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E-Network Healing Initiative Leadership Linkage (HILL) - A Student Linkage Magazine COUNTRY- Sri Lanka KENSRI Editor: Harsha gowda Country Editor: Country Asst. Editor IDENTITY OF COUNTRY – Symbols & significance Nation al Flag National Animal : Lion N ational Bird: cock National Sport: volleyball National Emblem National Flower: bluewaterlily National Tree: ironwood Currency Coin Stamp Official language: Sinhala Current issue Capital: Colombo Government: semi-presidential system A new era has dawned in Sri Lanka. Population: 22,351,180 Peace has been consolidated after a bloody 30-year civil conflict. The country’s 67-year old democracy has been reinforced after a dramatic, peaceful and people-led political transition in January 2015.We’re prioritizing business- friendly policies so that we can take advantage of today’s peace to build a thriving Mu sic with a cause Art Sports Leader Maithripala Sirisena Environmental Sust ainability • The solid waste presently collected by the municipal councils is generally dumped openly without proper management. The municipal waste collection which was about 2,560 tons per day in 2000 is projected to increase to about 2,885 tons per day by year 2010 and therefore the environmental problems associated with it will intensify. • Recurrent disasters, mainly landslides, floods and drought, have caused losses to human life, property and the environment and have often eroded d evelopment gains. Though considered as “natural” disasters it is known that improper land use and other human activities are predisposing factors. Learning from the past and present for the future The island was divided into numerous kingdoms over the following centuries, intermittently (between AD 993–1077) united under Chola rule. Sri Lanka was ruled by 181 monarchs from the Anuradhapura to Kandy periods. From the 16th century, some coastal areas of the country were also controlled by the Portuguese, Dutch and British. Between 1597 and 1658, a substantial part of the island was under Portuguese rule. The Portuguese lost their possessions in Ceylon due to Dutch intervention in the Eighty Years' War. Following the Kandyan Wars, the island was united under British rule in 1815. Armed uprisings against the British took place in the 1818 Uva Rebellion and the 1848 Matale Rebellion. I ndependence was finally granted in 1948 but the country remained a Dominion of the British Empire until 1972. I n 1972 Sri Lanka assumed the status of a Republic. A constitution was introduced in 1978 which made the Executive President the head of state. The Sri Lankan Civil War began in 1983, including an armed youth uprising in 1987–1989, with the 25- year-long civil war ending in 2009 .

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Part I: the Kandyan Kings and Cosmopolitan Discourse
THE MANY FACES OF THE KANDYAN KINGDOM, 1591-1765: LESSONS FOR OUR TIME?1 PART I: THE KANDYAN KINGS AND COSMOPOLITAN DISCOURSE Introduction This paper discusses the reign of Vimaladharmasūriya, the first consecrated king of Kandy (1591-1604) and his successors during whose reigns the Kandyan kingdom became a place that provided a home for diverse cultures and communities. Prior to this Kandy was ruled by three local kings, the first being Senāsammata Vikramabāhu (c. 1469-1511). Senāsammata means elected by the sēna or army or perhaps by members of the aristocratic class known as banḍ āras (“lords).” Vikramabāhu tried to assert his independence from the sovereign kings of Kōṭṭe. That kingdom commenced with Bhūvanekabāhu V (1371-1408) and ended with Bhūvanekabāhu VII (1521-51) and his grandson Dharmapāla (1551- 1597), the first Catholic sovereign. Vikramabāhu was badly defeated and had to pay a large tribute. After Dharmapāla died Kōṭṭe became part of Portugal which now had control over much of Jaffna in the north and the Maritime provinces in the south. The Portuguese were a presence in Kōṭṭe from 1506 and had the support of Bhūvanekabāhu VII but not his brother Māyādunne, the ruler of Sītāvaka 1 who was a foe of the Portuguese. His intrepid son Rājasinha I (1581-1593) at one time nearly brought about the whole kingdom of Kōṭṭe and much of Kandy under his rule. As for the fortunes of Kandy Vikramabāhu was followed by his son Jayavīra Banḍ āra (1511- 1552) during whose time Catholic friars became a presence in the court.2 In order to please the Portuguese and the king of Kōṭṭe he became a nominal Catholic until he was deposed and exiled by his son Karalliyadde Banḍ āra (1552-1582) who became a devoted Catholic and publicly embraced Catholicism around 1562-1564.
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The Dutch Administrative Structure in Sri Lanka
THE DUTCH ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE IN SRI LANKA S. ARAsARATNAM In 1609, within a decade of the establishment of the Vereenigd.. Oostindische Comp- pagnie (V. O. C.) and the founding of the first forts and factories in the East Indies, the dire- ctors decided to institute the office of governor general as the highest authori ty with overall control of the Company's eastern assets and activities. He was to exercise his power in association with a council of Indies in which decisions were taken by majority vote. In 1619 Jacatra (later renamed Batavia) was made the seat of the governor general and council and thus the capital of the Company's eastern enterprises.' Detailed instructions given to the first holder of this office, Pieter Both, and subsequently amplified and amended, show that the directors intended the government at Batavia to be the coordinator and controller of all aspects of the Company's activities in the East : political, commercial, financial, naval and military, social and religious. The centralization of all Dutch power in the east in the citadel of Batavia was effectively achieved with the governor generalship of Jan Pietersz Coen, As Dutch territorial possessions and commercial activities expanded in east, southeast and southern Asia, this role of coordination and supervision from Batavia assumed greater significance. Most decisions of a political nature, where delay would be injurious to Dutch interests, were taken at Batavia. The Heeren Zeventien or college of directors, though employers and superiors of the Batavian officials, were not in a position to issue detailed instructions on specific issues.
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251 Chapter IX Revolution And
251 Chapter IX Revolution and Law (1789 – 1856) The Collapse of the European States System The French Revolution of 1789 did not initialise the process leading to the collapse of the European states system but accelerated it. In the course of the revolution, demands became articulate that the ruled were not to be classed as subjects to rulers but ought to be recognised as citizens of states and members of nations and that, more fundamentally, the continuity of states was not a value in its own right but ought to be measured in terms of their usefulness for the making and the welfare of nations. The transformations of groups of subjects into nations of citizens took off in the political theory of the 1760s. Whereas Justus Lipsius and Thomas Hobbes1 had described the “state of nature” as a condition of human existence that might occur close to or even within their present time, during the later eighteenth century, theorists of politics and international relations started to position that condition further back in the past, thereby assuming that a long period of time had elapsed between the end of the “state of nature” and the making of states and societies, at least in some parts of the world. Moreover, these theorists regularly fused the theory of the hypothetical contract for the establishment of government, which had been assumed since the fourteenth century, with the theory of the social contract, which had only rarely been postulated before.2 In the view of later eighteenth-century theorists, the combination of both types of contract was to establish the nation as a society of citizens.3 Supporters of this novel theory of the combined government and social contract not merely considered human beings as capable of moving out from the “state of nature” into states, but also gave to humans the discretional mandate to first form their own nations as what came to be termed “civil societies”, before states could come into existence.4 Within states perceived in accordance with these theoretical suppositions, nationals remained bearers of sovereignty.
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Books, Broadsides & Manuscripts
BOOKS, BROADSIDES & MANUSCRIPTS - USUAL IMPRINTS - ORIENTAL PRINTING - BROADSIDES - TRAVEL & HISTORY LIST: DECEMBER 2017 TURCICA: CANONS OU RÈGLEMENTS DE SULTAN SÉLIM II À SON RETOUR À CONSTANTINOPLE APRÈS UNE VICTOI[RE] COMPLETTE SUR LES ALLEMANDS, CONCERNANT LES ODGIAKS ET CASERNES DES JANISSAIRES. TRADUIT DE L'IDIOME TURC EN IDIOME FRANÇAIS PAR JEAN BAPTE ADANSON A unique manuscript French translation of an unpublished Turkish text with valuable information on Janissaries in the 16th century in Turkey, was written by a French Orentalist and translator Jean-Baptiste Adanson. Author: Jean-Baptiste Louis ADANSON (1732 - 1803), Translator. Place and Year: [Probably Constantinople, early 1750s]. Technique: Small 4° (21,5 x 16,5 cm). MANUSCRIPT on paper, [40] manuscript title and 64 pages with manuscript (others blank), stitched, later paper wrappers, in a marbled paper box (Very Good, some staining to right-hand margin of first 3 leaves, not affecting text) Code: 65893 The manuscript in French language is a translation of an unpublished Turkish hand-written text on Janissaries in the 16th century, under the rule of Selim II (1524 –1574). The Janissaries were a special elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops, bodyguards and the first modern standing army in Europe. The members of the Janissaries were mostly kidnapped Christian boys and slaves (the Muslims were not allowed to enslave other Muslims), who had to convert to Islam and undergo a strict military training. As soldiers they received a high salary and were enjoying a special social status, but were not allow to marry nor grow beards. By the 18th century they lost their military character.
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Reappropriation, Resistance, and British Autocracy in Sri Lanka, 1820-1850
The Historical Journal Reapprop riation, Resistance, and British Autocracy in Sri Lanka, 1820-1850 Journal: The Historical Journal Manuscript ID HJ-2015-119.R1 Manuscript Type: Article Period: 1800-99 Thematic: Political, Administrative & Legal, Social, Cultural Geographic: Asia, South Cambridge University Press Page 1 of 50 The Historical Journal REAPPROPRIATION, RESISTANCE, AND BRITISH AUTOCRACY IN SRI LANKA, 1820-1850 * JAMES WILSON Sidney Sussex College, University of Cambridge ABSTRACT. Sri Lanka’s kingdom of Kandy fell to the British in 1815 and a rebellion in its name was defeated two years later. Across the next three decades, islanders took up religious ceremonies, legal concepts, and regal traditions formerly linked to Kandy’s king and his court. These reappropriations were responses to efforts by the state to control Sri Lanka: expressions of kingship reassembled in particular ways to resist specific British incursions. Critically, islanders situated these activities in historical, colonial, and global contexts, manipulating transoceanic and imperial networks. Although they invariably failed, episodes of reappropriation bemused colonists with their complexities and globalisms and gradually subverted British autocracy, the form of imperial governance in Sri Lanka. Autocracy then gave way to more regularized modes of rule. Bringing together three separate examples, this paper disputes an important argument about Sri Lanka’s insurgent national character and reveals islanders’ elaborate responses to the Cambridge University Press The Historical Journal Page 2 of 50 RESISTANCE IN COLONIAL SRI LANKA incursions of imperialism. More broadly, it suggests that such episodes should be viewed as creative instances of resistance that deployed networks, practices, and ideas and became enmeshed with the development of the state through their influence over colonial governance.
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Meaghan Walker
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Sri Lankans' Geospatial Management at the Independence Struggles
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 11, Issue 7, July 2021 168 ISSN 2250-3153 Sri Lankans’ Geospatial Management at the Independence Struggles during the British Colonial Era H.M.S.B. Herath* Department of History, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya * Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.11.07.2021.p11522 http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.11.07.2021.p11522 Abstract Sri Lanka became a colony in the second decade of the 19th century. Sri Lankans fought against it. The research aimed to study the utilisation of Sri Lanka's geographical environment in the struggle for independence by Sri Lankan fighters during the British colonial era through the philosophical teachings of war. This research has been conducted following the methodology of historical studies. Sri Lankans made extensive use of geographical and environmental factors in their protest for liberation from colonialism. Sri Lankans during the colonial period maintained a livelihood associated with the natural environment. They well-managed to effectively use the geological environment during the British anti-government freedom struggles. The tactics related to the environment used by the Sri Lankans seemed to be in their anti-colonial struggles at an effective level when referring to the philosophical teachings of war. Keywords - Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Colonialism, Freedom Fights, Geographical Environment, War Philosophy Introduction Sri Lankans were heavily influenced by the colonial British in the early 19th century and fought for their independence. The 1818 and 1848 are two influential battles where Sri Lankans resorted to many tactics to fight against British colonialism.
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02Whole.Pdf (1.821Mb)
"A Question of Necessity" : The Native Police in Queensland Author Richards, Jonathan Published 2005 Thesis Type Thesis (PhD Doctorate) School School of Arts, Media and Culture DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/3180 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365772 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au “A Question of Necessity”: The Native Police in Queensland Jonathan Richards, Bachelor of Arts in Australian and Comparative Studies (Honours) IMAGE REMOVED. PLEASE CONSULT PRINT COPY OF THESIS HELD IN GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY LIBRARY School of Arts, Media and Culture, Griffith University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March, 2005 Abstract Frontier issues are an inevitable part of Australian historiography, and have often been dealt with in either an indifferent or a moralistic manner. Specifically, it has been widely argued that records of officially condoned frontier violence have been destroyed or lost. This thesis, which deals with the Native Police in Queensland from 1860 to 1905, attempts to move the discussion on to firmer ground. It is driven by a passionate commitment to the rights of Indigenous Australians, and shows that detailed archival research does not support those who deny the violence that accompanied the colonisation of Australia. Apologists for dispossession will find no comfort in the archival records. The Native Police force was widely reputed to have been the most violent police force on the Australian frontier. Long-standing and widely cited references about the lack of Native Police records have been tied into arguments about the kind of force it was.
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Emotions Across Time, Art and Place the Zest Festival, June 2012 Partners
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