Civil Constitution of the clergy, France Colorni, Eugenio, 690 (1790), 460–461 Commentaries on the Laws of England civil hierarchy, in late antiquity, 3–4 (Blackstone), 399 civil law (ius civile), 329, 456–460, 474, the Commentators 515, 524–525, 551, 611, 628 Baldus de Ubaldis, 161–164 civil/military separation, 3–4 Bartolus de Sassoferrato, 156–161 Clarendon Court of Assizes, 214, 218, 226 Cinus de Pistoia, 155–156 Claro, Giulio, 279–280, 313, 317 of 14th/15th century, 163–166 class action, 664, 683, 708 Orléans School, 152–155 class status, 428, 434 post-Accursians, 151–152 Clementine, 102, 104–105 commercial law, 174–176, 281–282, Clement V, Pope, 102, 121 564–566 Clovis, King of the Franks, 29–31 Common Foreign and Security Policy Clunian reform, 66 (CFSP), 713 Cnut (Danish king), 36–37 common law (English). See also English Coase, Ronald, 679 law; ius commune (in medieval Cocceius, Samuel, 426–427 legal system) Code Merlin (France), 464 Bracton’s contribution to, Code Napoléon, 355–356, 367, 222–223 476–483, 499, 500, 515, 556, 612 diﬀerences from civil law, 212–213 Code Noir (French colonies), 256 European continental law and, 213 Code of 1781 (Prussia), 427 Glanvill’s contribution to, 222 Code of Civil Procedure, 1806 jury, institution of, 225–227 (France), 484 legal professions and, 223–225 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1788 Magna Carta, 227–228 (Joseph II), 434–435 Norman Kingdom and, 214–215 Code of Frederick (1231), 183 writs, system of, 215–220

786 index

communes, 114–119. See also consules Constitution of France (1795), 464–465 (communes) Constitution of France (1799), Communism, 617, 619, 636, 690, 706 465–466, 575 communis opinio doctorum, 297–299 Constitution of France (1848), 537–538 Compilationes antiquae, 101 Constitution of France (1958), 653–655 Compilatio Prima (Bernard of Pavia), 101 Constitution of Germany, 552–553, Conciliarism, 105 652–653 Concordat of Bologna (1516), 240–241 Constitution of Italy (1848), 541 concubinage, 45–46, 66, 69, 357 Constitution of Italy (1948), 649–651 confession, before a priest, 23 Constitution of Melﬁ (1231), 168 conﬂict of laws, theory of, 158–159, 525 Constitution of the Repubblica Congress of Vienna, 1815, 496–497 Cispadana, Italy (1797), 465 Connan, François, 266, 267–268 Constitution of Spain (1812), 471–472 Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, Constitution of Spain (1978), 655–656 43–44, 168–169 Constitution of Switzerland (1848), 508 Conring, Hermann, 290 Constitution of the United States, Consalvi, Ercole, 505 439–443 consilia, 140, 145, 147, 162–163, 299 Constitutions. see Civil Constitution of consilium sapientis, 143–145 the clergy, France (1790); Egidian Consolato del Mare (Code of maritime Constitutions, Italy (1357); laws), 175–176 Piedmont Constitutions Constance, Council of, 110–111 Constitutum usus (Pisa), 175–176 Constance, Peace of, 82, 115 Consuetudines feudorum, 169 Constantine, 3–4, 6, 7, 17, 194, 198, consules (communes), 114–115, 199, 258 143–144 Constituent Assembly. see National consumer protections, 664–665 Constituent Assembly (France) continental law, xi–xii, 9, 213, 229, Constitutio Criminalis Carolina, 280, 400, 483 330–331, 375–376 contract (Code Napoleon), Constitutional Courts, 618, 666, 668, 479–480, 481 685–686 contract (humanists), 267–268 constitutionalism, 251, 387, 392, 408, contract law (assumpsit), 393–394 497, 542, 624 contumacy, 60, 92–93 constitutional models, innovations in, Coquille, Guy, 324–325, 373, 379–380 665–668 Coran (Quran), 50, 51 constitutional state Corazio, Antonio (Coras), 298 expansion of, 665–668 corporations/commerical companies from legislative state, 647–649 (German model), 662–663 Constitution of Austria (1920), 626 Corpus iuris canonici. see canon law Constitution of Belgium (1831), 498 Corpus iuris civilis (Justinian Constitution of the Duchy of Milan compilation), 7, 73, 75–76, 78–79, (1541), 279, 321, 327 81, 82, 84, 90, 93, 106, 126, 127, Constitution of England/Britain, 408, 129, 151, 169, 179, 195, 198–199, 594–595 202, 213, 261, 263–264, 269, 294, Constitution of the European 296, 368, 370–371, 375, 380, 381 Union, 710 Corpus Juris Danici, 337–338 Constitution of France (1791), 458 Cortes (Spanish assembly), 327, 328, Constitution of France (1793), 461 471, 655

index 787

Costumas de Catalunya, 189 practitioners/professors of, 278–280 Council, Fourth Lateran (1215), trial procedure in, 141 108, 227 De criminibus, 1644 (Matthaeus), 280 Council of Basel, 105, 110–111, 240 critical legal studies, 673, 680 Council of Constance, 110–111 Croce, Benedetto, 689 Council of Pisa, 110–111 Cronhielm, Gustav, 338–339 Council of Trent, 237, 240, 622 Cujas, Jacques (Cuiacius), 264, 273, Counter-Reformation, 231, 233, 278 288, 289–290 Cour des Comptes (France), 121, 310 Cumanus, Rafael, 165 Court Chamber of the Empire Curia regis (King’s Council), (Germany), 308, 375–376 215, 308 court decisions Cusano, Nicoló (Nicholas of Cusa), 110 collected decisions, 315–319 customary law/age of custom. see judges/competencies/court Fueros/Fueros breves; Landrechte procedures in, 310–315 (territorial law); Pays de droit in Supreme Courts/Rotas, 307–309 coutumier (French customary law) Court of Admiralty (England), 390, customs 561–562 in early modern law, 527 Court of Cassation (France), 453–454, in France, 479–482 478, 495, 514, 518–520, 547, and law (Glossators), 197–202 575–576, 605, 628, 632–633 customs, legal culture and Court of Chancery/Equity (England), the Expositio,60–63 387–390 local customs, 56–60 Court of Common Pleas, 221, notaries/judges/formularies in, 385, 386, 391, 394–395, 396, 60–63 398, 399 social classes in, 54–56 Court of Constitutional Justice, 626 Court of Exchequer (England), 221, D’Aﬄitto, Matteo, 317, 318 398, 399 Dalrymple, James, 400 court procedures, competency of, Damarzit-Régny case (Italy), 483 310–315 Damaska, Mirjan, 670–671 Coutumes de Beauvaisis Damhouder, Joos, 280 (Beaumanoir), 119 Damian, Peter (Pier Damiani), 66 Coutumier. see Pays de droit coutumier D’Andrea, Francesco, 302, 312, (French customary law) 359–360 Covarrubias, Diego, 276 Danske Lov (Denmark), 337–338 Crasso, Pietro, 67 Dante Alighieri, 115, 180, 182, 211, Cremani, Luigi, 361, 403 423, 688 criminal appeals, 89–90, 363 Darjes, Joachim, 364–365 Criminal Code Deciani, Tiberio, 280 Austrian, 487–490, 504–505 decisiones, collections of, 360 French, 455–456 Decius, Philippus, 166 Italian, 500, 503–504, 544, 548–550, Declaration of Rights, 1789 (France), 601–602, 628 438, 447–451, 458, 478, 479, Soviet, 637–638 495–496, 539–540, 682 criminal law Declaration of the clergy of France 19th century developments in, (1682), 241 600–602 the decretals, 99–102

788 index

the decretists, 98–99 Domat, Jean, 355–356, 482 Decretum (Burchard of Worms), 45 Domesday Book, 214 Decretum (Gratian), 21–22, 95–99, Dominican Order, 238, 283 101–102, 104, 112, 150, 208 Donaghue v. Stevenson, 562 Decretum (Ivo of Chartres), 69 Donation of Constantine, 258. See also Defensor pacis (Marsilius of Padua), 110 Constantine De Gasperi, Alcide, 692 Doneau, Hugues (Donello), 268, Dei delitti e dellepene (Beccaria), 269–270, 287, 288, 289 416–418 Don Quixote (Cervantes), 319 Dei difetti della giurisprudenza Dottor volgare (De Luca), 299, 303, 305 (Muratori), 382–383 Droit de la nature (Diderot), 410 Delitala, Giacomo, 642 droit écrit. see Pays de droit écrit Della costituzione nazionale (French regional law) rappresentativa (Romagnosi), 507 Duaren, François, 263, 266, 269–270 Delors, Jacques, 699, 700–701 Du Breuil, Guillaume, 315–316 De Luca, Giovanni Battista, 291–293, Duguit, Léon, 611 296–297, 370, 379. See also Dottor Dumont, Etienne, 421 volgare (De Luca) Du Moulin, Charles, 269, 276–277, Delvincourt, C.E., 513–514 323–325, 333–334, 373, 374 democracy, 617, 627, 649, 652, 655, Dupin, André-Marie, 516–517, 582 717, 734 Duport, Adrien, 454, 455, 456 Demolombe, C., 515 Durand, Guillaume, 152 Denmark, 36–37, 192, 337–338, Duranton, A., 514 697, 701 Dutch civil code, 505–506, 656 Deusdedit, Cardinal, 68–69 Dutch East India Company, 254, Dhuoda, Manual of, 41 684–685 Dicey, A. V., 562, 594–595 Dutch School (Elegant Dutch School), Dickens, Charles, 492–493, 561, 680 286–288 Dictatus papae (Pope Gregory VII), Duverger, Maurice, 654 67–68 Dworkin, Ronald, 676 Diderot, Denis, 410 Dynus de Mugello (Dinus de Mugello), Diet of Hapsburg, 236, 329–330 151, 155 Diet of Worms, 68, 214, 329–330 Dyonisiana collection, 44 Differentiae (Barletta), 167–168 De differentiis topicis (Boethius), 87 Eastern Church, 14, 107 Discursus legales de commercio et East India Company, 254, 255, 684–685 mercatura (Ansaldi), 281–282 ecclesiastical benefices, 45–46, 180, 210, Discurus legales de commercio 240–241, 311, 316–317, 460. See (Casaregi), 281–282 also benefice distinction (procedure of distinctio), 19, economic law, 662–663, 678–680, 69, 90–94, 97 723–725 divided dominion, 55, 489 ECSC (European Coal and Steel divine law (lex divina), 21, 69, 112, 158, Community), 691–694 234–235, 265, 283, 351, 622 ecumenical councils, 16, 106, 240 divorce, 353, 458, 480, 511, 562–564 EDC (European Defence Community), Doctor’s Commons, 390, 563 692, 693 documentation, of agreements/judicial Edict of Liutprand, 57 acts, 73–74 Edict of Milan, 17, 43–44

index 789

Edict of Nantes, 234, 365 the encyclopaedists, 410 Edict of Rothari, 32–34, 57, 63–64 Filangieri, 419–420 Edict of Theodoric, 263 Kant, 421–423 Edict of Tolerance, 432–433 Montesquieu, 407–410 Edicts/Capitularies, of Lombard (Liber Neapolitan Enlightenment, 418–419 Papiensis),64–65 Rousseau, 410–412 Edictum de beneﬁciis, 168–169 Verri, Gabiele, 415 edsöre (sworn pacts), 192 Voltaire, 412–414 Edward II, King of England, 136 environment, protection of, 665 Edward the Confessor, 37 equity (aequitas), 193–197. See also Egidian Constitutions, 181 aequitas canonica (canonical Egidian Constitutions, Italy (1357), 181 equity) Eichhorn, Karl Friedrich, 529 Equity/Chancery, Court of (England), Eike, von Repgow, 119, 183–184 387–390 Einaudi, Luigi, 646, 649–650 Erasmus of Rotterdam, 262, 286–287, 389 Einert, Carl, 529–530, 553–554 Erlich, Eugen, 613–614 electoral rights, 573–574 Esprit des Lois, 1748 (Montesquieu), Elegant Dutch School, 286–288 407–410 Elementa juris civilis secundum Esser, Josef, 677 ordinem Institutionum Etablissements de Saint Louis (Heineccius), 363–364 (1270), 185 Elementa juris naturae ac gentium Etats généraux (France), 91, 333, 334, (Heineccius), 364 445–446 Elisabeth I, 235, 249 Eterius, 15 Ellesmere, Thomas, 389 Ethelbert of Kent, 35 Emerigon, B.-M., 335–336 Eugene III, Pope, 99–100, 207 Emperor’s role, in Roman Law, 4–7 Eugenius IV, Pope, 105 EMS (European Monetary System), 700 Eurician Code (Visigoth law), 28–29 encomienda (legal regime), 253 European Central Bank, 701 Encyclopédie, 410 European Coal and Steel Community English law. See also common law (ECSC), 691–694 (English) European Council, 699, 703–704, 707, Bill of Rights (1689), 392–393 709–711, 713–715, 716–717 contract law (assumpsit), 393–394 European Court of Human Rights Edward Coke, 390–392 (ECHR), 708, 728 equity, concept of, 387–390 European Court of Justice, evolution of, 385–386 685–686, 696 justice in, 386–387 European Defence Community (EDC), legislative reforms (19th c.), 560–562 692, 693 Lord Mansﬁeld, 396–397 European Economic Community Reports (Year Books), 394–395 (EEC), 694–698, 699, 709 Scots law and, 400–401 European Economic Community stare decisis, 397–398 Treaty, 662, 693, 695 William Blackstone, 399 European Monetary System (EMS), 700 Enlightenment, Age of European Parliament (EP), 654, 694, authors of, 414–415 698–699, 702, 703–705, 706, 707, Beccaria, 416–418 708, 709–710, 711, 713–714 Bentham, 420–421 European revolutions (1848), 537–542

790 index

European Stability Mechanism (ESM), fief/vassal/benefice in, 40–44 715–716 international law relations in, 49–53 European Union (EU) law judicial procedure in, 46–49 European Community, 693–698 political structures in, 38–39 European Convention, 709–711 Feudal law, 168–170 genesis of, 688–693 Feuerbach, Anselm, 530–531 importance of, 717 Fichard, Johann, 321 institutional development, 698–709 fideicommissum, 409, 428, 432–433, measures/interventions, 715–716 436, 459, 472, 503 Treaty of Lisbon, 711–715 fief, 40–44, 168–169. See also Feudal age 2014 elections and, 716–717 Filangieri, Gaetano, 419–420 Everardus (Evertszoon, Nicolas), Fink, Heinrich, 557–558 270, 275 Fiscal Compact (Treaty of Stability, examination Cooperation and Governance), to enter magistry, 577–578, 580 715–716 of legal students, 127–128 Foelix, G.J.G., 515–516 Exceptiones Petri, 195, 200 Fontana, A., 318 Exchequer, Court of (England), 221, formularies, 58, 62, 63, 133–135, 152, 398, 399 220, 379 Expositio ad Librum Papiensem,63–65 Formulary (Rolandinus), 172–173 Extravagantes, 102 Formulary of Marculfus, 58 Fortescue, John, Sir, 385–386 Factory Acts, 538 Forti, Francesco, 507–508 faida (reprisal), 25, 30, 32 Fossier, R., 41–42 Falco, Mario, 642–643 Fossombroni, Vittorio, 503 falsifications, 44–45, 69, 132–133 “four doctors” of Bologna, 77. See also family law, 562–564, 659–662 Bulgarus (doctor of Bologna); Farinaccio, Prospero, 280, 316–317 Hugo (doctor of Bologna); fascist laws, 626–630 Iacobus (doctor of Bologna); Fastolf, Thomas, 316–317 Martinus Gosia (doctor of Favre, Antoine, 317 Bolgona) Federalist Papers (Hamilton, et al.), 443, Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 108, 227 495–496 Fraggianni, Francesco, 359–360 Federici, Stefano, 371 France Felix V, antipope, 105 Capetian monarchy in, 120 Ferdinand II, 541 constitution of, 653–655 Ferdinand III, King of Castile and Léon, 18th century jurists in, 366–367 189–190, 437 ius commune in, 372–375 Ferdinand the Catholic, 328 Reformation legislation, 510–512 Ferrara/Florence, Councils of (1438), revolution of 1848, 537–539 110–111 royal legislation and, 322–325, Ferrari, Francesco, 500–501 332–337 Ferrari, Giuseppe, 543 France, Collège de, 259, 508–509, Ferri, Mauro, 651 516, 517 Ferrière, Claude, 325 Franchis, Vincenzo de, 317, 318 Feudal age Franciscan order, 112–113 capitularies in, 38–39 Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, 487 the Church in, 44–46 Francis II, King of France, 333–334

index 791

Francis V, Duke of Modena, 505 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 677 Franco, Francisco, 655 Gail, Andreas, 308–309 Francogallia (Hotman), 263 Gaius, 5–6, 8, 263, 268, 271, 474, 525, Frank, Jerome, 674 526, 606–607 Frank law (Lex Salica), 30, 185, 322–323 Galeotti, Albertus, 152 Franklin, Benjamin, 441–443 Galician Civil Code, 438, 488 Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, 125 Galli, Johannes (Le Coq, Jean), Frederick II (Frederick the Great, King 315–316, 318 of Prussia), 425–427 Gandino, Albertus de, 142, 152 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Gans, Eduard, 528–529 136, 168, 182 Garofalo, Raffaele, 551, 600–601 Frederick III, King of Denmark, 337 Gaulle, Charles de, 653–654, Frederick William I, King of 697–698 Prussia, 425 Gelasius I, Pope, 19 Frederick William IV, King of Prussia, gender and the law, 673 539, 552–553 Gentili, Alberico, 256–257, 273–274 freeholders, 55, 215, 216, 249, Gény, François, 612–613 456–457, 489 George III, King of Great Britain, 255 freemen Gerber, Carl Friedrich von, categories of, 55, 171 592–593, 640 feudal relationships of, 41 German Civil Code (BGB), 585 in Magna Carta, 227 German Commercial Code (ADHGB), participation in judicial affairs, 36 553–554 vs. servants, 54, 76–77, 117–118 German historical school testimony of, 46–47 contribution of, 536 Freire, Mello, 382 fundamental beliefs of, 521–522 Freirechtsbewegung, 614 Mittermaier and, 531–532 French Revolution on public law, 532–535 administrative reforms, 451–452 Romanists/Germanists in, 526–530 Cahiers de Doléances, 445–447 Savigny and, 522–526 church/state relationship, 460–461 Germania (Tacitus), 24 civil law, 456–460 Germanic Confederation, 497 criminal code, 455–456 Germanic kingdoms Declaration of Rights, 447–451 Anglo-Saxons, 35–37 in European legal history, 444–445 Lombard law, 31–35 judicial reforms, 452–455 origins of, 24–26 universal significance, 461–463 personality of the law in, 27–28 Friedberg, Emil, 609, 622 Salic law, 29–31 Fuero di Jaca, 187 Visigoth law, 28–29 Fuero General, 188 German Parliament (Bundesrat, Fuero Juzgo, 189–190 Bundestag), 555, 558, 652–653 Fuero of Cuenca, 188 Germany Fuero Real (1255), 190 civil code, 554–557 Fueros de Aragón, 188 commercial code, 553–554 Fueros/Fueros breves, 120, 186–188, 191 constitutional framework, 552–553 Fulbert of Chartres, Bishop, 42 constitution of, 651–653 Fulgosius, Rafael, 165 18th century jurists in, 362–365 functionalist approach, to law, 680 ius commune in, 375–377

792 index

Germany (cont.) Grand Coutumier de France, 185 revolution of 1848, 539–540 Grandi, Dino, 631, 633 royal legislation and, 320–321, Gratian. see Decretum (Gratian) 329–332 Gravina, Gianvincenzo, 360 Gerson, Jean, 113 Greek law, 6, 516 Geuenoys, Pierre, 325 Gregorian reform, 67–68 Giannone, Pietro, 360 Gregory IX, Pope, 101, 161–162, 190 Gierke, Otto von, 556–557, 570, 577, Gregory the Great (Pope Gregory I), 590–591, 608, 613 21–22 Giese, Friedrich, 623 Gregory VII, Pope, 67–68 Gioberti, Vincenzo, 498, 499 Gregory XVI, Pope, 505 Giornale di Giurisprudenza Gribaldi-Mopha, Matteo, 273 (Romagnosi), 506–507 Grimm, Jacob, 524, 527–528, 529, 530 Giovane Europa movement, 688 Grimm, Wilhelm, 527–528 Giovane Italia movement, 498, 688 Grossi, Paolo, 641 Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 698, 710 Grotius, Hugo, 236–237, 254–255, 257, Glanvill, Ranulf of, 219, 222 271, 289, 325, 343–348, 354, global law/globalization 400, 411 international human rights, 725–733 Guarnerius. see Irnerius (jurist) market economy and, 723–725, Guicciardini, Francesco, 166, 297 733–735 Guidus de Baysio, 104 United Nations, 718–723, 735–737 Guidus de Suzzara, 104, 151 Glorious Revolution (1649–1688), Guillaume de Cunh, 155 232, 250 Guillemot, Jean, 476, 484 Glossa ordinaria (Accursius), 81, Guizot, François, 537–538 155–156 Glossators habeas corpus, 392–393 Bologna school and, 76–81 Habermas, Jürgen, 681–682 on concept of equity, 193–197 Hägerström, Axel, 673–674 distinction, procedure of, 90–94, 97 Hale, Matthew, 397–398 on law and custom, 197–202 Halle, University of, 363 legal culture origins of, 73–76 Hamilton, Alexander, 442, 443, 496 scientiﬁc method use, 87–90 Hapsburg, Diet of, 236, 329–330 teaching method of, 81–86 Harcourt, Raoul d,’ 171–172 Gneist, Rudolph, 534 Harrington, James, 244 Gobler, Justinus, 331 Hart, Herbert, 675 Godefroy, Denis, 264–265 Harvard Law School, 680 Godefroy, Jacques, 264–265 Heck, Philipp, 615 Godi, Gaetano, 501 Hegel, G.F., 496, 592, 615 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 420 Heineccius (Gottlieb Heinecke), Golden Bull, 246, 329–330. See also 363–364, 381, 403 Papal Bulls Helvétius, Claude Adrein, 414 Goldschmidt, Levin, 530, 553–554 Henricus of Susa (Hostiensis), 103, 208 Gorla, Gino, 670 Henry I, King of England, 215 The Gospels, 14–15, 262, 735. See also Henry II, King of England, 214, 215, Holy Scriptures 218–219, 226, 228 Gouron, A., 79, 200 Henry III, King of France, 334 Grand Conseil de Malines, 309 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 67–68

index 793

Henry IV, King of France, 234, 333, 688 Hugo (doctor of Bologna), 77 Henry of Segusio. see Henricus of Susa Hugo, Gustav, 521–522 (Hostiensis) Hugo, Victor, 688 Henry VIII, King of England, humanism, legal 234–235, 249 Andrea Alciato and, 259–263 heretics (Canon law), 108 critical approach, 265–267 hermeneutics, 677–678 historical-philological approach, Herzog, Roman, 707 263–265 hierarchy, principle of, 122 humanistic jurisprudence, 258–259 Hieronymus, 18 systemic approach, 267–269 Hildebrand of Soana, 67 theoretical approach, 269–272 Hilty, Karl, 558 human rights, international, 725–733 Hispana collection, 29 Humber of Moyenmoutier, 66 historical school (Germany). see Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 523 German historical school Hume, David, 401 History of Roman Law in the Middle Hutcheson, Francis, 401 Ages (Savigny), 523 History of the Common Law (Hale), Iacobus (doctor of Bologna), 77, 397–398 199, 200 History of the German State and Law Iberian Peninsula, 186–191 (Eichhorn), 529 Ignacio of Loyola, 237–238 History of the Literature of Public Law Imperial Court, 4, 5 (Mohl), 533 Imperial Court Tribunal (Germany), History of the Pleas of the Crown, 1736 308, 309 (Hale), 397–398 imperium,3 Hitler, Adolf, 617–618, 623, 625, India, 254, 255, 646. See also East India 634–636, 638, 640, 645–646 Company Hobbes, Thomas, 348–349 indictment, 226, 486 Holbach, P.H.Th. d,’ 414 individual rights, 659–662, 683 Holland/Low Countries industrialisation, 494, 538, 554, 562, civil code, 656 564–566 Dutch civil code, 505–506 Infortiatum, 78, 209 18th century jurists in, 362 inheritance law, 31, 43–44, 55, 179, 451, Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 644, 674 459, 631 Holt, John, 393, 397 Innocent I, Pope, 14 The Holy Alliance, 491, 496–499, 689 Innocent III, Pope, 101, 108, 143, Holy Scriptures, 14–15, 16, 22, 52, 82, 204, 207 106, 210, 237, 343, 657. See also Innocent IV, Pope, 103 The Gospels; New Testament Innocent XI, Pope, 241 (Bible); Old Testament (Bible) Inns of Court (England), 225, 304, 385, Honorius III, Pope, 125, 207–208 394–395, 578 Hoppe, Joachim, 381–382 inquisitorial principle/procedure, 141, Hostiensis. see Henricus of Susa 148, 180, 239, 335, 435, 488, 547 (Hostiensis) Institutes of Gaius, 8, 526 Hotman, François, 263, 266, 403 Institutiones (Justinian), 8 House of Lords, 249, 398, 408, 472, 562 institutions, law and Huber, Eugen, 535, 558–559 in Kingdoms, 119–123 Huber, Ulrich, 288, 535, 558–559 in medieval communes, 114–119

794 index

International Centre for Settlement of ius civile (civil law), 329, 456–460, 474, Investment Disputes (ICSID), 725 515, 524–525, 551, 611, 628 International Court of Justice, 645, 721, ius commune (in medieval legal system) 722, 726, 732–733 aequitas canonica and, 207–208 international human rights, 725–733 Canon law and, 210–211 international law, in Carolingian/ ius proprium and, 202–207 Feudal age, 49–53 law and custom debate, 197–202 international order, in the age of legal transaction interpretation in, absolutism, 256–257 208–210 International Tribunal of Maritime role of equity, 193–197 Law, 725 ius commune, local laws and interpretation (ius commune), 208–210 in France, 372–375 Interpretationes iuris (Averani), 361 in Germany, 375–377 Introduction to Dutch Law in Italy, 371–372 (Grotius), 255 ius patrium and, 377–384 Irish monasticism, 23 sources of law in, 368–371 Irish Penitentials, 23 ius gentium (law of nations), 157–158, Irnerius (jurist), 76, 77, 92, 93, 96, 134, 244, 409–410 194, 199 ius hodiernum, 289, 382 Irti, N., 640, 684 ius in bello/ius ad bellum (right of war/ Isabella I, Queen of Spain, 251–252 just war), 257, 646 Isidore of Seville, 28–29, 59, 61, 207 ius naturale (natural law), 111–113, Istoria civile del Regno di Napoli 342–344, 681. See also natural (Giannone), 360 lawyers Istoria del Concilio tridentino ius novum (new law), 99–105, 140 (Sarpi), 301 ius patrium, 231–232, 300, Italian communes, development of, 378–379, 382 114–119 ius proprium, 202–207 Italian criminal procedure code, 656 Ivo, Bishop of Chartres. see Yves, Italy/Italian territories Bishop of Chartres civil code, 544–546 Civil Procedure Code (1865), 546–547 Jacini, Stefano, 572 Commercial Code (1865), 547–548 Jacobins, 444, 461, 465, 473, 475 constitution of, 649–651 Jacqueminot, Jean-Ignace, 475–476 Criminal Code, 548–550 Jaime I, 188, 189 Criminal Procedure Code, 547, James I, King of England, 250, 391–392 550–551 James II, King of England, 250, 392 18th century jurists in, 359–362 Jellinek, Georg, 593–594, 599, 623 ius commune in, 371–372 Jena, University of, 300, 363 legislative uniﬁcation in, 542–544 Jesuits, 237–238, 244, 283, 310 under Napoleon, 468–470 Jesus Christ, 13–16, 22, 59–60, 106 private law code (1942), 630–634 Jews, 170–171, 238, 432, 458, 465, 490, revolution of 1848, 541 617–618, 627, 635, 636 royal legislation in, 321–322 Jhering, Rudolf von, 9, 587, 588–589, De iure belli ac pacis (Grotius), 601, 613, 615 344–345, 346 Johannes d’Andrea, 104–105, 143, 203, De iure naturae ac gentium 296, 315 (Pufendorf), 351 Johannes of Bononia, 136

index 795

John, King of England (John juridical nihilism, 684 Lackland), 118 Jurisprudence (Hutcheson), 401 John Paul II, Pope, 658 Jurisprudentia Romano-Germanica Johnson, Samuel, 235–236, 400–401 forensis (Struve), 290, 362–365 John VIII, Pope, 51 jurists (18th century) John XI, Pope, 66 in France, 366–367 John XXII, Pope, 102, 112–113 in Germany, 362–365 joint stock companies, 512, 564–565, in Holland, 362 625–626, 633–634, 662–663 in Italy, 359–362 José I, King of Portugal, 329 in Switzerland, 365–366 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, jury/juries 432–436 institution of, 225–227 Josserand, Louis, 643 role of, 684–687 judges trial by, 216–217, 227, 455 categories of, 46–49 justice College of, 137–139, 143, 144–145 in English common law, 386–387 communis opinio and, 297–298 theory of, 676 competencies/court procedure of, Justinian compilation (Corpus iuris 310–315 civilis), 7, 73, 75–76, 78–79, 81, 82, election/selection of, 467–468 84, 90, 93, 106, 126, 127, 129, 151, English common law and, 212–213 169, 179, 195, 198–199, 202, 213, judicial reforms and, 453–455 261, 263–264, 269, 294, 296, 368, juries and, 226 370–371, 375, 380, 381 Justinian texts, familiarity with, just war (bellum iustum), 257, 646 73–74 in legal professions, 576–578 Kant, Immanuel, 421–423 from Pavia, 63–65 Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von, 431–432 powers of, 384 Kellogg, Frank, 645–646 role of, 60–63 Kelsen, Hans, 626, 639–640 Royal courts and, 218–219, 220–222 Kerr, Philip, 646 “Judges of the Sacred Palace” (Pavia), Kingdom of Germany, local laws in, 62–63 183–184 Judicature Acts (Great Britain), 561–562 Kingdom of Sicily, local laws in, judicial duel, 25–26, 150, 220, 226 182–183 judicial function kingdoms, institutional framework compulsory power of, 109 development in, 119–123 of Emperor, 5 King’s Bench, 221, 385–386, 391–392, in France, 306, 454 394, 395, 396, 398, 399 Gravina on, 360 King’s Council (Curia regis), 215, 308 legal education and, 123 Klein, Franz, 427, 560, 606 role of defence and, 138–139 Kofod Ancher, P., 382 royal intervention in, 149, 215 Kohl, Helmut, 701 judicial procedure, in Carolingian/ Kohler, Joseph, 604 Feudal age, 46–49 König, Karl, 558 judicial torture, 227, 315, 357, 387, 417, Koran. see Coran (Quran) 425–426, 431–432, 434, 437 Krause, Karl, 532 Julianus da Sesso, 152 Kronman, Anthony T., 684 Julius II, Pope, 111 Kuttner, Stephan, 671–672

796 index

Laband, Paul, 591, 592–594, 599 historical-philological approach, Labeo (jurist), 8, 267 263–265 Laboulaye, Édouard, 516 humanistic jurisprudence, 258–259 labour law, 566–570, 663–664 systemic approach, 267–269 Lackland, John (King of England), 118 theoretical approach, 269–272 Laferrière, Firmin, 517, 598 legal personality, principle of, 27–28, Lamartine, Alphonse de, 537–538 32, 34, 57, 59–60, 567, 712 Lampredi, Giovanni Maria, 365 legal philosophy Landrechte (territorial law), 184, of Dworkin, 676 198–199, 324, 330–331, 377 of Hart, 675 Landtag (German assembly), 248 hermeneutical analysis, 677–678 Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, justice, theory of, 676 64, 69 realism, 673–674 language analysis, 677–678 theory and, 672–673 Lask, Emil, 616 legal positivism, 614–616 Latin America (colonial law), 251–252 legal professions. See also notaries Latin Church, 15, 17, 96, 102, 107, 212, advocates/advocacy, 303–306, 622, 656–657 578–583 Laud, William, 250 College of judges, 137–139 De Laudibus Legum Angliae communis opinio doctorum in, (Fortescue), 385–386 297–299 Laurentius, Hispanus, 104 consilium sapientis, 143–145 Law and Literature (Posner), 680 education/practice in, 299–302 Law as a Means to an End (Jhering), 589 in English common law, 223–225 Law French (language), 224 magistracy, 575–578 Law merchant, xii, 176. See also notaries, 583–584 commercial law; maritime law printing press in, 294–297 League of Nations, 645, 689, 718, 722 professional jurists, 146–150 Le Caron, Charondas, 334, 373–374, trial procedure and, 139–143 379–380 legal realism, 673–674 Le Coq, Jean (Johannes Galli), legal science. See also Glossators; legal 315–316, 318 philosophy Lectura (Sinibaldus), 103–104 comparative law, 670–671 Lectura Codicis (Bartolomeo da critical legal studies, 680 Saliceto), 165 jurists, role of, 684–687 Lectura Codicis (Cinus de Pistoia), ‘law and economics,’ 678–680 155–156 ‘law and literature,’ 680–681 legal certainty, 10, 132, 530–531, 601, legal history, 671–672 658, 667–668, 685 natural law approach, 681 legal culture/customs new rights/new subjects, 682–683 the Expositio,60–63 positive formalism, crisis of, 669 local customs, 56–60 positivism/positive law, 681–682 notaries/judges/formularies in, 60–63 legal sociology, 672 social classes in, 54–56 legal transaction interpretation, 208–210 legal ethics, 138, 684 Leges Henrici Primi, 37, 215 legal humanism De legibus (Suárez), 285–286 of Alciato, 259–263 De legibus et consuetudinubus Angliæ, critical approach, 265–267 222–223

index 797

legislative reforms Liber iudiciorum (Visigoth law), 28–29, Allgemeine Landrecht, 427–428 187, 189–190, 203, 471 in American independence, 438–439 Liber Papiensis (Lombard Edicts/ of European States, 424–425 Capitularies), 64–65 of Frederick the Great, 425–427 Liber pauperum (Vacarius), 225 of Joseph II, 432–436 Liber Sextus, 102, 104–105 of Maria Theresia of Austria, 428–432 Liber statutorum (city statutes), 177–181 of Peter Leopold, 436–438 Libri Feudorum, 42, 44, 127, 161–162, Philadelphia convention and, 439–443 164, 169–170, 190–191, 264–265 legislative state, vs. constitutional state, Libri legales (teaching method), 275 647–649 Libri Poenitentiales,23 Leibniz, G.W., 353, 354, 356–357, Liguori, Alfonso Maria de,’ 244 364–365 Linden, Joannes van der, 505 Leiden, University of, 286–288, Lindsköld, Erik, 338–339 289, 400 Lisbon, Treaty of, 711–715 Lenin, Vladimir, 636–637 Listz, Franz von, 601 Leo I, Pope, 109–110 literature, law and, 680–681 Leon I, 14, 120 littera decretalis (decretal letter), 100 Leopardi, G., xiii Littleton, Thomas, 385 Leopold, Peter, 436–438 Liutprand (Lombard king), 32–34, 54, Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, 436 57, 63–64 Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, Michel, Liutprand, Edict of, 57 455–456, 462 Liuvigild, King of the Visigoths, 28–29 Lerber, Sigmund von, 325 Livres de Jostice et de Plet, 185 Lerminier, Eugène, 516 Lizet, Pierre, 323, 375 Les Olim, 149 Lobban, M., 689 Lessius, Leonardus, 282 local customs, phenomenon of, 58 Lettres Persanes (Montesquieu), 407 local laws Levellers (England), 235, 244–245 city statutes (Liber statutorum), Leviathan (Hobbes), 348 177–181 lex divina (divine law), 21, 69, 112, 158, in Denmark/Norway, 337–338 234–235, 265, 283, 351, 622 in France/French Kingdom, Lex Iutiae (Jutland), 192 184–186, 322–325, 332–337 Lex Romana Visigothorum (Breviary of in Germany/Kingdom of Germany, Alaric), 28 183–184, 320–321, 329–332 Lex Salica (Frank law), 30, 185, 322–323 on Iberian Peninsula, 186–191 Leyes Neuvas (Charles V), 253 in Italian territories, 321–322 L’Hopital, Michel de, 263, 266, 333–334 in Kingdom of Sicily, 182–183 libellus (written brief), 24–26, 135, 140 in Portugal, 328–329 Libellus disputatorius,79 royal legislation and, 320–325 Libellus responsionum ad Augustinum in Savoy, 339–341 episcopum,22 in Scandinavia, 191–192 Liberatore, Pasquale, 509 in Spain, 327–328 Liber Augustalis (Frederick II), 136 in Sweden, 338–339 Liber constitutionum, 183 in Switzerland, 325 Liber Extra (Raymond of Peñafort), Locke, John, 242, 251, 343–344, 101, 102, 103, 104–105, 161–162, 349–351, 357, 408, 412, 422, 190, 207–208 439–440, 448

798 index

Locré, J. G., 477, 513–514 Magnus VI Lagabœtir, King of Logic (Aristotle), 87 Norway, 192 Les lois civiles dans leur ordre naturel Maine, Henry Sumner, 223, 607, 613 (Domat), 355–356 Maitland, F., xii–xiii, 610 Loisel, Antoine, 276–277, 324–325 Majnus, Jason (Giasone del Majno), Lombard Edicts, 63, 64–65 166, 206, 295, 376 Lombard formulary (Cartularium majority principle Langobardicum), 58, 62 in Canon law, 110 Lombard law, 31–35, 57, 167–168, in European law, 706 182–183, 207, 369–370, 483, 500, Malines, Grand Conseil de, 309 504–505, 550 malitia colonorum, 119, 181 Lombroso, Cesare, 600 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 509–510, Lothair I, Emperor, 61 544, 546, 547–548, 583, 630 Lotmar, Philipp, 569–570 Manifesto of Ventotene, 690 Louis IX, King of France, 150 Mansﬁeld, William Murray, 396–397 Louis Philippe, King of the French, 498, Mantica, Francesco, 278 510–511, 537–538 Manual of Dhuoda, 41 Louis XII, King of France, 166 Manuel I, King of Portugal (Emanuel Louis XIII, King of France, d’Aviz), 329 246–247 Manzini, Vincenzo, 601–602, 629 Louis XIV, King of France, 241 Maranta, Roberto, 276 Louis XV, King of France, 247, 336 Marculfus, Formulary of, 58 Louis XVI, King of France, 445, 462 Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, Low Countries/Holland 340, 361, 428–432 civil code, 656 maritime law, 174–176 Dutch civil code, 505–506 market economy, 723–725, 733–735 18th century jurists in, 362 marriage law, 150, 237, 381, 432–433, Lucas de Penne, 165 458, 519–520, 545–546, 563 Lucchini, Luigi, 549–551 Marshall Plan, 690–691 Lucius III, Pope, 108 Marsilius of Padua, 105, 110 Lucubrationes de origine iuris Marta, Giacomo Antonio, 317 (Zasius), 260 Martinez, Manuel Alonso, 551 Luhmann, Niklas, 672 Martini, Karl Anton, 364–365, 432, 435, Lundstedt, Vilhelm, 673–674 438, 488 Lutherans/Lutheranism, 233, 234, 236, Martinus del Cassero, 134 262, 270, 352 Martinus Gosia (doctor of Bolgona), 77–78, 87–88, 194–196, 199, 200 Maastricht, Treat of, 701–705 Marturi placitum (1076), 76, 146 Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de Marx, Karl, 538–539 (Abbott), 415 Mary II, Queen of England, 392 Machiavelli, Nicolò, 241–242 Mary Louise of Austria, 501 Mackenroth, Anna, 559 Masstricht, Treaty of, 701–705 Madison, James, 439–440, 442, 443 Matthes, Anthon (Matthaeus), 280 magistracy, 575–578 Maximilian Joseph III, 332 Magna Carta, 227–228 Max Planck Institute, 670, Magnani, Ignazio, 305 671–672 Magnus Eriksson, King of Norway and Mayans, Gregorio, 382 Sweden, 192 Mayer, Ernst, 608–609

index 799

Mayer, Otto, 598 Muslims/Muslim world, 29, 38, 52–53, Mazzini, Giuseppe, 498, 182, 407 642–643, 688 Mussolini, Benito, 626–627 Medici, Lorenzo de,’ 165–166 Mynsinger, Joachim, 268–269, 308–309 Meijers, E. M., 656, 659, 671 Melanchthon, Philipp, 235 Namantianus, Rutilius, 16 Menger, Anton, 556–557 Nani, Tommaso, 469 Menochio, Jacopo, 240, Nantes, Edict of, 234, 365 277–278 Naples, Revolt of, 301–302 De mercatura seu mercatore Naples, University of, 80, 129, 151, 163, (Stracca), 281 291–293 Merlin de Douai, P. A., 464 Napoleon, Louis, 539 Method of Interpretation (Gény), Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 612–613 451, 466–467, 468, 469–470, Milan, Edict of, 17, 43–44 476–477, 481, 485–486, 511 Milan Senate, 307, 313–314, 317, 327 Napoleonic Code (Code Napoleon), Miletti, Marco, 369 355–356, 367, 476–483, 499, 500, military hierarchy, 3–4 515, 556, 612 Minghetti, Marco, 543, 572, 599 Napoleonic era Mirabeau, Honoré-Gabriel de Riqueti, in Italy, 468–470 448–449, 459 “Jacobin” years, 464–465 misericordia,21 Napoleon’s regime, 465 missi dominici (missi), 38–39, 46, 47 Prussian reforms, 470 Mittermaier, C. J. A., 503, 504, Robespierre, Maximilien, 1758–1794 530–532 , 476–483 Modestinus (jurist), 8 Spanish constitution, 471–472 Mohl, Robert von, 532–533 Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, Molina, Luis de, 284–285 539, 555 Mommsen, Theodor, 526–527, 607 narrators (Serjeants), 224 De monarchia (Dante), 115, 423 National Constituent Assembly monasticism, 20, 23 (France) Monnet, Jean, 691, 693–694 administrative reforms and, 451–452 Montaigne, Michel de, 265, 357 Cahiers de Doléances, 445–447 Montesquieu, 100, 251, 360, 407–410, church/state relationship and, 460–461 412, 417, 418, 426, 439–440, civil law and, 456–460 448–449, 454 criminal code and, 455–456 Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Declaration of Rights, 447–451 528, 609 in European legal history, 444–445 More, Thomas, 389 judicial reforms, 452–455 Morelly, Étienne-Gabriel, 414 universal signiﬁcance of, 461–463 Mori, Antonio, 504 nations, age of, 491–494 Mortara, Lodovico, 605, 628, 629 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Mortari, Costantino, 641 Organization), 692, 736 mos gallicus (legal doctrine), 274, 300 natural law (ius naturale), 111–113, mos italicus (legal doctrine), 273–278 342–344, 681 Munzinger, Walther, 557–558 natural lawyers Muratori, Lodovico Antonio, 382–383, Domat, 355–356 403, 528 Grotius, 344–348

800 index

natural lawyers (cont.) nuda pacta (bare pact), 154, Hobbes, 348–349 267–268, 394 Leibniz, 354 Nueva Recopilación (Castile), 328 Locke, 349–351 Pufendorf, 351–353 oaths, 32–33 Thomasius, 356–358 Obertus de Orto, 115, 146, 169–170, Nazi regime, law and, 634–636 204–205 Neapolitan Enlightenment, Odofredus, 151, 211 418–419 OEEC (Organisation for European Neri, Pompeo, 340, 436–437 Economic Co-operation), new law (ius novum), 99–105, 140 690–691 New Testament (Bible), 14–15, 93–94, De oﬃcio hominis et civis 106. See also The Gospels; Old (Pufendorf), 351 Testament (Bible); Scriptures Oinotomus (Johannes Schneidewein), Nice, Treaty of, 706, 707, 708 268, 275 Nicholas II, Pope, 66 Oldendorp, Johann, 270 Nicholas of Cusa (Cusano, Oldrado da Ponte, 164 Nicoló), 110 Old Testament (Bible), 6, 52, 378. See Nicolaus de Tudeschis (Panormitanus), also The Gospels; Holy Scriptures; 105, 203 New Testament (Bible) Nicoletti, Johannes, 165 Olim, 149 Nicolini, Niccola, 510 Olivecrona, Karl, 673–674 Niebuhr, Barthold, 526 ombudsman, 573 Niger, Ralph (Radulfus Niger), 76–77 ordalic law/procedure, 148–149 nihilism, juridical, 684 Ordenamiento of Montalvo, 191, 328 noblesse de robe (robed nobility), 302, Ordenançoes alfonsinas (Alfonso V), 203 312, 582 Order of Alcalá, 191 non-intervention, principle of, 366, Order of the Coif, 225 498, 619, 720, 728, 735–736 Ordinaçõnes Filipinas (Portugal), 329 Noodt, Gerard, 287, 362 Ordinaçõnes Manuelinas Norma interinale, 435 (Portugal), 329 Norman Kingdom, 119–120, 214–215 Ordinance for the Reform of Justice, Normans/Normandy, 37, 71, 120, 212, 313–314 214–215, 218, 224, 400 De ordine iudiciorum, 1540 Norske Lov (Norway), 338 (Maranta), 276 North Atlantic Treaty Organization ordines iudiciorum (Ordo iudiciarius), (NATO), 692, 736 77–78, 86, 101, 152 Norway, royal legislation in, 337–338 Ordoliberal School, 625, 662 notaries ordonnances (France), 332–337 in custom/legal culture, 60–63 Organisation for European Economic as legal profession, 131–133, 303, Co-operation (OEEC), 690–691 583–584 Origen, 15 role of, 135–137 Origines juris civilis (Gravina), 360 training of, 133–135 Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 595–596, Novellae (Justinian), 8 599, 641 Novella in Sextum (Giovanni Orléans School, 152–155 d’Andrea), 104–105 Ortolan, Joseph, 517 Nozick, Robert, 676 Otto I, 59, 63–64

index 801

Pace, Giulio, 274 Pays de droit coutumier (French pacts (nuda pacta), 154, 267–268, 394 customary law), 185, 322, 373 Pactus Legis Salicae (Salic law), 30 Pays de droit écrit (French regional Padua, University of, 80, 129, 161–164, law), 82, 184, 322, 332, 274, 371 372–373, 480 Pagano, Francesco Mario, 418–419 Peace of Constance, 115 Palatium, 49, 62–63 Peace of Westphalia, 234, 236, 248, 257, Palmieri, Vincenzo, 505 329–330, 365–366, 734, 735–736 Pandectae (Justinian compilation of peace treaties, 645–646 Roman law), 259, 289–290, Penitentials, 66 361, 585 Pepo (jurist), 76–77 Pandectist school, 585–588 Perelman, Chaïm, 678 Panormia (canonical collection), 69 the person, legal innovations and, Panormitanus (Nicolaus de Tudeschis), 659–662 105, 203 personality of the law (principle of legal Pantagruel (Rabelais), 262 personality), 27–28, 32, 34, 57, Panunzio, Sergio, 633, 641 59–60, 567, 712 Papal Bulls, 239, 240–241, 245, Perugia, University of, 129, 156, 251–252. See also Golden Bull 161, 163 Papal Revolution, 70 Pessina, Enrico, 549–551, 601 Pape, Guy, 315–316, 318 Peter III of Aragon, 248 Papinian/Papinianus (jurist), 8, 161, Petrus Boattieri, 134–135 260–261, 264 Petrus de Anzola, 134–135 Pardessus, J.-M., 513 Philadelphia convention, 439–443 Parini, Giuseppe, 430 Philip II, King of France (Philip Paris, Treaty of, 691–692 Augustus), 118, 120 Paris Parliament, 120, 122, 149, 150, Philip II, King of Spain, 234, 239, 246, 240–241, 247, 303–304, 310, 327, 328, 329 312–314, 315–316, 323–324, 334, Philip IV, King of France, 121, 185, 203 335, 374, 465 Piedmont Constitutions, 339–340, 383, Parma, Civil Code of, 500–501 424, 501–502 Parodi, Cesare, 508 Piedmont Constitutions (Savoy), particular laws. See also Lombard law 339–340, 383, 501–502 character of, 204–205 Pier Damiani (Damian, Peter), 66 commercial/maritime law, Pier delle Vigne, 182 174–176 Pietro di Arezzo, 73 feudal law, 168–170 Pigeau, Eustache Nicolas, 484 in ius commune, 204–205 Pillius de Medicina (glossator), 78–79, rural law, 170–173 170, 200 Partidas (Las Siete Partidas), 190, 191, Piñel, Arias, 282 203, 328 Pippin the Short, 38, 47, 51, 52, 57, 59, Pascal, Blaise, 344, 681 63–64 Pasquier, Etienne, 310, 373, 380 Pisa, Council of, 110–111 Paucapalea, 98–99 Pisa, University of, 80, 129, 151–152, Paul (jurist), 8 161, 274, 436 Paul, the Apostle, Saint, 107 Pisanelli, Giuseppe, 545, 546–547, 549 Paulus de Castro, 165 Pithou, Pierre, 263, 264–265, 324–325 Pavia jurists, 49, 63–65, 75, 301 Pius IX, Pope, 499, 542

802 index

Pius VI, Pope, 460–461 De praesumptionibus (Menochio), Pius VII, Pope, 468, 505 277–278 Pius XII, Pope, 622, 656 Pragmática (Madrid), 191, 253, 276, Placentinus, Petrus (glossator), 78–79, 321, 326, 327 87–88, 200 The Praise of Folly (Erasmus), 262 Placuit law, 194–195 Praxis rerum criminalium Planck, G., 555 (Damhoudere), 280 Plato/Platonism, 265–266, Presbyterians, 235, 250 296–297, 506 Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 655 Pleven, René, 692 primogeniture, 230–231, 277, 436, 500 Plowden, Edmund, 395 printing press, role of, 294–297 podestà (communes), 118, 143–145, Procureurs du Roi (King’s 148, 152, 178, 180, 627 solicitors), 139 political structures professional jurists, 143. See also in Feudal age, 38–39 College of Judges and Advocats; in late antiquity, 3–4 consilium sapientis Poliziano, Angelo, 165–166, 259, property law (Napoleonic Code), 263–264 478–480 Pomponius (jurist), 8, 260 Protestant Reformation, 233–237. See pontiﬁcal decrees/decretals, 14, 100, also Counter-Reformation 102–105, 106 Proudhon, P.-J., 538 Pontiﬁcal rule (Italy), 181 Prudentius, 16 Poor Law, 492, 566–567, 573 Prussia Poor Law Amendment Act, 538 Allgemeine Landrecht (Prussia), Pope Gregory I, 21–22, 35, 67 427–428 Popes, judicial load of, 99–102 Frederick the Great, 425–427 populus, concept of, 157–158 reforms, in Napoleonic era, 470 Portalis, J.-E.-M., 475, 478 Prynne, William, 385–386 Portugal, royal legislation in, 328–329 Pseudoisidorian,44–45 positivism/positive law, 614–616, public institutions, law and, 114–123 672–673, 681–682 Puchta, Georg Friedrich, 527, 585, Posner, Richard, 679, 680–681 589, 593 the post-Accursians, 151–152 Pufendorf, Samuel, 351–353 Pothier, Robert Joseph, 325, 366–367, punishment 374–375, 380, 403, 479–480, 481, Beccaria on, 416–417 513–514 in Italian communes, 142 Pound, Roscoe, 644, 674 Puritans, 235, 254 Poyet, Guillaume, 333 Pussort, Henri, 334 Practicae Conclusiones (Toschi), 278 Putney Debates, 244 practitioners/professors Pütter, Johann Stephan, 365, 470 of commercial law, 281–282 of criminal law, 278–280 quaestiones disputatae,77–78 De Luca, 291–293 quaestiones statutorum, 152 at Elegant Dutch School, 286–288 Quran (Coran), 50, 51 of mos italicus, 273–278 at School of Salamanca, 282–286 Rabelais, François, 262, 267, 273, 319 Usus modernus pandectarum Radulfus, Niger (Ralph Niger), 76–77 approach, 288–291 Raimundus of Peñafort, 101

index 803

Rainerius (notary), 134–135 Répertoire de Jurisprudence (Merlin), 464 Raleigh, William, 223 Reports (decision of King’s judges), 222, Ramée, Pierre de la (Ramism; Ramo), 391, 394–395 270, 289 Reports in Thirteen Volumes Ranelletti, Oreste, 599, 641 (Coke), 391 Ranieri da Forlì, 164 representative assemblies, 247–251 Rapolla, Francesco, 362, 383 rescript(s), 4, 5–6, 7–8, 88, 100 Rattazzi, Urbano, 544, 547, 571 respublica christiana, 52, 256, 734 Rau, Frédéric-Charles, 514–515 Restoration, law during Rawls, John, 676 case law, 518–520 reasonableness, 399, 557, 651, 668, doctrine/doctrinal activity, 512–517 685–686 Dutch civil code, 505–506 Rebuﬃ, Pierre, 277, 374 French legislation, 510–512 Reccesvinth, King of the Visigoths, fundamental principles of liberty in, 28–29 495–496 Recentiores (court decisions), 316–317 The Holy Alliance, 496–499 Rechtsstaat (legal doctrine), 496, 533, Italian legal doctrine, 506–510 534, 571, 592, 598, 640 in Lombardy/Veneto, 504–505 reconciliation, between texts. see solutio in Parma, 500–501 contrarium in Savoy, 501–503 Redenti, E., 629–630 in Sicily, 499–500 référé législatif, 453–455, 466, 478 in Tuscany, 503–504 Reformation, 233–237. See also Revigny, Jacques de, 153–155 Counter-Reformation Revolt of Naples, 301–302 reforms, legislative revolutions of 1848, 537–542 Allgemeine Landrecht, 427–428 Revue Foelix (Foelix), 515–516 in American independence, 438–439 Revue Wolowski (Wolowski), 515–516 of European States, 424–425 Rewe Zentral v. Bundesmonopol, 696 of Frederick the Great, 425–427 Richeri, Tommaso Maurizio, 361–362 of Joseph II, 432–436 Rickert, Heinrich, 616 of Maria Theresia of Austria, Ripert, Georges, 643–644 428–432 Robespierre, Maximilien, 444, 461, of Peter Leopold, 436–438 462–463, 474–475 Philadelphia convention and, Rocco, Alfredo, 601–602, 621, 628, 629 439–443 Rocco, Arturo, 601–602 Regia Camera della Sommaria Rocco, Nicola, 509 (Naples), 312 Roe, Thomas, 255 Registrum,21–22 Roeder, Karl August, 532 Regnum Italicum (Italic kingdom), 49 Roero, A., 275 Reichshofrat (Imperial Court Roger II, King of Sicily, 182 Tribunal), 308 Rogerius (glossator), 78, 79, 194–195, Reichskammergericht (Court Chamber 196, 209 of the Empire), 268–269, 308, Rolandinus de Passageri, 134–135 330–331 Rolandus Guarmignani of Lucca, 81 Reichstag (German Imperial Diet), 248, Romagnosi, Giandomenico, 469–470, 329–332, 553, 555, 556–557, 634 502–503, 506–508, 509–510 religious authority. see Christianity Roman Curia, 99–100, 147. See also Renovatio imperii,51 King’s Council (Curia regis)

804 index

Roman Empire, 1, 11, 12, 16, 26, 39, New Testament (Bible); Old 261, 351, 497 Testament (Bible) Romano-canonical trial procedure, Saint-Pierre, Abbé, 365, 366, 423 139–143 Salamanca, School of, 282–286 Roman Rota (court), 307–309, 313, Salatiele (notary), 134–135 316–317, 318, 370 Saleilles, Raymond, 611–612 Rome Treaty, 697 Saliceto, Bartolomeo da, 165 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 718, 719 Salic law, 29–31 Rosarium (Guido de Baysio), 104 Salvius Julianus (Salvius Iulianus), 8, Ross, Alf, 674 154, 198 Rosselli, Carlo, 689 same-sex unions, 661 Rossi, Ernesto, 690 Sancho IV, King of Castile and Rossi, Pellegrino, 508–509, 517, 540 Leon, 190 Rotas (courts), 150, 212, 307–309, 313, Sandeus, Felinus, 105 316–317, 318, 370 Santarem, Pedro de, 174–175 Rothari (Lombard king), 32–34, Santi, Romano, 596–598 63–64 Sarpi, Paolo, 301, 379 Rothari, Edict of, 32–34, 57, 63–64 Satta, Salvatore, 643 Rotondi, Mario, 632–633, 642, 670 Savary, Jacques, 335 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 410–412 Savigny, Karl Friedrich von, 522–526 royal courts, judicial decisions and, Savoy (State of ), 339–341, 501–503 220–222 Saxon Mirror (Sachsenspiegel), 42, 119, royal legislation 172, 183–184 absolutism and, 326–327 Saxons (Anglo-Saxons), 35 in Denmark/Norway, 337–338 Scaccia, Sigismondo, 174–175, 281, 312 in France, 322–325, 332–337 Scandinavia, local laws in, 191–192 in Germany, 320–321, 329–332 Scarpelli, Uberto, 677–678 in Italian territories, 321–322 Schmitt, Carl, 625, 640 in Portugal, 328–329 Schneidewein, Johannes (Oinotomus), in Savoy, 339–341 268, 275 in Spain, 327–328 School of Orléans, 152–155 in Sweden, 338–339 School of Salamanca, 252–253, 282–286 in Switzerland, 325 Schulting, Anton, 362 Ruffini, Francesco, 610, 622, 642–643 Schulz, F., 9–10 Rufinus, 98–99, 112 Schumann, Robert, 691 rule of law, 496, 592, 594, 595, 596, 612, Schwabenspiegel (Swabian Mirror), 184 620, 628, 737 Schwarzenberg, Johann von, 330 Rule of Saint Benedict (Benedictine Scialoja, Vittorio, 602, 608, 630, rule), 19–21 632–633 Rule of Saint Francis, 112 Science and technique of private law rural law, 170–173 (Gény), 612–613 Science of Legislation (Filangieri), 419 Sachsenspiegel (Saxon Mirror), 42, 119, scientific method, Glossators’ use of, 172, 183–184 87–90 Sacramentals, 32–33, 35, 219 Scotland/Scots law, 400–401 Sacred Royal Council (Naples), 317 Scriptures, 14–15, 16, 52, 82, 106, 210, sacred text, 14–15, 22, 50, 52. See also 237, 343, 657 Coran (Quran); Holy Scriptures; Second Vatican Council, 542

index 805

seigniorial justice/power, 46, 160, sociology, of law, 672 180–181, 215, 335, 446, 457 solicitors (attorneys), 139, 140, 224, Sejm (Polish-Lithuanian legislature), 303, 304, 396, 578 248–249 Solmi, Arrigo, 610, 629 Selden, John, 385–386 solutio contrarium, 83, 84–85, Senate of Milan, 307, 313–314, 317, 327 90–94, 198 Seneca, 506 Sonnenfels, Joseph von, 431–432, Sententiae (Paul), 28–29 435, 487 Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 252 Sophocles, 111 The Serious and the Facetious in Soto, Domingo, 276, 284 Jurisprudence (Jhering), 588 sources of law serjeants (narrators), 224 categories of, 6 servants complexity of, 231–232 Allgemeine Landrecht on, 428 custom and, 1–2, 197 vs. freemen, 54, 76–77, 117–118 in feudal relationship, 43–44 in Grimm’s fables, 527–528 in Gratian’s Decretum,95 inﬂuence of Church and, 33 humanists and, 261, 269 in rural law, 171 in ius commune, 72, 147, 295, 336, third parties and, 197 368–371 Seven Years’ War, 429 Justinian’s work and, 8 Sforza regime/era, 148, 307, 321–322 in Kingdom of Castile, 191 Sic et Non (Abelard), 97 in Kingdom of Germany, 183 Sicily, Kingdom of, 182–183, 499–500 legal regimes and, ix Las Siete Partidas, 190, 191, 203, 328 in Medieval communes, 114 Sieyès, Abbot of, 446, 450, 466 particular laws and, 320 simony, 45–46, 66, 69 in post-classical legislation, 4–5 Sindacatori, magistracy of, 322, 379 in Spanish South America, 253 Single European Act, 665, 699 South Africa, 729–730 Sinibaldus Fieschi, 103–104, 109 sovereign absolutism. see absolutism, Siricius, 14 age of Les six livres de la République sovereignty, theories of, 241–245 (Bodin), 277 Soviet Union, law in, 636–638 Slade Case (England), 394 Sozzini, Bartolusmeus, 165–166 slavery Spaak, Paul-Henri, 692, 693 abolition of, 397, 440 Spain in antiquity, 54, 172 Civil Code, 551–552 Aristotle on, 252 constitution of, 471–472, 655–656 principle of, 727 royal legislation in, 327–328 Smith, Adam, 401, 403–404 Spain, College of, 203 social classes, customary law and, Spanish Inquisition, 238–240 54–56 Spaventa, Silvio, 572 social contract, 343–344, 350, 411–412 Speculum judiciale (Durand), 152 The Social Contract (Rousseau), 410–412 Spinelli, Altiero, 690–691 society, legislation and Spinola, Andrea, 301–302, 322, 685 administrative justice in, 570–573 Spinoza, Baruch, 347–348 family law, 562–564 “spirit of Roman law,” 4, 9 on industry/commerce, 564–566 The Spirit of Roman Law (Jhering), 588 labour law, 566–570 Sraﬀa, Angelo, 603

806 index

Stability Pact (in Treaty of Super usibus feudorum (Andrea Maastricht), 704 d’Isernia), 164 Staël, Madame de, 521 Supreme Courts, decisions of, 307–309 Staende (Germany), 329 Sverige Rikes Lag (Sweden), 338–339 Stalin, Joseph, 637, 719 Swabian Mirror (Schwabenspiegel), 184 Stammler, Rudolf, 616 Sweden, royal legislation in, 338–339 Stände (Germany), 329, 246 Switzerland Star Chamber (England), 387 civil code of, 557–559 stare decisis, 397–398 18th century jurists in, 365–366 state law, 16, 299, 368–369, 404, revolution of 1848, 540 447–448, 527, 619, 647 royal legislation and, 325 statuta (medieval city statutes), 157–161 sworn pacts (edsöre), 192 Stein, Karl von, 365, 470, 528 syndicators, 116 Stevenson, Donaghue v., 562 synods, 16, 44, 66, 96, 102, 106 Stiernhielm, Georg, 338–339 System (Savigny), 526 Stiernhöök, Johan Olofsson, 338–339 Lo stile legale (De Luca), 305 Tacitus, 24–26, 54, 261 stock companies. see joint stock Tanucci, Bernardo, 361, 436–437 companies Tapia, Carlo, 317, 321–322 Storia d’Europa (Croce), 689 Target, Guy Jean-Baptiste, Stracca, Bartolomeo, 174–175, 281 475–476, 486 Strauss, Leo, 681 Tartagni, Alexander, 165 strict law tax law, 429–430, 432, 445 equity and, 193–197, 207, 371 teaching method (Libri legales), 275 statutory norms and, 206 territorial law (Landrechte), 184, supreme court latitude and, 313–314 198–199, 324, 330–331, 377 The Struggle for Law, 1872 Tertullian, 59–60 (Jhering), 588 Tesauro, Antonino, 317 Struve, Georg Adam, 290, 362–363, Teutonicus, Johannes (Giovanni 381–382 Teutonico), 99, 101, 102, 208 Stryk, Samuel, 236 text, relevance of, 677–678 Suarez, Francisco, 285–286, 347 Thatcher, Margaret, 663–664 Subjective Public Rights (Jellinek), 593 Theatrum veritatis ac iustitiae (De subsidiarity (European law), 702–703, Luca), 291 706, 713 La ThémisI (Jourdan), 515 suﬀrage/voting rights, 573–574, 708 Theodosian Code/Codex, 5, 7, Sulla condotta delle acque 264–265, 373, 526–527 (Romagnosi), 503 Theodosian tradition, 184 Summa Codicis, 79, 80 Theodosius I, 3, 17, 18 Summa decretalium (Bernard of Pavia), Theodosius II, 7 101, 103 Thibaut, Anton, 524, 532–533 Summa Institutionum,79 Thöl, Heinrich, 554 Summa Perusina,61 Thoma, Richard, 624–625 Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 283–284 Thomas, Aquinas, 112–113, 283–285 Summa totius artis notariae Thomas á Becket, 214 (Rolandinus), 134–135, 379 Thomasius, Christian, 356–358 Summa Trium Libroum (Rolandus Thou, Christoﬂe de, 323, 375 Guarmignani of Lucca), 81 Tigrini, Franciscus, 164

index 807

Tiraqueau, André, 267, 277 Ugo (glossator), 64 Tocco, Carlo di, 168 Uguccione da Pisa, 109, 112 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 517, 570–571 Ulpian (jurist), 8, 91, 112, 210, 260–261 Tommasi, Donato, 499 Unger, Joseph, 587 Tönnies, Ferdinand, 613 Unger, Roberto, 680 Topics (Cicero), 87 United Nations, 620, 718–723, 725, 726, Toros laws, 327–328 727, 735–737 Torre, Raﬀaele della, 281 universal laws/normative system, torture, judicial, 227, 315, 357, 387, 417, 210–211 425–426, 431–432, 434, 437 universities, founding/expansion of, Toschi, Domenico (Tuschius), 278 151–152 Toulose, School of, 155 University of Bologna, 124–130 Tractatus criminalis (Deciani), 280 University of Coimbra, 151–152, 203 Tractatus de cambiis, 1641 (De University of Glasgow, 401 Turri), 281 University of Halle, 363 Tractatus theologicus-politicus University of Jena, 300, 363 (Spinoza), 347–348 University of Leiden, 286–288, 289, 400 Tractatus Universi Iuris (encyclopaedia University of Naples, 80, 129, 151, 163, of legal treatises), 275, 296 291–293 Tractatus varii (Bossi), 279, 281 University of Orléans, 152–155 Trade Union Act (Great Britain), 567 University of Padua, 80, 129, 161–164, Traité de droit pénal (Rossi), 517 274, 371 transaction interpretation, in ius University of Pavia, 416, 431 commune, 208–210 University of Perugia, 129, 156, Treatise of Private Law (Gierke), 591 161, 163 Treatise on Tenures (Littleton), 385 University of Pisa, 80, 129, 151–152, Treaty of Amsterdam, 704–705 161, 274, 436 Treaty of Lisbon, 711–715 Uri, Pierre, 694 Treaty of Maastricht, 701–705 Usatges (Usatici) of Barcelona, 171, 189 Treaty of Nice, 707, 708 Usus modernus pandectarum (Stryk), Treaty of Paris, 691–692 288–291 Treaty of Stability, Cooperation and Governance (Fiscal Compact), Vacarius (Vacario), 195, 221, 224–225 715–716 Valin, René-Josué, 335–336 Treaty of Versailles, 622–623, 645 Valla, Lorenzo, 258, 263–264, 273 Trent, Council of, 237, 240, 622 Vargha, Julius, 582 Treves, Renato, 672 vassal, 40–44, 121–122, 168–169. See trial by jury, 216–217, 227, 455 also Feudal age trial procedure (canonical process), Vassalli, Filippo E., 621, 631, 633, 643 139–143 Vatican Council, 542, 622, 657, 727 Tribonian, 8, 264, 267, 607 Vattel, Emer de, 257, 365–366 Triepel, Heinrich, 553, 625 Vázquez, Fernando, 285 Trollope, Anthony, 1815–1882, 492–493 Vazquez, Gabriel, 285 Troplong, R.T., 514 Veneto, legislation in, 504–505 The Twelve Tables (XII Tables), De verborum signiﬁcatione 264–265 (Alciati), 260 Two treatises on government Verri, Alessandro, 415 (Locke), 349 Verri, Gabiele, 369–370, 415

808 index

Verri, Pietro, 415 Wieacker, Franz, 671–672 Versailles, Treaty of, 622–623, 645 Wilda, Wilhelm Eduard, 528–529 Vico, Giambattista, 358, 510 Willelmus de Cabriano, 78 Vienna, Congress of, 1815, 496–497 William III, King of England, 392 Vigelius, Nikolaus, 270–271 William of Ockham, 113, 285 Vincentius, Hispanus, -ca. 1234, 103 William the Conqueror, 37, 214 Viner, Charles, 395 wills, interpretation of, 209 Vinnen, Arnold (Vinnius), 288, Windscheid, Bernhard, 555, 585–587, 289–290, 381–382 589, 602 Virginia Project (Madison), 440 Wolﬀ, Christian, 364–366 Visigoth law, 28–29. See also Liber Wolowski, L., 516 iudiciorum (Visigoth law) women, rights of, 25, 31, 168, 170–171, Vitoria, Francisco de, 252–253, 332, 450, 459, 476, 490, 492, 516, 256–257, 283–284, 285, 347 546, 562–564, 659, 660, 661–662, Vittorio Amedeo II, 383 665, 673, 682–683, 729 Vivante, Cesare, 603 workers. see labour law Voet, Johannes, 289–290 World Trade Organisation Volksgeist, 524, 525 (WTO), 730 Voltaire, 412–414 World Wars, 617–618, 621–622, voluntarism, 285, 349, 352, 354 689–691, 717, 718, 719, 725, 726 voluntas legis, 159 Worms, Diet of, 68, 214, 329–330 voting/electoral rights, 573–574, 708 writs, system of, 215–220, 386–387

Wach, Adolf, 604–605 Yale law school, 678–680 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 530 Year Books (Reports), 394–395 Waitz, Georg, 608 yeomen, 171, 320 Warnkönig, Leopold August, 533–534 Yves, Bishop of Chartres, 69 Washington, George, 441–442 Wazo of Liège, Bishop, 66 Zacchary, Pope (Zacharias), 51 Weber, Max, 593–594, 638–639, Zachariae, Carl, 514–515 672, 733 Zanardelli, Giuseppe, 549–550, 583 Weimar Constitution, 622–626 Zanardelli Code, 549–550, 628 Wernerius. see Irnerius (jurist) Zanobini, Guido, 643 Western Empire, 1, 3, 49–50 Zasius, Ulrich, 260, 321 Westminster Statute, 219–220 Zeerleder, Albert, 558 Westphalia, Peace of, 234, 236, 248, Zeiller, Franz von, 488, 504 257, 329–330, 365–366, 734, Zola, Émile, 492–493, 680 735–736 Zollverein (German Customs Union), Wettstein, Johann Jakob, 325 539, 553–554, 700