Adaptive Radiation
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Reticulate Evolutionary History in a Recent Radiation of Montane
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.12.426362; this version posted January 13, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Reticulate Evolutionary History in a Recent Radiation of Montane 2 Grasshoppers Revealed by Genomic Data 3 4 VANINA TONZO1, ADRIÀ BELLVERT2 AND JOAQUÍN ORTEGO1 5 6 1 Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Avda. 7 Américo Vespucio, 26 – 41092; Seville, Spain 8 2 Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, and 9 Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona; Av. Diagonal, 643 – 10 08028; Barcelona, Spain 11 12 13 Author for correspondence: 14 Vanina Tonzo 15 Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, 16 Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, E-41092 Seville, Spain 17 E-mail: [email protected] 18 Phone: +34 954 232 340 19 20 21 22 Running title: Reticulate evolution in a grasshopper radiation bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.12.426362; this version posted January 13, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 23 Abstract 24 Inferring the ecological and evolutionary processes underlying lineage and phenotypic 25 diversification is of paramount importance to shed light on the origin of contemporary 26 patterns of biological diversity. However, reconstructing phylogenetic relationships in 27 recent evolutionary radiations represents a major challenge due to the frequent co- 28 occurrence of incomplete lineage sorting and introgression. -
Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 74/Thursday, April 16, 2020/Rules
21282 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 74 / Thursday, April 16, 2020 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR United States and the Government of United States or U.S. territories as a Canada Amending the 1916 Convention result of recent taxonomic changes; Fish and Wildlife Service between the United Kingdom and the (8) Change the common (English) United States of America for the names of 43 species to conform to 50 CFR Part 10 Protection of Migratory Birds, Sen. accepted use; and (9) Change the scientific names of 135 [Docket No. FWS–HQ–MB–2018–0047; Treaty Doc. 104–28 (December 14, FXMB 12320900000//201//FF09M29000] 1995); species to conform to accepted use. (2) Mexico: Convention between the The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR RIN 1018–BC67 United States and Mexico for the 10.13) was last revised on November 1, Protection of Migratory Birds and Game 2013 (78 FR 65844). The amendments in General Provisions; Revised List of this rule were necessitated by nine Migratory Birds Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended by published supplements to the 7th (1998) AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Protocol with Mexico amending edition of the American Ornithologists’ Interior. Convention for Protection of Migratory Union (AOU, now recognized as the American Ornithological Society (AOS)) ACTION: Final rule. Birds and Game Mammals, Sen. Treaty Doc. 105–26 (May 5, 1997); Check-list of North American Birds (AOU 2011, AOU 2012, AOU 2013, SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and (3) Japan: Convention between the AOU 2014, AOU 2015, AOU 2016, AOS Wildlife Service (Service), revise the Government of the United States of 2017, AOS 2018, and AOS 2019) and List of Migratory Birds protected by the America and the Government of Japan the 2017 publication of the Clements Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) by for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Checklist of Birds of the World both adding and removing species. -
Dynamics of Life
Chapter 1: Biology: The Study of Life 1. An experiment is _____. a. a problem that may be solved b. an observation about nature c. a way to prove a fact d. a test of a hypothesis 2. What might be involved in a lab that contained the warnings in Figure 1-7? a. dangerous chemicals b. sharp objects c. dangerous plants d. small animals 3. Technology has allowed humans to produce more food and reduce the chance of starvation by individuals in some countries. How has this advance created additional technological needs? a. All of these. b. The technology has allowed populations to continue to grow, creating the need for additional food. c. The technology caused the false belief that the problem was solved forever. d. The technology caused salts to be deposited in soils. 4. Which of the examples shows a response to a stimulus? a. c. b. d. 5. Living things change during their lives through _____. a. reproduction b. growth and development c. adaptation and organization d. making responses 6. The information gathered from experiments is called _____. a. the data b. the conclusion c. the research d. the hypothesis 7. Which of the adaptations on a dolphin, shown in Figure 1-8 is used for breathing underwater? a. B b. C c. A d. D 8. Which of the pictures in Figure 1-10 shows the most diversity? a. b. c. d. 9. Which of the following results from quantitative analysis of Figure 1-6? a. there are 8 babies b. the babies are cold c. -
Graptoloid Diversity and Disparity Became Decoupled During the Ordovician Mass Extinction
Graptoloid diversity and disparity became decoupled during the Ordovician mass extinction David W. Bapsta,b,1, Peter C. Bullockc, Michael J. Melchinc, H. David Sheetsd, and Charles E. Mitchellb aDepartment of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; bDepartment of Geology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260; cDepartment of Earth Sciences, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada B2G 2W5; and dDepartment of Physics, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY 14208 Edited by Douglas H. Erwin, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, and accepted by the Editorial Board January 19, 2012 (received for review August 31, 2011) The morphological study of extinct taxa allows for analysis of a HME (Fig. 1), they were driven to extinction during the Hir- diverse set of macroevolutionary hypotheses, including testing for nantian glaciation (7, 15). In contrast, the Neograptina simulta- change in the magnitude of morphological divergence, extinction neously speciated rapidly after the first extinction episode of the selectivity on form, and the ecological context of radiations. Late HME (15). Ordovician graptoloids experienced a phylogenetic bottleneck at The changes in morphological diversity during this interval have the Hirnantian mass extinction (∼445 Ma), when a major clade of not been studied quantitatively. Previous work suggests that only a graptoloids was driven to extinction while another clade simulta- single morphotype survived the HME (16, 17) and that the number neously radiated. In this study, we developed a dataset of 49 eco- of morphotypes recovered in the Silurian. Mitchell (18) demon- logically relevant characters for 183 species with which we tested strated that the Silurian Neograptina evolved a number of mor- i two main hypotheses: ( ) could the biased survival of one grapto- phologies that converged upon pre-Hirnantian diplograptine loid clade over another have resulted from morphological selectiv- forms. -
Billing Code 4333–15 DEPARTMENT of THE
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 11/28/2018 and available online at https://federalregister.gov/d/2018-25634, and on govinfo.gov Billing Code 4333–15 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 10 [Docket No. FWS–HQ–MB–2018–0047; FXMB 12320900000//189//FF09M29000] RIN 1018–BC67 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to revise the List of Migratory Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) by both adding and removing species. Reasons for the changes to the list include adding species based on new taxonomy and new evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories, and changing names to conform to accepted use. The net increase of 59 species (66 added and 7 removed) would bring the total number of species protected by the MBTA to 1,085. We regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for public notification and regulatory purposes. DATES: We will accept comments received or postmarked on or before [INSERT DATE 60 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]. Comments submitted electronically using the Federal eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES, below) must be received by 11:59 p.m. -
Adaptive Radiation Versus ‘
Review Research review Adaptive radiation versus ‘radiation’ and ‘explosive diversification’: why conceptual distinctions are fundamental to understanding evolution Author for correspondence: Thomas J. Givnish Thomas J. Givnish Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA Tel: +1 608 262 5718 Email: [email protected] Received: 7 August 2014 Accepted: 1 May 2015 Summary New Phytologist (2015) 207: 297–303 Adaptive radiation is the rise of a diversity of ecological roles and role-specific adaptations within doi: 10.1111/nph.13482 a lineage. Recently, some researchers have begun to use ‘adaptive radiation’ or ‘radiation’ as synonymous with ‘explosive species diversification’. This essay aims to clarify distinctions Key words: adaptive radiation, ecological between these concepts, and the related ideas of geographic speciation, sexual selection, key keys, explosive diversification, geographic innovations, key landscapes and ecological keys. Several examples are given to demonstrate that speciation, key innovations, key landscapes, adaptive radiation and explosive diversification are not the same phenomenon, and that parallel adaptive radiations. focusing on explosive diversification and the analysis of phylogenetic topology ignores much of the rich biology associated with adaptive radiation, and risks generating confusion about the nature of the evolutionary forces driving species diversification. Some ‘radiations’ involve bursts of geographic speciation or sexual selection, rather than adaptive diversification; some adaptive radiations have little or no effect on speciation, or even a negative effect. Many classic examples of ‘adaptive radiation’ appear to involve effects driven partly by geographic speciation, species’ dispersal abilities, and the nature of extrinsic dispersal barriers; partly by sexual selection; and partly by adaptive radiation in the classical sense, including the origin of traits and invasion of adaptive zones that result in decreased diversification rates but add to overall diversity. -
Hawaiian Birds 1972*
HAWAIIAN BIRDS 1972* ANDREW J. BERGER More kinds (species and subspecies) of birds have become extinct in Hawaii than on all continents’ of the world combined. These endemic Hawaiian birds have become ex- tinct since 1844l, and most of them have succumbed since the 1890s. Table 1 lists the endemic Hawaiian birds which are presumed to be extinct. Moreover, Hawaiian birds account for nearly one-half of the birds in the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlifes’ Red Book of rare and endangered species. The follow- ing list contains 16 of the rare and endangered Hawaiian birds: Newells’ Manx Shear- water (Puffinus puffinus newel&), Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrel (Pterodroma phaeo- pygia sandwichensis), Harcourt s’ Storm Petrel (Oceanodroma Castro cryptoleucura), Nene or Hawaiian Goose (Branta sandvicensis), Koloa or Hawaiian Duck (Anas wyvilliana) , Laysan Duck (Anus laysanensis) , Hawaiian Hawk (Buteo solitarius) , Hawaiian Gallinule (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis) , Hawaiian Coot (Fulica ameri- cana alai), Hawaiian Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus himantopus knudseni), Hawaiian Crow (Corvus tropicus), Large Kauai Thrush (Phaeornis obscurus myadestina), Molo- kai Thrush (Phaeornis o. rutha), Small Kauai Thrush (Phaeornis palmeri), Nihoa Millerbird (Acrocephalus familiaris kingi), and the Kauai 00 (Moho braccetus). TO this list may be added the non-migratory Hawaiian population of the Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax n. hoactli). But, there are even more endangered Hawaiian birds! Because of their special interest to ornithologists, -
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods Luke J. Harmon 2019-3-15 1 Copyright This is book version 1.4, released 15 March 2019. This book is released under a CC-BY-4.0 license. Anyone is free to share and adapt this work with attribution. ISBN-13: 978-1719584463 2 Acknowledgements Thanks to my lab for inspiring me, my family for being my people, and to the students for always keeping us on our toes. Helpful comments on this book came from many sources, including Arne Moo- ers, Brian O’Meara, Mike Whitlock, Matt Pennell, Rosana Zenil-Ferguson, Bob Thacker, Chelsea Specht, Bob Week, Dave Tank, and dozens of others. Thanks to all. Later editions benefited from feedback from many readers, including Liam Rev- ell, Ole Seehausen, Dean Adams and lab, and many others. Thanks! Keep it coming. If you like my publishing model try it yourself. The book barons are rich enough, anyway. Except where otherwise noted, this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit https: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 3 Table of contents Chapter 1 - A Macroevolutionary Research Program Chapter 2 - Fitting Statistical Models to Data Chapter 3 - Introduction to Brownian Motion Chapter 4 - Fitting Brownian Motion Chapter 5 - Multivariate Brownian Motion Chapter 6 - Beyond Brownian Motion Chapter 7 - Models of discrete character evolution Chapter 8 - Fitting models of discrete character evolution Chapter 9 - Beyond the Mk model Chapter 10 - Introduction to birth-death models Chapter 11 - Fitting birth-death models Chapter 12 - Beyond birth-death models Chapter 13 - Characters and diversification rates Chapter 14 - Summary 4 Chapter 1: A Macroevolutionary Research Pro- gram Section 1.1: Introduction Evolution is happening all around us. -
Macroevolutionary Diversification with Limited Niche Disparity in a Species-Rich Lineage of Cold-Climate Lizards Ashley M
Reaney et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2018) 18:16 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1133-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Macroevolutionary diversification with limited niche disparity in a species-rich lineage of cold-climate lizards Ashley M. Reaney1,3 , Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba2 and Daniel Pincheira-Donoso1* Abstract Background: Life diversifies via adaptive radiation when natural selection drives the evolution of ecologically distinct species mediated by their access to novel niche space, or via non-adaptive radiation when new species diversify while retaining ancestral niches. However, while cases of adaptive radiation are widely documented, examples of non-adaptively radiating lineages remain rarely observed. A prolific cold-climate lizard radiation from South America (Phymaturus), sister to a hyper-diverse adaptive radiation (Liolaemus), has extensively diversified phylogenetically and geographically, but with exceptionally minimal ecological and life-history diversification. This lineage, therefore, may offer unique opportunities to investigate the non-adaptive basis of diversification, and in combination with Liolaemus, to cover the whole spectrum of modes of diversification predicted by theory, from adaptive to non-adaptive. Using phylogenetic macroevolutionary modelling performed on a newly created 58-species molecular tree, we establish the tempo and mode of diversification in the Phymaturus radiation. Results: Lineage accumulation in Phymaturus opposes a density-dependent (or ‘niche-filling’) process of diversification. Concurrently, we found that body size diversification is better described by an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck evolutionary model, suggesting stabilizing selection as the mechanism underlying niche conservatism (i.e., maintaining two fundamental size peaks), and which has predominantly evolved around two major adaptive peaks on a ‘Simpsonian’ adaptive landscape. -
Rates of Morphological Evolution Are Correlated with Species Richness in Salamanders
ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01557.x RATES OF MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION ARE CORRELATED WITH SPECIES RICHNESS IN SALAMANDERS Daniel L. Rabosky1,2,3 and Dean C. Adams4,5 1Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94750 2Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 3E-mail: [email protected] 4Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 5Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 Received July 26, 2011 Accepted November 24, 2011 Data Archived: Dryad doi:10.5061/dryad.vt41c78j The tempo and mode of species diversification and phenotypic evolution vary widely across the tree of life, yet the relationship between these processes is poorly known. Previous tests of the relationship between rates of phenotypic evolution and rates of species diversification have assumed that species richness increases continuously through time. If this assumption is violated, simple phylogenetic estimates of net diversification rate may bear no relationship to processes that influence the distribution of species richness among clades. Here, we demonstrate that the variation in species richness among plethodontid salamander clades is unlikely to have resulted from simple time-dependent processes, leading to fundamentally different conclusions about the relationship between rates of phenotypic evolution and species diversification. Morphological evolutionary rates of both size and shape evolution are correlated with clade species richness, but are uncorrelated with simple estimators of net diversification that assume constancy of rates through time. This coupling between species diversification and phenotypic evolution is consistent with the hypothesis that clades with high rates of morphological trait evolution may diversify more than clades with low rates. -
Ecological Opportunity and the Rate of Morphological Evolution in the Diversification of Greater Antillean Anoles
ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01026.x ECOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITY AND THE RATE OF MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN THE DIVERSIFICATION OF GREATER ANTILLEAN ANOLES D. Luke Mahler,1,2 Liam J. Revell,3 Richard E. Glor,4 and Jonathan B. Losos1 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 2E-mail: [email protected] 3National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705 4Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627 Received September 12, 2009 Accepted April 7, 2010 The pace of phenotypic diversification during adaptive radiation should decrease as ecological opportunity declines. We test this prediction using phylogenetic comparative analyses of a wide range of morphological traits in Greater Antillean Anolis lizards. We find that the rate of diversification along two important axes of Anolis radiation—body size and limb dimensions—decreased as opportunity declined, with opportunity quantified either as time elapsed in the radiation or as the diversity of competing anole lineages inferred to have been present on an island at different times in the past. Most previous studies of the ecological opportunity hypothesis have focused on the rate of species diversification; our results provide a complementary perspective, indicating that the rate of phenotypic diversification declines with decreasing opportunity in an adaptive radiation. KEY WORDS: Adaptive radiation, Anolis, density-dependent, diversification, diversity-dependent, macroevolution, niche-filling, ecological saturation. According to the ecological theory of adaptive radiation, ecologi- ecological opportunity will increase the likelihood of lineage cal opportunity is a primary factor regulating the tempo of diversi- divergence. -
A Systematic Analysis of the Endemic Avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Harold Douglas Pratt Rj Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1979 A Systematic Analysis of the Endemic Avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Harold Douglas Pratt rJ Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Pratt, Harold Douglas Jr, "A Systematic Analysis of the Endemic Avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands." (1979). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3347. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3347 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the Him inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy.